Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Association of MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) and MTRR A66G polymorphisms with fatty acids profile and risk of neural tube defects.

This study aims to determine if 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR A66G) gene polymorphisms were associated with fatty acid (FA) levels in mothers of fetuses with neural tube defects (NTDs) and whether these associations were modified by environmental factors. Plasma FA composition was assessed using capillary gas chromatography. Concentrations of studied FA were compared between 42 mothers of NTDs fetuses and 30 controls as a function of each polymorphism by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. In MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism, cases with (CT + TT) genotype had lower monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) and omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) levels, but higher omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6 PUFA) and omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs: omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6:n-3) ratio levels. In MTRR gene A66G polymorphism, cases with (AG + GG) genotype had lower MUFA levels, but higher PUFA and n-6 PUFA levels. Controls with (AG + GG) genotype had lower n-6 PUFA levels. In MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism, cases with smoking spouses and (CT + TT) genotype had lower MUFA and n-3 PUFA levels, but higher PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and n-6:n-3 ratio levels. Cases with (CT + TT) genotype and who used sauna during pregnancy had lower n-3 PUFA levels. In MTRR gene A66G polymorphism, cases with (AG + GG) genotype and who used sauna during pregnancy had higher PUFA and n-6 PUFA levels. Further research is required to clarify the association of FA metabolism and (MTHFR, MTRR) polymorphisms with NTDs.

Chinese herb ultrafine powder supplementation improves egg nutritional value and quality in laying hens

This study evaluates the effects of dietary Chinese herb ultrafine powder (CHUP) supplementation in late-phase laying hens on the quality and nutritional values of eggs. A total of 576 Xinyang black-feather laying hens (300-day-old) were randomly allocated into eight groups for a 120-day feeding trial. Each group contained eight replicates with nine hens per replicate. The experimental groups included the control (basal diet) and different levels of CHUP groups (details in ‘Materials and methods’). The results showed that the eggshell strength was increased (p < 0.05) in the L, LF, L-LF, L-T, and LF-T groups on day 60 of the trial. In addition, the plasma estradiol level in the L-LF, LF-T, and L-LF-T groups and unsaturated fatty acids concentrations in egg yolk of the CHUP groups (except LF-T group) were increased, whereas total cholesterol (T, L-LF, L-T, and L-LF-T groups) in egg yolk and the atherogenicity (T, L-T, and L-LF-T groups) and thrombogenicity (T, L-LF, L-T, and L-LF-T groups) indexes were decreased (p < 0.05) on day 60 of the trial compared with the control group. Moreover, bitter amino acids in egg albumen were decreased (p < 0.05) in the L-LF group on day 60 and the L-LF-T group on day 120 of the trial. Collectively, these findings indicate that dietary CHUP supplementation could improve eggshell quality and increase plasma reproductive hormone, fatty acid and amino acid composition, and nutritional values of eggs, especially L-LF and L-LF-T.

Differences in Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Related to Chronic Pancreatitis: A Pilot Study.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. Signaling in pancreatic cells that lead to inflammation may be influenced by fatty acids (FAs) through diet and de novo lipogenesis. Here, we investigated the relationship between plasma FA composition in CP with heterogeneity of etiology and complications of CP. Blood and clinical parameters were collected from subjects with CP (n = 47) and controls (n = 22). Plasma was analyzed for FA composition using gas chromatography and compared between controls and CP and within CP. Palmitic acid increased, and linoleic acid decreased in CP compared with controls. Correlations between age or body mass index and FAs are altered in CP compared with controls. Diabetes, pancreatic calcifications, and substance usage, but not exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, were associated with differences in oleic acid and linoleic acid relative abundance in CP. De novo lipogenesis index was increased in the plasma of subjects with CP compared with controls and in calcific CP compared with noncalcific CP. Fatty acids that are markers of de novo lipogenesis and linoleic acid are dysregulated in CP depending on the etiology or complication. These results enhance our understanding of CP and highlight potential pathways targeting FAs for treating CP.

Obesity during Pregnancy in the Horse: Effect on Term Placental Structure and Gene Expression, as Well as Colostrum and Milk Fatty Acid Concentration.

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a broodmare has been identified as a risk factor for obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect the development of the offspring. This article is a follow-up study of previous work showing that Obese mares (O, n = 10, body condition score > 4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n = 14, body condition score < 4 at insemination). Foals born to O mares were more insulin-resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation, and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as the fatty acid profile in the plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation, which, to our knowledge, has been poorly studied in the horse. Mares from both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were housed in pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation (summer of 2016 in the Limousin region, France). In the present article, term placental morphometry, structure (stereology), and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrum and milk, were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between the N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure, or gene expression. No difference in plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed until 18 months of age in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn that can also play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares, which could have further affected the metabolic development of their foals. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk, thus also influencing the foal's plasma fatty acid composition and likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Alterations in plasma and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition following exposure to toxic copper level affect membrane deformability and fluidity in female wistar rats

BackgroundDeformability and fluidity function of the red blood cell membrane are properties defined by the lipid composition. Toxic copper level induces membrane lipid peroxidation which could cause membrane instability. This study therefore investigated the effect of exposure to toxic copper level for 30 days on red blood cell membrane deformability and fluidity in female Wistar rats. MethodsTwelve (12) female Wistar rats (160 ± 10 g) were randomly grouped (n = 6) into control (given 0.1 ml distilled water p.o.) and copper-toxic (100 mg/kg Copper Sulphate, p.o.), and treated for 30 days. Plasma obtained and RBC membrane prepared from blood collected over EDTA post-treatment were assayed for total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids and fatty acid profile using spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography while heparinized blood was subjected to fragility test. Data were analyzed using student T-test for statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results and conclusionPlasma TC increased by 4.33% while RBC membrane TC decreased by 20.32% in copper-toxic group compared to control. Compared to control, excess copper significantly increased membrane phospholipids level (0.72 ± 0.01 vs 0.59 ± 0.04 mg/dL) but reduced membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (46.61 ± 4.72 vs 72.66 ± 6.47) and stability (by 23.53%). Number of cis- and saturated fatty acids increased in copper-treated plasma and RBC membrane compared to control. Exposure to toxic copper level alters erythrocyte membrane fluidity and deformability by disrupting membrane lipid composition, saturation, bond configuration in phospholipids and permeability.

Plasma Fatty Acid Composition, Oxidative and Inflammatory Status, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet of Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex and increasingly prevalent cardiometabolic disorder worldwide. As of today, NAFLD is a pathology without specific pharmacological treatment, with the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) being the most widely used approach for its management. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on fatty acid plasma levels, as well as on the oxidative and inflammatory status of NAFLD patients. A total of 100 adult patients (40-60 years old) diagnosed with NAFLD and from the Balearic Islands, Spain, were classified into three groups according to their adherence to the MedDiet. Consumption was assessed using a validated 143-item semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Food items (g/day) were categorised according to their processing using the NOVA system. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, aminotransferases, Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), inflammatory biomarkers, and fatty acid levels were measured in the plasma of NAFLD patients. High adherence to the MedDiet is associated to a highly plant-based diet, low ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, low intake of dietary lipids, low intake of animal fats, high intake of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; mainly palmitoleic acid), low intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs; practically all dietary SFAs), low intake of trans-fatty acids, high intake of omega-3 fatty acids (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid), a higher n-6:n-3 in ratio, low intake of omega-6 fatty acids, and a low level of interleukin-6 (IL-6). High adherence to the MedDiet is related to a better fatty acid profile in the plasma, fewer SFAs and more MUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a plasma biochemical profile, better proinflammatory status, and decreased ultra-processed food consumption of NAFLD patients.

Obesity during pregnancy in the horse: effect on term placental structure and gene expression, as well as colostrum and milk fatty acid concentrations

In horses, the prevalence of obesity is high and associated with serious metabolic pathologies. Being a brood mare has been identified as a risk factor of obesity. In other species, maternal obesity is known to affect offspring development. This article is a follow-up study of previous work that showed that Obese mares (O, n=10, body condition score >4.25 at insemination) were more insulin resistant and presented increased systemic inflammation during pregnancy compared to Normal mares (N, n=14, body condition score <4 at insemination). Foals born to obese mares were more insulin resistant, presented increased systemic inflammation and were more affected by osteoarticular lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on placental structure and function, as well as fatty acid profile in plasma of mares and foals, colostrum, and milk until 90 days of lactation. Mares of both groups were fed the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, mares were kept at pasture. A strong heat wave, followed by a drought, occurred during their 2nd and 3rd months of lactation. Term placental morphometry, structure (stereology) and gene expression (RT-qPCR, genes involved in nutrient transport, growth, and development, as well as vascularization) were studied. Plasma of mares and their foals, as well as colostrumand milk were sampled at birth, 30 days, and 90 days of lactation. The fatty acid composition of these samples was measured using gas chromatography. No differences between N and O groups were observed for term placental morphometry, structure and gene expression. No difference of plasma fatty acid composition was observed between groups in mares. The plasma fatty acid profile of O foals was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an altered placental lipid metabolism between birth and 90 days of age. These results are in line with the increased systemic inflammation and altered glucose metabolism observed later in this group. The colostrum fatty acid profile of O mares was more pro-inflammatory and indicated an increased transfer and/or desaturation of long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, O foals received a colostrum poorer in medium-chain saturated fatty acid, a source of immediate energy for the newborn, that also can play a role in immunity and gut microbiota development. Differences in milk fatty acid composition indicated a decreased ability to adapt to heat stress in O mares. In conclusion, maternal obesity affected the fatty acid composition of milk and plasma of foals, likely participating in the developmental programming observed in growing foals.

Plasma fatty acid composition and some markers of dietary habits are associated with cardiovascular disease risk determined by an atherogenic plasma index in postmenopausal women

It is hypothesized that plasma proportion of selected fatty acids (FAs) and dietary habits are linked with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the association of plasma FA composition and markers of dietary habits with an atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a predictor of CVD risk in postmenopausal women. In total, 87 postmenopausal women with an average age of 57 ± 7 years were recruited and their dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and FA status in total plasma lipid proportions were determined, showing that 65.5% of the participants had a high risk of CVD according to their AIP value. After adjusting for some confounders (age, body mass index, and physical activity level), the risk of CVD was only positively associated with the frequency of consumption of animal fat spreads (butter and lard) of terrestrial origin. Regarding the FA profile, CVD risk was positively associated with the percentages of vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; mainly n-7) in total FA, as well as the MUFA/SFA ratio in total plasma and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-16 activity (16:1/16:0 ratio). In contrast, the risk of CVD was negatively associated with percentages of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA/MUFA ratio in total plasma lipid, and the estimated activity of Δ5-desaturase (20:4/20:3 n-6 ratio). These results support the current recommendations to decrease the frequency of animal fat spread intake because it is associated with a reduced CVD risk based on AIP in postmenopausal women. In accordance with these plasma percentages of ALA, vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, PUFA, PUFA/MUFA ratio, and 16:1/16:0 ratio may be important parameters in CVD risk assessment.

68 Titration of GLA supplementation is linearly related to incorporation of DGLA into equine red blood cells

The omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has received considerable research attention in other species for its anti-inflammatory properties, largely attributed to the conversion of dietary GLA to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). However, there is little to no published research on supplementing GLA to horses. The objective of this study was to determine how varied levels of supplemental GLA influence the equine blood fatty acid profile. Twenty Thoroughbred horses (9.9 ± 3.7 yr; 605 ± 58 kg BW; mean ± SD) were used in a longitudinal design for 6 mo including 3 mo of supplementation and 3 mo post-supplementation. Horses were stratified into 5 groups balanced primarily for age, BW, and initial grain intake and randomly assigned to one of 5 GLA oil treatments (n = 4): 0 (control), 1.9, 3.7, 7.3, or 9.7 g/d GLA top-dressed on similar low-starch commercial concentrates (1 to 5 kg/d). Fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) was measured every 28 d using gas chromatography at a commercial laboratory. Data were analyzed using linear regression and repeated measures ANOVA (GraphPad Prism). There was a strong positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.87; [% DGLA in RBC = 0.053(g/d of GLA intake) + 0.243]) between GLA intake and RBC DGLA incorporationafter 3 mo of supplementation, indicating horses can effectively convert GLA to DGLA in a dose-responsive manner. As GLA intake increased, more DGLA was incorporated into RBCs at a faster rate. Between baseline and 3 mo of supplementation, RBC DGLA did not change at 0 g/d GLA (0.26 to 0.23; P = 0.41) but increased 164% (0.28 to 0.74; P < 0.01) at 9.7 g/d GLA. At 1.9 g/d GLA, RBC DGLA did not differ (P > 0.05) from baseline until 3 mo of supplementation and returned after one month of washout. At 7.3 and 9.7 g/d GLA, RBC DGLA was different (P < 0.05) from baseline within one month of supplementation and remained elevated after 3 mo of washout. Results indicate that higher levels of supplementation respond faster, but take longer to peak and more time to wash out. More research is needed to determine if there is an upper limit to the dose response of GLA. Although an optimal equine blood fatty acid profile has not been delineated, these results provide novel data on the impact GLA supplementation has on the equine blood fatty acid profile.

АНАЛИЗ АССОЦИАЦИЙ ПУЛА ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ, БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ И КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО СОСТАВА ТЕЛА У ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ С РАЗЛИЧНОЙ МАССОЙ ТЕЛА

Obesity has reached its alarming levels among children and adolescents recently. The study of plasma fatty acid (FA) composition and its connection to the other parameters that are closely related to obesity and cardiometabolic profile with the purpose of searching for the new predictive markers of metabolic disorders is a promising direction for the researchers. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between the levels of FA, biochemical markers of metabolic disorders and body composition in adolescents with different body weights (BW). Materials and methods: cross-sectional single-center comparative study in parallel groups was held in May to September 2022; the adolescents aged 10 to 15 y/o were divided into two groups as follows. The main group consisted of 17 adolescents: 9 (53%) boys and 8 (47%) girls, the median age was 14.1 y/o [10.9; 15.8], with overweight and exogenously constitutional obesity of varying degrees. The control group of 10 healthy adolescents: 5 (50%) boys and 5 (50%) girls, median age 15.2 years [11.3; 15.9]. The groups did not differ statistically significantly in terms of age/gender. Anthropometric assessment included the measuring of height, waist and hip circumferences with an accuracy of 0.1 cm, BW with an accuracy of 0.1 kg without shoes and outerwear on the scales. The body mass index (BMI) measurements to standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated with the WHO AnthroPlus software. All of the patients have also undergone the body composition study with a qualitative and quantitative assessment of adipose and muscle tissue using the InBody 770 analyzer. Results: in obese adolescents, the levels of all FA from the studied panel, except for linoleic, dihomo-γ-linolenic (p=0.033), docosatetraenoic (p=0.032), clupanodonic (p=0.003) acids and cholesterol oleate (p&lt;0.001) were statistically significantly higher compared to the control group. The area of visceral fat was positively correlated with the level of gadoleic acid (r=0.810, p=0.027), the level of behenic acid showed positive statistically significant correlation with such indicators as lean body mass index (r=0.786, p=0.036) and total body phase angle (r=0.877, p=0.004). The level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) had a positive statistically significant correlation with stearic (r=0.625, p=0.007), oleic (r=0.483, p=0.050), arachidic (r=0.626, p=0.007), docosatetraenoic (r=0.726, p=0.001), lignoceric (r=0.527, p=0.030), docosahexaenoic (r=0.556, p=0.020), nervonic (r=0.800, p=0.00), tetracosadiene (r=0.606, p= 0.010) acids, cholesterol palmitate (r=0.487, p=0.048) and Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3β)- (r=0.572, p=0.016). Positive statistically significant correlations were noted between the levels of triacylglycerides (TAG) and stearic (r=0.577, p=0.015), arachidic (r=0.580, p=0.015), docosatetraenoic (r=0.650, p=0.005), lignoceric (r=0.506 , p=0.038), nerve (r=0.750, p=0.001), tetracosadiene (r=0.521, p=0.032), cholesterol palmitate (r=0.506, p=0.038), Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3β)- (r=0.652, p=0.005) acids. A statistically significant correlation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in blood serum was found only with β-linolenic acid (r=0.497, p=0.042). There were no statistically significant correlations between the levels of FA and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The level of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) showed negative statistically significant correlations with oleic (r=-0.524, p=0.031), arachidic (r=-0.588, p=0.013), arachidonic (r=-0.532, p=0.028) acids, cholesterol palmitate (r=-0.555, p=0.021), cholesterol linoleate (r=-0.514, p=0.035). The level of irisin showed negative statistically significant correlations with stearic (r=-0.563, p=0.019), arachidonic (r=-0.493, p=0.044), docosatetraenoic (r=-0.600, p=0.011), lignoceric (r=-0.630, p=0.007), nervonic (r=-0.597, p=0.011), tetracosadienoic (r=-0.499, p=0.041) acids. Also, negative statistically significant correlations were found between the level of resistin and pentadecanoic (r=-0.529, p=0.029), palmitic (r=-0.515, p=0.035), palmitoleic (r=-0.634, p=0.006), margarine (r= -0.614, p=0.009), stearic (r=-0.508, p=0.037), oleic (r=-0.576, p=0.016), vaccenic (r=-0.643, p=0.005), linoleic (r=-0.539 , p=0.026), arachidic (r=-0.506, p=0.038), gadoleic (r=-0.487, p=0.047), arachidonic (r=-0.546, p=0.023), behenic (r=-0.655, p =0.004), lignoceric (r=-0.561, p=0.019) acids, cholesterol palmitate (r=-0.643, p=0.005). Conclusion: The results obtained confirm the existence of a relationship between biochemical markers, FA levels, and the body composition, which allow considering them all as potential parameters for early predictive diagnosis of metabolic disorders.

A Soy Protein Isolate Rich in Genistein and Daidzein and Its Effects on Plasma Isoflavone Concentrations, Platelet Aggregation, Blood Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Phospholipid in Normal Men

The effects of consuming a soy protein isolate beverage powder (60 g/d for 28 d) vs. a casein supplement was evaluated in 20 male subjects who were randomly allocated into the two groups. A dramatic rise in plasma isoflavone concentrations was observed after supplementation in the soy protein group, the levels reaching 907 ± 245 nmol/L for genistein (a 110-fold increase) and 498 ± 102 nmol/L for daidzein (a 150-fold increase) as measured by isotope dilution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. These concentrations are higher than previously reported for the plasma of Japanese subjects consuming a traditional diet (276 nmol/L and 107 nmol/L, respectively). No significant differences in collagen- or 9,11-dideoxy-11α, 9α-epoxymethanoprostaglandin F2α (U46619)-induced platelet aggregation were observed in platelet-rich plasma from the two groups; the increase in plasma isoflavonoids from soy protein supplementation is not sufficient to significantly inhibit platelet aggregation ex vivo. Similarly, plasma total and HDL-cholesterol were not affected by protein supplementation, possibly because the men were normo-cholesterolemic at entry. Analysis of plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid composition showed no differences between soy protein and casein supplementation. Previous investigations reported a significant alteration in fatty acid status in animals fed soy protein relative to those fed casein. The present studies indicate that although soy protein supplementation to a typical Western diet can increase plasma concentrations of isoflavones, this may not necessarily be sufficient to counter heart disease risk factors such as high plasma cholesterol and platelet aggregation.

Relationship Between Cardiovascular Events and Serum Lipid and Plasma Fatty Acid Profile in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetic Mellitus.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a frequent complication in hemodialysis (HD) patients, especially when the underlying disease is diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we investigated cardiovascular events and lipid and fatty acid profile in maintenance HD patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The subjects were 123 patients undergoing HD at Oyokyo Kidney Research Institute Hirosaki Hospital, who were considered to have DKD as the underlying cause of dialysis induction. Among these patients, the lipid and fatty acid profile were examined in two groups, CVD group (n=53) and non-CVD group (n=70), according to the presence or absence of a history of cardiovascular events (coronary artery disease, stroke, arteriosclerosis obliterans, valvular disease, and aortic disease). For serum lipid profile, the levels of total-cholesterol (T-C), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured, and for fatty acid balance, 24 fractions of fatty acid composition in plasma total lipids were measured. These markers were compared between the CVD and non-CVD groups. The levels of T-C and TG were significantly lower in the CVD group compared with the non-CVD group (147.7±36.9 mg/dl vs. 159.2±35.6 mg/dl, p<0.05, 120.2±65.7 mg/dl vs. 143.8±124.4 mg/dl, p<0.05). In the plasma fatty acid composition, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were significantly lower in the CVD group compared with the non-CVD group (0.74±0.26 wt% vs. 0.84±0.31 wt%, p<0.05; 0.61±0.21 wt% vs. 0.70±0.30 wt%, p<0.05). Abnormal fatty acid balance, especially low levels of ALA and DPA, rather than serum lipids, are more likely the factors associated with cardiovascular events in maintenance HD patients with underlying DKD.

Lipid metabolism, fatty acid composition and meat quality in broilers supplemented with increasing levels of defrosted black soldier fly larvae

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of feeding defrosted whole black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to broilers in increasing levels in the ration on blood metabolites, carcass characteristics (CC) and on changes in fatty acid (FA) composition in plasma, muscle and abdominal fat. Day-old chicks (Ross-308; n=252) were assigned to one of four groups each with 6 replicate pens (10-11 birds/pen). The birds were fed either a demand-oriented age-specific control (CON) diet and had no access to BSFL, or fed CON plus BSFL at 10% (L10), 20% (L20) or 30% (L30) of CON feed intake. At weeks (wk) 4 and 6, birds (2 per pen) were slaughtered to collect blood, breast muscle, and abdominal fat samples and to determine CC. Plasma triglyceride concentrations increased in a dose dependent manner with increasing levels of whole BSFL compared with CON (P&lt;0.05). The L30 and L20 had higher plasma non-esterified FA concentrations than CON (P&lt;0.05). There were no differences in slaughter weight and CC between groups (P&gt;0.05). Broilers fed 30% BSFL had the highest saturated FA proportion in plasma, muscle and abdominal fat and the lowest monounsaturated FA proportion in abdominal fat tissue (P&lt;0.05). The levels of total polyunsaturated FA in plasma and abdominal fat were lower in L30 than in CON (P&lt;0.05). In plasma, muscle and abdominal fat, the proportion of conjugated linoleic acid (isomer C18:2cis-9, trans-11) was highest in L30 followed by L20 and L10 compared with CON (P&lt;0.05). Overall, whole BSFL could be included in broiler diets up to 20% to promote sustainability in broiler farming without adverse effects on slaughter weight, meat quality and FA compositions, whereas, the highest inclusion level (i.e. 30%) of whole BSFL in the daily ration was associated with altered FA composition in plasma, fat and meat.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation increases levels in red blood cells and reduces the prevalence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers in exercised Thoroughbreds.

To assess the relationship between plasma and RBC fatty acid composition and incidence and severity of squamous gastric ulcers when altered by short-chain (SC) or long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. 13 fit Thoroughbred horses in training. Horses were evaluated by gastroscopy for squamous ulcer score, gastric pH, and blood fatty acid composition prior to supplementation (UNSUPP) and after 3 months of supplementation with a corn-flax oil blend of alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (SC-PUFA) or a gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)-fish oil blend of GLA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; LC-PUFA) in a crossover design. Prior to gastroscopy and blood collection, horses performed a 4,600-m standardized exercise test on the racetrack as a stressor. Three months of supplementation with LC-PUFAs increased RBC levels of GLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA, and reduced severe ulcer prevalence (38% UNSUPP vs 8% LC-PUFA with a severe ulcer score of grade 3 to 4). Short-chain PUFA supplementation did not effectively elevate RBC GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, or DHA and severe ulcer incidence was not different (38% UNSUPP vs 23% SC-PUFA with a severe ulcer score of grade 3 to 4). Lower levels of RBC GLA, DGLA, AA, and EPA correlated with severe squamous gastric ulceration (grade 3 to 4). Equine gastric ulcer syndrome is prevalent in high-performance horses and is a concern to owners and trainers. Long-chain PUFA supplementation increased levels of GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA, and DHA, unlike SC-PUFA supplementation, and was associated positively with prevention or resolution of severe squamous gastric ulceration. Further studies are needed to evaluate different management styles and exercise intensities.

Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Histological Findings of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

The relationship between advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and plasma fatty acid composition remains unknown. We aimed to examine the plasma fatty acid composition in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and evaluate the relationship between histological findings and fatty acid composition. Overall, 235 patients (134 women) with NAFLD were enrolled. Comprehensive blood chemistry tests and histological examinations of liver samples were conducted. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, alanine aminotransferase, hemoglobin A1c, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and NAFLD Activity Score values showed that lower levels of arachidic, behenic, α-linolenic, eicosatetraenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids and higher levels of mead acid were associated with fibrosis stage 3–4. Furthermore, higher lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid levels and monounsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid and oleic acid were significantly associated with high NAS in analyses adjusted for the same factors and fibrosis stage. The plasma fatty acid composition was associated with the histological evidence of NASH. Increased synthesis of fatty acids is associated with NASH; insufficient intake of n-3 essential fatty acids and reduced elongation of fatty acids are associated with fibrosis in NASH. These features may help clinicians to understand and treat advanced NASH cases.

Lower Plasmatic Levels of Saturated Fatty Acids and a Characteristic Fatty Acid Composition in the Ovary Could Contribute to the High-Fertility Phenotype in Dummerstorf Superfertile Mice.

In recent decades, fertility traits in humans as well as in farm animals have decreased worldwide. As such, it is imperative to know more about the genetics and physiology of increased or high fertility. However, most of the current animal models with reproductive phenotypes describe lower fertility or even infertility (around 99%). The “Dummerstorf high-fertility lines” (FL1 and FL2) are two unique mouse lines selected for higher reproductive performances, more specifically for higher number of pups per litter. We recently described how those superfertile mice managed to increase their reproductive phenotype by doubling the ovulation rate and consequently the litter size compared to the unselected mice of the same founder population. FLs show an unusual estrous cycle length and atypical levels of hormones that link reproduction and metabolism, such as insulin in FL1 and leptin in FL2. Moreover, we described that their higher ovulation rate is mostly due to a higher quality of their oocytes rather than their sheer quantity, as they are characterized by a higher quantity of high-quality oocytes in antral follicles, but the quantity of follicles per ovary is not dissimilar compared to the control. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the lipid composition of the fertility lines from plasma to the gonads, as they can connect the higher reproductive performances with their metabolic atypicalities. As such, we analyzed the fat content of FLs and fatty acid composition in plasma, liver, fat, oocytes of different quality, and granulosa cells. We demonstrated that those mice show higher body weight and increased body fat content, but at the same time, they manage to decrease the lipid content in the ovarian fat compared to the abdominal fat, which could contribute to explaining their ovarian quality. In addition, we illustrate the differences in fatty acid composition in those tissues, especially a lower level of saturated fatty acids in plasma and a different lipid microenvironment of the ovary. Our ongoing and future research may be informative for farm animal biology as well as human reproductive medicine, mostly with cases that present characteristics of lower fertility that could be reversed following the way-of-managing of Dummerstorf high-fertility lines.

Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Prenatal Effects on Fetal Fatty Acid Composition in the Iberian Pig.

Simple SummaryThe present study aimed to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) from day 35 to day 100 of gestation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the offspring tissues of the Iberian pig. No effects were found in the plasma FA composition of the dams but higher levels of n3-PUFA were found in the plasma and different tissues (muscle, liver, and brain) of the supplemented fetuses. These findings may have important implications for piglets’ health and may offer guidance for achieving human dietary n3-PUFA recommendations.Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is a major problem in pig production and different strategies, mainly maternal supplementation with different agents, are currently being studied. The combination of hydroxytyrosol and n3-PUFA seems to be a promising treatment to counteract IUGR, since the combination may help improve n3-PUFA composition and lower the inflammatory status of IUGR piglets. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of a maternal supplementation, from day 35 to day 100 of pregnancy, with linseed oil and hydroxytyrosol on the fetal FA composition. The results showed higher n3 levels, including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FA in the offspring from treated gilts, which showed lower n6-PUFA/n3-PUFA (n6/n3) ratios. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were also affected by treatment, especially in the muscle and brain. Thus, a maternal supplementation with linseed oil and hydroxytyrosol affected the fetal FA tissue composition, which could have implications in pig production due to the improvement of the piglets’ health status.

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Plasma Level Influences the Effect of n-3 PUFA Supplementation

Elevated glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels in obesity may predict the metabolic benefits of n-3 PUFA supplementation. This placebo-controlled trial aimed to analyze fasting and postprandial GIP response to 3-month n-3 PUFA supplementation (1.8 g/d; DHA:EPA, 5:1) along with caloric restriction (1200–1500 kcal/d) in obese subjects. Compliance was confirmed by the incorporation of DHA and EPA into red blood cells (RBCs). Blood analyses of glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), GIP and triglycerides were performed at fasting, and during an oral glucose tolerance test and a high fat mixed-meal tolerance test. Fatty acid composition of RBC was assessed by gas chromatography and total plasma fatty acid content and composition was measured by gas–liquid chromatography. The DHA and EPA content in RBCs significantly increased due to n-3 PUFA supplementation vs. placebo (77% vs. −3%, respectively). N-3 PUFA supplementation improved glucose tolerance and decreased circulating NEFA levels (0.750 vs. 0.615 mmol/L), as well as decreasing plasma saturated (1390 vs. 1001 µg/mL) and monounsaturated (1135 vs. 790 µg/mL) fatty acids in patients with relatively high GIP levels. The effects of n-3 PUFAs were associated with the normalization of fasting (47 vs. 36 pg/mL) and postprandial GIP levels. Obese patients with elevated endogenous GIP could be a target group for n-3 PUFA supplementation in order to achieve effects that obese patients without GIP disturbances can achieve with only caloric restriction.

Effect of Flaxseed Supplementation on Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Plasma Parameters of Holstein Dairy Cows.

Simple SummaryFew articles have reported the influence of whole and ground flaxseed intake on milk longer chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the efficiency of diet α-linolenic acid (ALA) to convert to milk (milk ALA/ALA intake ratio). The objective of this experiment was to explore the effect of whole and ground flaxseed supplementation on the composition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in milk from dairy cows. This result indicated that whole and ground flaxseed supplementation can increase total n-3 PUFA. Compared with whole flaxseed, ground flaxseed supplementation showed higher content and yield of ALA in milk and milk ALA/ALA intake.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of whole flaxseed and ground flaxseed supplementation on the composition of fatty acids in plasma and milk, particularly the content of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Thirty Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Cows were fed a total mixed ration without flaxseed (CK), 1500 g of whole flaxseed (WF), and 1500 g of ground flaxseed (GF) supplementation. There were no differences observed in dry matter intake, milk yield, energy-corrected milk, and 4% fat-corrected milk (p > 0.05). Compared with the CK group, the contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid increased in the plasma and milk WF and GF groups, and the content of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 PUFA was higher in GF than the other groups (p < 0.001). The ALA yield increased to 232% and 360% in WF and GF, respectively, compared to the CK group. Compared with the WF group, GF supplementation resulted in an increased milk ALA/ALA intake ratio (p < 0.001). Flaxseed supplementation increased the activity of GSH-Px and decreased the concentration of MDA in milk (p < 0.001). Plasma parameters did not differ among the treatments (p > 0.05). This result indicated that compared with the WF group, GF supplementation in the diet showed higher efficiency in increasing the total n-3 PUFA levels and the milk ALA/ALA intake ratio, and decreased the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in milk.

475-P: Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Type 2 diabetes is frequently complicated by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , which is mainly caused by high-fat and high-calorie diets, and obesity. In this regard, both the quantity and quality of fat accumulating in the liver are important, and in particular, the proportion of each fatty acid may be an important biomarker for NAFLD. We investigated whether serum fatty acid composition, especially n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and, saturated fatty acid (MUFA) and desaturase activity are associated with NAFLD in type 2 diabetes patients. Eighty-five type 2 diabetes patients (age: 60.3±13.9 years, BMI 27.5±5.8 kg/m2) who had no history of alcohol drinking, and had a negative result for hepatitis viruses were included as study subjects. Fatty liver (FL) was diagnosed based on liver ultrasonographic findings. Patients with FL were included in the FL group (n=51) , whereas those without FL included in the non-FL group (n=34) . Serum fatty acid levels were measured using gas chromatography. Desaturase activity for n-6 PUFAs was calculated as the ratio of arachidonic acid to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) for Δ5 desaturase (D5D) . Waist circumference, BMI, serum triglyceride (TG) concentration, and ALT level were significantly higher in the FL group than in the non-FL group. The FL group also demonstrated higher levels of palmitic acid (PAL) and stearic acid (STA) , PAL/STA ratio, and DGLA than the non-FL group. In the FL group D5D activity was significantly lower than that in the non-FL group. PAL level, DGLA, and PAL/STA ratio showed a significant positive correlation with TG and ALT levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that DGLA was independently associated with FL development. These results suggest that type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD have changes in their blood fatty acid profile, especially increased DGLA and PAL levels. The high levels of blood DGLA indicate downregulation of n-6 PUFA metabolism, probably caused by the decreased activity of D5D. Disclosure M.Higa: None. T.Ichijo: None.