Fattening Performance Research Articles

Dual-purpose production of eggs and meat \u2014 Part 1: cockerels of crosses between layer and meat breeds achieve moderate growth rates while showing unimpaired animal welfare

The use of modern chicken genotypes with high egg or meat performance results in the ethically unacceptable practice of culling day-old male layer chicks because of their inefficient fattening performance. Dual-purpose genotypes with a balanced performance profile for both eggs and meat are one option to avoid this practice. In this study, four chicken crosses of a layer breed (White Rock or New Hampshire) and the meat breed Bresse Gauloise were compared under the conditions of organic agriculture. Purebred Bresse Gauloise and the layer hybrid Lohmann Sandy served as controls. Part 1 of this study focused on the fattening performance of the cockerels, which were reared together with the pullets. The birds were housed in a floor system (9.9–20.7 kg live weight per m2 at the end of week 15) with access to a green outdoor run. Live weight of the crosses before slaughter at the age of 15 weeks ranged between 2355 and 2447 g and did not differ significantly between the genotypes. With average daily gains of 22.1–22.8 g, the crosses grew slower than Bresse Gauloise males (26.1 g) but faster than Lohmann Sandy males (15.9 g). Welfare assessment indicated a generally high level of welfare with no foot pad lesions or hock burns on any of the cockerels. Fattening dual-purpose cockerels can therefore be an ethically desirable option with a high level of animal welfare and a better fattening performance than in male layer chicks, but still requires more resources than the fattening of specialised broilers.

A Comparative Study of Sheep Breeds: Fattening Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Chemical Composition and Quality Attributes.

Fattening performance, Carcass characteristics, chemical composition, and meat quality were evaluated in three sheep breeds: Awassi, Harri, and Najdi. Forty-five lambs of similar weight and age were raised for 90 days under similar conditions. The Harri and Najdi breeds had higher dressing-out percentages than Awassi sheep. The Awassi and Harri breeds had thicker backfat than the Najdi breed. No significant difference was found in moisture, protein, and intramuscular fat among the breeds. However, the Harri breed had a higher ash content than the Awassi and Najdi breeds. The Najdi breed had higher ultimate pH and lower cooking loss than the Awassi and Harri breeds. Awassi and Harri sheep had a higher myofibril fragmentation index, longer sarcomere length, and lower hardness and chewiness than Najdi sheep. Subjectively, no significant differences were detected between the breeds, except for flavor intensity while the Awassi sheep were rated in between and not significantly different. In conclusion, breed affected carcass characteristics, meat composition, and the quality of sheep. The dressing yield was higher in Harri and Najdi than Awassi sheep. Awassi sheep showed superior meat quality characteristics followed by Harri sheep. However, Najdi sheep had the best cooking loss percentage and flavor intensity score.

Meat production traits of Angora goat 1: fattening, slaughter, and carcass characteristics of intact and castrated kids.

Fattening performance, slaughter, and carcass traits of intact and castrated Angora goat kids slaughtered at different slaughter weights were examined. A total of 96 (48 intact, I-kids, and 48 castrated, C-kids) single Angora kids were fattened, and 48 of them (24 I-kids and 24 C-kids) were slaughtered at slaughter weights (SW) of 20, 25, and 30kg. Castration negatively affected fattening performance, and the kids showed rising daily weight gain with increasing SW. While dressing percentages were not affected by castration, it caused a tendency for a decrease in offal. However, with the increase in SW, dressing percentages increased, and offal decreased. Castration increased non-carcass fat percentages and back fat depth. The proportions of individual cuts did not generally vary because of castration but changed with SW; foreleg percentages decreased (P < 0.001) while neck percentages increased (P < 0.05). Carcass composition was affected by castration; the percentages of carcass lean (P < 0.001) and bone (P < 0.01) dropped, and total fat (P < 0.001) increased. SW had an impact on carcass composition; the percentages of carcass bone (P < 0.001) declined, and lean (P < 0.001) and total fat (P < 0.001) raised as SW increased. The lean/fat ratio was affected by castration (P < 0.001) and increasing SW (P < 0.05). Castration reduced the lean percentage in all cuts. The leg showed the highest lean percentage, whereas the greatest fat ratio was found in the breast+flank in all SW groups. Consequently, castration of Angora male kids negatively affected fattening performance and altered the carcass composition, while the increase in slaughter weight improved fattening performance and slaughter and carcass characteristics.

Effects of feeding system and CLA supplementation on animal, carcase and meat characteristics of fattened lambs and ewes

To promote local food products could be a valuable strategy for preserving autochthonous sheep breeds. A total of 115 lambs and ewes of local sheep breeds (Alpagota, Bogna, Foza and Lamon) of the Veneto region were used to evaluate the effect of different feeding systems on the production and quality of lambs and mutton meat. We carried out three fattening trials involving 24 ewes and their 31 suckling lambs, 24 weaned lambs, and 24 heavy lambs, fed indoor diets with or without a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acids (rp-CLA) supplement (C18:2c9,t11 and C18:2t10,c12) to improve the nutritional value of the meat. Controls were a group of 12 pasture-fed weaned lambs. The weaned lambs at pasture had good fattening performances (33 kg live-weight at slaughter, 45% dressing percentage), whereas lambs fattened indoors on hay and some concentrates had lower weight (28 kg) and dressing percentages (41%), and require improvements to their feed. Feeding the animals on total mixed diets resulted in good in vivo and post mortem performances of culled ewes (64 kg slaughter weight, 48% dressing percentage), suckling lambs (21 kg, 50%) and heavy lambs (61 kg, 48%), showing that valuable supplies of lamb and mutton meat can be obtained across different seasons. Supplementing indoor diets with rp-CLA does not modify the animals’ performances nor the organoleptic traits of meat. Highlights Intensive indoor fattening allows to obtain suckling, weaned and heavy lambs and mutton from culled ewes all-year-round beyond the seasonal supplies of traditional feeding system. The supplementation of indoor diets with rp-CLA does not modify the animals’ performances, slaughter traits or meat organoleptic traits.

Sida silage in cattle nutrition – effects on the fattening performance of Holstein-Friesian bulls and beef quality

The aim of this study was to determine whether silage composition affects the fattening performance of Holstein-Friesian bulls and beef quality. Fourteen Holstein-Friesian bulls were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments, and were fed a control diet composed of grass silage (GS) and an experimental diet composed of grass silage and Sida silage (GS+SS). The quality of longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles was determined after 14-d ageing in vacuum. The applied dietary treatments did not affect the fattening performance of bulls or carcass quality parameters, except for the fat score, which was lower in group GS+SS. Sida supplementation increased carcass fat content, water binding capacity, b* values and meat taste intensity, and decreased the moisture content of the LL muscle, whereas it had no effect on the above parameters in the SM muscle. In both studied muscles, an increase in anserine content was noted in group GS+SS. The concentrations of anserine and carnosine were significantly higher in the LL muscle than in the SM muscle. Due to its positive effect on meat quality, including a lower fat score, Sida silage can be recommended as a component of bull diets.

Examining the effects of adding boric acid at different doses into mixed feed on fattening performance, carcass characteristics, and bone quality of Japanese quails

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding different doses of boric acid (H3BO3) to the mixed feed of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) on fattening performance, carcass and bone properties. For this purpose, a total of 96 quails aged 15 days were balanced according to their live weight and sex, and 4 trials were randomly divided into groups. Each group is composed of 4 repetitions. Trial groups; the control group (C) given mixed feed, the group with 100 mg / kg boric acid (BA) added to the feed BA100; 300 mg / kg boric acid was added to the feed group BA300 and 500 mg / kg boric acid added to the feed group BA500. Data for the fattening period were followed for 15-43 days. At the end of the experiment, carcass and bone characteristics of 8 quails (two quails from each repeat) from each group were examined. The live weight and live weight gain of the quail was similar among the experimental groups (P&gt;0.05). Adding boric acid to feed did not affect feed consumption and feed utilization rate (P&gt;0.05). While the breast rate decreased significantly due to the increasing levels of boric acid addition (P&lt;0.01), an increase in the back and neck ratio was detected (P &lt;0.05). The highest thigh ratio was found in BA300 and BA500 groups (P&lt;0.05). Carcass yield, wing and liver rates were similar between the groups (P&gt;0.05). Tibia and femur weights and dimensions were not affected by the addition of boric acid (P&gt;0.05). The highest femoral ash level was determined in the BA300 group (P=0.05). The tibia ash level increased from the Control group towards BA300 and was the lowest in the BA500 group (P&lt;0.05). As a result, while the addition of boric acid to the feed cannot be affected to the fattening performance of quail, its effect on carcass and bone properties has been found significant.

Dual-purpose production of eggs and meat\u2014part 2: hens of crosses between layer and meat breeds show moderate laying performance but choose feed with less protein than a layer hybrid, indicating the potential to reduce protein in diets

The use of modern chicken genotypes with high egg or meat performance results in the ethically unacceptable practice of culling day-old male layer chicks because of their inefficient fattening performance. Dual-purpose genotypes with a balanced performance profile for eggs and meat are one option to avoid this practice. In this study, the performance of four crosses of a layer breed (White Rock or New Hampshire) and the meat breed Bresse Gauloise, purebred Bresse Gauloise and the layer hybrid Lohmann Sandy was compared under organic husbandry conditions. Part 2 focuses on the laying performance of the hens until the age of 72 weeks and their feed choices when offered energy-rich and protein-rich feed mixtures. Feed consumption was generally high (133–143 g day−1), but the crosses consumed less protein feed than Lohmann Sandy, indicating a potential to reduce the proportion of high-protein components. Bresse Gauloise × White Rock showed severe plumage loss due to feather pecking, which was most likely caused by their low consumption of protein feed. Apparently, free-choice feeding did not agree with this genotype. Average laying performance of the crosses was 68–73% total eggs per average hen, which can be considered moderate. Average egg weights and egg size distribution were comparable with Lohmann Sandy, while slaughter performance of the senior hens was comparable with purebred Bresse Gauloise. Based on these findings, egg production with dual-purpose laying hens can be an ethically desirable alternative to high-performance genotypes, but will require further research on optimal feeding strategies and animal behaviour.Trial registered on July 7, 2017 (reference number V 241-26532/2017)

The comparisons of fattening performance of Angus, Brangus and Hereford Bullocks at different initial body weight

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the fattening performance of growing beef cattle differing in initial body weight and breeds. The experiment was carried out with 314 imported 8-12 months old growing Hereford, Angus and Brangus bulls. They were allocated to three initial body weight groups (low:242; medium:280 and high:323kg). Fattening diet was formulated with 24.10% roughages (alfalfa and wheat straw) containing 14.0% crude protein. After two week adaptation period with 8 step diets (100, 83, 75, 67, 54, 43, 33, 24% roughage) were used. The fattening period of all groups was lasted 124 days. Breeds affected daily gain, final body weight and feed to gain ratio significantly (P&lt;0.01). Angus (1.5kg d-1) and Hereford 1.51kg d-1) had higher daily gain than Brangus (1.41kg d-1). Similar trends were obtained for final body weight and feed to gain ratio as well. Initial and final body weight was different significantly as expected (P&lt;0.01). Daily gain were not affected by initial body weight although the daily gain tended to be higher in high initial body weight group (Low: 1.46kg d-1; Medium: 1.45kg d-1 and high 1.51kg d-1, P&gt;0.05). Dry matter intake was in accordance in size group (Low: 8.35kg d-1, Medium: 8.94kg d-1 and High: 9.02kg d-1). The growing cattle having medium initial body weight worsened feed to gain ration due to relatively high feed intake and lower daily gain compared to other initial body weight groups. Any parameter investigated was not affected by breed and initial body weight interaction (P&gt;0.05). Breeds affected daily gain, final body weight and feed to gain ratio significantly (P&lt;0.01). Angus (1.5kg d-1) and Hereford 1.51kg d-1) had higher daily gain than Brangus (1.41kg d-1). Higher daily gain in Angus and Hereford compared to Brangus in the present study may be related to frame size and/or maturity of the breeds. Angus is early maturing, Hereford is medium maturing and Brangus is late maturing relatively. Furthermore the study revealed that size of growing animal having higher than 300 kg may be fattened more efficiently (higher daily gain) as they have enough feed intake capacity and frame compared to lower body weight groups.

Comparison of fattening performance of Angus, Charolais, Limousine and Simmental cattle imported to Turkey

The purpose of this study was to compare the fattening performance of some cattle breeds under same care and feeding condition, which were imported to a private farm in Turkey. Approximately eight months old male Angus (AN) (n=12), Charolais (CH) (n=33), Limousine (LM) (n=40) and Simmental (SM) (n=9) breeds were imported from Ireland to a private farm in Çorum. Least squares means for AN, CH, LM and SM, respectively, for the elapsed time (ET) of the breeds from the beginning of feeding until slaughter were 181.42±8.07, 181.30±4.87, 186.15±4.42, and 194.78±9.32 days; for the initial live weights (IW) at the beginning of fattening period were 404.42±11.26, 418.70±6.79, 389.00±6.17 and 430.56±13.00 kg; for the live weights (LWS) at the time of slaughter were 616.78±14.29, 625.64±8.80, 636.00±8.13 ve 631.97±16.84 kg; for the average daily live weight gains (ADLWG) were 1.17±0.06, 1.23±0.04, 1.23±0.03 and 1.16±0.07 kg; for the hot carcass weights (HCW) were 355.45±10.20, 362.76±6.28, 385.15±5.80 and 368.98±12.02 kg; for the dressing percentages (DP) of the breeds were 57.47±0.95, 58.09±0.58, 60.64±0.54 ve 58.48±1.12 %. Mean consumption of DM, OM, NDF, ADF and CP were 11.43, 11.18, 5.03, 2.63 and 1.55 kg. ET (p=0.643), LWS (p=0.653), ADLWG (p=0.600), FE (p=0.871) and HCW (p=0.389) were not statistically different whereas IW (p=0.003) and DP (p=0.005) were statistically different for the breeds. The IW of Limousine was lower than Charolais (p=0.009) and Simmental (p=0.025) whereas Limousine had better performance for the DP than did Angus (p=0.027) and Charolais (p=0.014).

Şanlıurfa ilinde besiye alınmış farklı sığır ırklarının besi performanslarının ve karkas özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması

Bu çalışmada Şanlıurfa ilinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca, Siyah Alaca melezi, Simental, Simental melezi, Esmer, Esmer melezi, Şarole ve Yerli Kara melezi ırkı sığırlara ait besi performansları ile karkas özellikleri olarak yağsız sıcak karkas ağırlığı ve karkas randımanları araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri materyalini Şanlıurfa ilinde özel bir işletmeden elde edilen tartım kayıtları ve sıcak karkas ağırlıkları oluşturmuştur. Araştırma sonunda kesim ağırlıkları, yağsız sıcak karkas ağırlıkları ve günlük canlı ağırlık artışı bakımından Simental, Simental melezi, Şarole, Siyah Alaca ve Siyah Alaca melezi sığırlar Yerli Kara melezi, Esmer, Esmer melezi ırklardan yüksek performans gösterdiği saptanmıştır (P&amp;lt;0.05). Karkas randımanı bakımından ise Siyah Alaca ırkı sığırlar diğer ırklardan daha düşük performans göstermişlerdir (P&amp;lt;0.05). Tüm bu verilerin ışığında Şanlıurfa'da yetiştiricilere üzerinde durulan tüm parametreler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda Simental, Simental melezi, Şarole, Siyah Alaca melezi sığır ırklarını kullanmaları önerilebilir.

Türkiye sığır besiciliğinde yapısal durum ve sektörel analiz

Türkiye’de 2018 yılı itibariyle toplam kırmızı et üretiminin %89,73’ünü (1.003.859 ton) sığır eti oluşturmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde maliyeti oluşturan masraf unsurları içerisinde besi materyali ve yem başta gelmektedir. Son yıllarda artan nüfus ve talep düzeyine bağlı olarak piyasada oluşan kırmızı et arz açığı başta kasaplık-besilik hayvan ve karkas et ithalatına gidilmesine yol açmıştır. 2016-2018 yılları arasındaki 3 yıllık dönemde kasaplık ve besilik sığır ithalatı sırasıyla 257.131 baş ve 1.972.224 baş olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Yapılan bu ithalatın değeri 2.448.225.330 USD (9.044.379.646 TL) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Besiciler üzerinde son dönemde artan üretim maliyetleri ile gümrük vergisi avantajıyla yurtiçine giren ithal kasaplık hayvan ve ete bağlı olarak yıkıcı bir rekabet ortamı ve fiyat baskısı oluşmuştur. Diğer taraftan sığır besi işletmelerinin karlılık düzeyleri azalmış ve sektörel sürdürülebilirlik olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Son 2 yılda yaklaşık 20 bin sığır besi işletmesi kapanmış veya faaliyetini durdurmuştur. Türkiye genelinde 264.230 adet sığır besi işletmesi mevcut olup, bu işletmelerin %64,02’si 10 başın altında hayvana sahip küçük ölçekli işletmelerdir. Sığır besiciliğinde 50 baş ve üzeri işletmelerin toplam işletmeler içerisindeki payı ise sadece %5,07’dir. Buna karşın büyük ölçekli olarak sınıflandırılan bu işletmeler 1.532.564 baş sığır varlığı ile besi sığırlarının %38,41’ine sahip bulunmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde üretim maliyetleri üzerinde etkili olan başlıca faktörler arasında besi süresi, hayvanın menşei, kullanılan ırkın verim özellikleri, günlük canlı ağırlık artışı, yem rasyon içeriği, yem hammadde fiyatlarındaki değişim, döviz kurundaki dalgalanmalar, besi performansı ve karkas randımanı, işletme girdilerinin dönemsel tutarı, hastalık ve ölüm oranları gibi unsurlar yer almaktadır. Sektörde üretimin sürdürülebilirliği açısından uygun fiyat ve kalitede yem ile besi materyali tedariki başta olmak üzere sığır besi işletmelerinde maliyet minimizasyonu amacıyla gerekli önlemlerin alınması, işletmelerin sınıflandırılarak desteklenmesi yanı sıra kârlı ve optimum ölçekte faaliyet göstermeleri için uygun piyasa koşullarının sağlanması, perakende et satış fiyatları üzerinden üreticiye aktarılan marjın artırılması ve pazarlama zincirindeki aracı sayısının azaltılarak tüketici için daha uygun fiyattan et satın alabilecekleri bir piyasanın temin edilmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Kapalı Sistem ve Serbest Dolaşımlı Sistemlerde Yetiştirilen Beyaz Hindilerin Besi Performansları Bakımından Karşılaştırılması

Bu çalışma, kapalı ve serbest dolaşımlı sistemlerde yetiştirilen beyaz hindilerin canlı ağırlık performansları ve yemden yararlanmalarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Denemede günlük yaşta toplam 90 adet hindi palazı kapalı sistem (K), %50 yem + mera (K1) ve Mera (K2) gruplarına 3 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde şansa bağlı olarak dağıtılmıştır. K1, K2 ve K3 gruplarının 17. hafta sonundaki canlı ağırlıkları erkek + dişi karışık (ED) olarak sırasıyla; 11000 g, 9511 g ve 7727 g olarak bulunmuştur (P<0.01). K1 ve K2 grupları hayvan başına 17. haftanın sonunda sırasıyla; 26.15 kg ve 15.24 kg yem tüketmiştir (P<0.05). K1 ve K2 gruplarının deneme sonu yemden yararlanma oranları (YYO) sırasıyla; 2.35 ve 1.60 olarak saptanmıştır (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, hindi yetiştiriciliğinde tamamen kapalı sistemler yerine uygun mevsim ve mera koşullarında tamamen mera şartlarında veya kısmen meraya dayalı sistemlerin uygulanmasıyla büyük oranda yem tasarrufu sağlanabileceği ve daha ekonomik olabileceği söylenebilir.

Comparison of Fattening, Slaughtering and Carcass Characteristics of Different Genotype Lambs Grown in Turkey

In this study, it was aimed to determine the fattening performance, slaughter and carcass characteristics of lambs of Eþme Kývýrcýðý (EKIV), Bursa Kývýrcýðý (BKIV), Çine Çaparý (CC) and Karya (KAR) sheeps. A total of 37 male lambs at the age of 3.5 months formed the animal material. Fattening period is 56 days. During slaughtering, head, feet, skin, liver, hot carcass weights were determined and hot carcass yield was calculated. Each carcass was cut out into 7 parts. The overall average of daily weight gain was 144.82 g. While the highest daily live weight gain was observed in the KAR, the CC had the lowest value. The total share of the rump, shoulders, back and arms are 57.65%, 66.85%, 65.80% and 67.12% for CC, EKIV, KAR and BKIV, respectively. The effect of the genotype on all the characteristics other than cooling loss is important. In terms of dressing percentage value, the ranking was CC, BKIV, KAR and EKIV from the highest to the lowest.

Effects of an Essential Oil Mixture Added to Drinking Water for Temperature-Stressed Broilers: Performance, Meat Quality, and Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances

This study investigated the effects of an essential oil mixture (EOM; Eucalyptus globulus labill, Tymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon nardus , and Syzgium aromaticum ) added to drinking water on temperature-stressed broilers. The performance parameters (body weight, average daily weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), meat quality, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated. In a 42-d study, 400 Ross-308 male chickens (1-d-old) were randomly assigned to 8 different groups ( n = 50), each containing 4 subgroups ( n = 8) (22°C Control (C), C + 250 mL/1,000 L, C + 500 mL/1,000 L, C + 750 mL/1,000 L), 36°C (stress control (SC), SC + 250 mL/1,000 L, SC + 500 mL/1,000 L, SC + 750 mL/1,000 L). Adding 750 mL/1,000 L at 22°C and 250 mL/1,000 L at 36°C was more beneficial to the fattening performance parameters than those in the control group. EOM reduced liver weight but increased abdominal fat in the SEOM-250 groups but did not affect other organ weights. EOM had no effect on the TBARS or the b * color parameter while it augmented the a * and L * coordinates of meat color.

Effects of Fermented Tea Residue on Fattening Performance, Meat Quality, Digestive Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Morphology in Fatteners.

Simple SummaryTea residue is the remaining residue of tea after drinking or deep processing. With the annual consumption of tea, a large amount of discarded tea residue is produced. If the tea residue is not effectively utilized, it will cause not only environmental pollution, but also represent a waste of resources. In this study, strains of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to produce fermented tea residue (FTR). Different levels of FTR were used instead of corn and soybean meal. The resulting product was used to feed pigs bred for rapid growth, also known as fatteners. We explored its effects on growth performance, digestion performance, meat quality, serum antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology in fatteners. The aim is to provide a scientific basis for the future use of FTR as a feed material.This study investigated the dietary supplementation of tea residue fermented by Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to explore its effects on growth performance, digestion performance, meat quality, serum antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology in pigs bred for rapid growth, also known as fatteners. One hundred and ninety-two healthy “Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire” ternary hybrid pigs (body weight 70 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly divided into four groups according to the feeding test requirements, with four replicates in each group, and 12 fatteners per replicate. The control group (CG) was fed the basal diet. Treatments 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 3 (T3), comprising ratios of 10%, 15%, and 20% of tea residue were added to the basal diet. The test period was 60 days. The results showed that supplementation of FTR in fatteners’ diets increased final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the T1 and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the other groups, the lightness (L*) and pH were significantly affected in the T2 group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CG, dietary supplementation of FTR significantly increased the nutrient digestibility of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P), improved the lipase and trypsin activities, and reduced drip loss and the shear force of fatteners (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly increased in the T2 and T3 groups compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Supplementation of FTR in the jejunum significantly increased the villi height of the T2 group and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth of the FTR groups. Compared with the other two groups, the T2 and T3 groups significantly reduced the ratio of the villous height to crypt depth in the duodenum (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the tea residue after fermentation was shown to have beneficial effects on the fattening performance, digestion performance, meat quality, serum antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology of fatteners.

Response of Probiotics and Yeast Added in Diff erent Doses to Rations of Anatolian Merino Lambs on Fattening Performance, Meat Quality, Duodenum and Rumen Histology

Response of Probiotics and Yeast Added in Diff erent Doses to Rations of Anatolian Merino Lambs on Fattening Performance, Meat Quality, Duodenum and Rumen Histology

Effects of dietary supplementation with Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin on in vivo performances, in vitro nutrient apparent digestibility, and gas emission in beef steers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercially available herbal preparation (Oxyphenol®, I-Green, Padua, Italy) of Pinus taeda hydrolyzed lignin (PTHL) on beef fattening performance, in vitro rumen apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and gas production. Forty Limousine steers were randomly divided into two groups of twenty individuals each and reared in two separated pens. The control (CON) group did not receive PTHL whereas the experimental group was supplemented with PTHL (35 g/day for each for the first 90 days of the trial and 70 g/day for each for other 30 days). The data set of in vitro rumen apparent digestibility, VFA and gas production was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the GLM procedure in SAS software (SAS 9.4), considering the dietary treatment and the time as fixed effects. The inclusion of PTHL did not affect slaughter performance, with no differences in live weight at slaughter, daily weight gain and carcass dressing percentage between groups. In addition, the apparent digestibility of nutrients tested (dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, crude protein and ether extract) was unaffected both by the dietary treatment and by sampling time. Rumen fluid pH was unaffected both by either dietary treatment or the sampling time, showing mean values ranging from 6.53 to 6.61. The acetate concentration was significantly greater for rumen fluid from PTHL group than in CON one, from 30 to 120 days (P < 0.01). Propionate production showed higher levels in rumen fluid from the PTHL group at 60, 90 and 120 days of supplement administration (P < 0.001). Conversely, butyrate concentrations showed an opposite trend, with lower content in rumen fluid from the PTHL group, compared with CON group at 30 days (P = 0.0188). Total VFA concentration did not show significant differences because of sampling time (P > 0.05), but the dietary effect induced higher values in PTHL group from 30 to 120 days (P < 0.05). Finally, rumen fluid from PTHL during fermentation produced less CH4 relative to CON, with lower values from 30 to 120 days compared to day 0 (P < 0.001). Dietary inclusion of PTHL reduced CH4 production but did not affect apparent digestibility and live and slaughter performance.

Akkaraman Toklularda Besi Performansı, Kesim ve Karkas Özellikleri

Bu araştırma geleneksel şartlarda yapılan besi ile entansif besideki Akkaraman ırkı erkek tokluların besi performanslarının, kesim ve karkas özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütüldü. Besi performansı için araştırmadaki her grupta (Gruplar: geleneksel I, entansif ve geleneksel II) 20 baş Akkaraman erkek toklu kullanılmış ve besi 70 gün sürmüştür. Grupların (Gruplar: geleneksel I, entansif ve geleneksel II) besi başı ve besi sonu canlı ağırlıkları sırasıyla 32.47, 38.07, 37.73; 46.08, 53.26, 46.87 kg olarak belirlendi. Günlük canlı ağırlık artışları yine aynı sırasıyla 0.190, 0.220, 0.200 kg ve 1 kg canlı ağırlık artışı için tüketilen kesif ve kaba yem miktarları sırasıyla 4.995, 5.045, 3.715 kg ve 4.165, 4.436, 5.710 kg bulundu. Günlük kesif yem tüketimleri sırasıyla 0.999, 1.110, 0.743 kg ve kaba yem tüketimleri ise sırasıyla 0.833, 0.976, 1.142 kg tespit edildi. Araştırmada sıcak karkas ağırlığı sırasıyla 22.18, 24.68, 22.77 kg (P&amp;lt;0.05); soğuk karkas ağırlığı 21.72, 24.18, 22.32 kg (P&amp;lt;0.05); karkas randımanı % 0.48, 0.50, 0.50 (P&amp;lt;0.05); karkasta et oranı % 51.34, 52.44, 52.56; karkasta yağ oranı % 14.19, 13.85, 13.26; karkasta kemik oranı % 19.74, 18.26, 18.69 olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak; geleneksel besiciler iyi besi yaptıklarını iddia etseler de hayvanların besin ihtiyaçlarını yeterince karşılayamadıkları, tokluların konsantre yeme alıştırma süresinin çok uzun olmasından dolayı istenilen besi performansına ulaşmak için gerekli olan besi süresinin artırılmasının gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Entansif grubun diğer gruplara göre daha iyi performans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Comparative effect of different dietary inulin sources and probiotics on growth performance and blood characteristics in growing–finishing pigs

ABSTRACTThe study was focused on assessment of the effect of an extract of long-chain inulin (LCI) and dried tubers of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and a multispecies probiotic preparation as well as a combination thereof on growth performance and blood parameters of fattening pigs. In total, 144 pigs (initial body weight 30.0 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a 98-d experiment. The six dietary treatments consisted of the control diet (Con), diet Con supplemented with probiotics (ConP) and four diets supplemented with LCI or JA alone or with probiotics (diets LCIP and JAP). Throughout the fattening period, there was a beneficial effect of the probiotic supplementation to the inulin-containing diets and the average daily gain (ADG) was increased by supplementation of probiotics in combination with inulin sources (p < 0.05). At the end of the fattening period, ADG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher after supplementation of LCI only (p < 0.05). Compared with group ConP, in groups LCI and JA, the ADG and FCR were improved (p < 0.05). Only in the first fattening stage, the addition of the prebiotics and/or probiotics had an impact on the level of white blood cells and some biochemical indices in pigs. In younger animals, probiotic or LCI supplementation increased the IgG level (p < 0.05). There was also an interaction between the probiotics and JA resulting in increased IgG and IgA concentrations (p < 0.05). In the finishing period, LCI addition increased the IgM level (p < 0.05), whereas JA addition increased IgG and IgM levels as well (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both dietary sources of inulin and probiotic supplementation can improve the fattening performance and health status of growing pigs.

Farklı Dozlarda İmmunokostrasyon Aşı Uygulamasının Entansif Koşullarda Yetiştirilen Holstein Erkek Danalarının Besi Performansı Üzerine Etkisi

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of immunocastration vaccine administration at different doses on fattening performance of feedlot Holstein bulls. In this research, 94 Holstein male calves assigned to the 4 treatments. Control group; 1 mL of 0.9% saline solution was subcutaneously injected to intact bulls on 1st and 60th days of the feedlot as placebo. On the same days of the feedlot, Immunocastration vaccine (Bopriva®) at two doses of 1 mL and 1 mL for Trial-1 group, 1.5 mL and 1.5 mL for Trial-2 group, 1.5 mL and 1 mL for Trial-3 group were subcutaneously injected to bulls. The feedlot lasted 180 days. Immunocastration vaccine administration at different doses did not affect the live weights (LWs) and cold carcass yields of feedlot Holstein bulls (P>0.05). However, it reduced fattening performance between 61-120 days (P<0.05) and 1-180 days (P<0.01). As a result, it was decreased the fattening performance that administration of Bopriva® at different doses as a GnRH vaccine in Holstein male bulls; whereas it was determined that numerically increase in average daily live weight gain was found in the Trial-2 group than the other groups to which the immunocastration vaccine was applied.