Fattening Beef Cattle Research Articles

Trends in the hormone and antibiotic use for cattle fattening in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to identify trends in the use of hormones and antibiotics, and traditional practices in cattle fattening in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 150 farmers involved in beef cattle fattening through a survey questionnaire. The average numbers of cattle and beef cattle per household were 4.27 ± 1.94 and 3.54 ± 1.31, respectively. An average of 44.67 percent of the beef farmers selected indigenous (zebu) cattle and the rest of the farmers kept a variety of crossbred cattle for fattening. The average age of cattle at the start of fattening was 21.61 ± 8.07 months, the average duration of fattening was 9.71 ± 4.29 months, and farmers marketed cattle at an average weight of 285.50 ± 50.80 kg. The highest percentage (34.67%) of farmers ate beef once a week and 5.33 percent of farmers never ate beef. Among beef farmers, 53.33% and 62.67% applied hormones and antibiotics, respectively, to their beef cattle. The highest percentage of farmers used hormones (33.87%) and antibiotics (29.79%) once a week and the rest of the farmers used them at various intervals. The majority of farmers did not follow any withdrawal period before slaughtering beef cattle for application of hormones (85.48%) and antibiotics (83.58%), whereas the remaining farmers maintained different withdrawal periods. It can be concluded that more than half of the farmers applied hormones and about two-thirds of the farmers used antibiotics for beef fattening, and most of the farmers did not follow the recommended withdrawal periods before slaughter, which is of public health concern.

345 Breed differences within heart scores of fattening feedlot cattle

Abstract Feedlot heart disease (FHD) is a condition in fattening beef cattle that arises from right-side heart remodeling resulting from alveolar hypoxia. This hypoxic environment is hypothesized to result from the large body mass of fattened cattle. Sensitive cattle have increased incidence of pulmonary hypertension resulting from compensation mechanisms of the individual. The severity of this remodeling is quantified at harvest by gross examination of the heart utilizing a visual grading system of 1-5, where a score of 1 is a normal heart and a score of 5 is a severely remodeled heart. Previously, heart score was found to contain sire differences and to be moderately heritable. This led to more questions regarding other potential factors influencing heart scores, one of which was breed differences. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of heart remodeling in beef and dairy cattle breeds and to investigate whether some breeds had a greater prevalence of heart remodeling. Heart scores were collected on Angus-influenced animals raised in the panhandle of Texas (1,103 m) and a Beef x Dairy group raised in western Kansas (846 m). The total number of animal observations was 2,069. Twenty-four percent of the individuals exhibited moderate to severe remodeling (score 3 and greater). Of this cohort, 1,307 animals had breed composition data (i.e., Angus, Simmental, Jersey, and Holstein) suitable for use in the analysis. Breed proportions ranged from 0% to 100% for Angus, 0 to 93.25% for Simmental, 0% to 69.22% for Jersey, and 0% to 78.06% for Holstein. Utilizing a linear regression model with heart score as the response and breed percentages and heart scorers as fixed effects, the importance of breed composition (covariate) was determined. The percentages of Angus influence tended to be associated with heart score (P = 0.0506), with a regression coefficient of -0.005. The percentage of Simmental had an association with the variation in heart score (P < 0.05) and had a regression coefficient of -0.008. Additionally, the percentages of Jersey and Holstein were found to reduce the incidence of heart score by a factor of -0.014 and -0.018 (P < 0.05), respectively. In summary, an increased percentage of either Jersey or Holstein breed resulted in reduced heart scores, while the incidence of beef breeds was found to be associated with some to little difference in the improvement of heart scores, alluding to potential breed advantages in mitigating right sided heart remodeling.

Technical Efficiency and Allocative Efficiency of Beef Cattle Fattening in the Content of Digital Economy: An Empirical Study Based on Survey in China

This study applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to gauge technical efficiency and allocative efficiency in China’s beef cattle-fattening industry using survey data. The Tobit model considers the salient determinants that drive these efficiencies. The results indicate that (1) large-scale farms exhibit robust TE and pure technical efficiencies (PTE), whereas scale efficiencies (SE) diverge significantly between large and medium-sized operations. The cost efficiency (CE) of smaller farms lags behind their larger counterparts, with the latter displaying greater revenue efficiencies (RE) and profit efficiency (PE). (2) The influence of identical factors on the efficiency of beef cattle fattening production can vary, sometimes antithetically, across different scales. Local policy interventions must be differentiated according to farm type and size. (3) The unique context of China’s national conditions and the status quo of livestock farming render the dual implementation of environmental regulations and technological subsidies less viable for Chinese beef cattle farms. These entities should prioritize production over technological innovation and advancement. Policymakers should adopt strategies such as targeted skill/technological training for farm managers at particular scales of operation. This could represent a critical trajectory to augment the efficiency of beef cattle production and increase beef yield in China.

Smallholder farmers’ decision-making style in the process of adopting beef cattle feed innovation in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta

Abstract Decision-making style describes anecdotally the way each individual makes decisions. The aim of this research was to analyse the decision-making style of farmers in the process of adopting innovative feed for beef cattle fattening. This research is a case study of a group of beef cattle farmers in Kapanewon Bantul, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. The method for determining groups uses a purposive sampling method. Respondents in this study were all members of groups determined using the census method. Data collection was carried out by direct interviews with respondent farmers using prepared instruments. The data collected was analysed descriptively. Farmers’ decision-making styles based on rational (81.2%), intuitive (72.3%), and dependent (63.4%) dimensions are in the high category, while avoidant (54.4%) and spontaneous (64.4%) decision making styles are in the medium category. The conclusion in this research is that smallholder farmers are very careful in making decisions. Strong priorities emerge for the rational decision-making style. Fattening cattle farmers have considered the risks and benefits of the profits obtained when having to make decisions about using feed innovation because it is seen as a determinant in the livestock business.

Analisis Usaha Penggemukan Sapi Potong Berdasarkan Biaya Produksi

Research goals to increase revenue or the welfare of farmers through increased livestock production. Efforts are made is through an increase in population, the application of technology and increasing competitiveness through penerapanmanajemen farm. The research was conducted in the District Kasokandel Majalengka district with the survey method. The unit of analysis is the peasant farmers who carry out analysis of samples of beef cattle fattening to strata ownership 1-4 tails 16 people, strata ownership 5-8 tails of 7 people. The results showed that the analysis of fattening beef cattle in Sub District Kasokandel Majalengka is a side business with an average ownership of two birds per person. Nation's beef cattle are kept the nation Peranakan Ongole (PO) to the level of implementation of maintenance management is quite good except going, cages, feed and medicines. Revenue analysis of fattening beef cattle in Sub District Kasokandel Majalengkayang highest with the scale of 5-8 tails and 1-4 tail respectively and Rp 2,381,750.00 Rp 3,880,228.00. The conclusion was analysis of the beef cattle fattening business in Kasokandel District, Majalengka Regency, which is a side business with an average ownership of 2 head per person and total ownership of 1-4 head amounting to IDR 2,381,750, total ownership of 5-8 head amounting to IDR 3,880,228.60.

Beef Cattle Production and Market of Beef Cattle Farmer in Lamphun Province

The objectives of this research were to study: 1) beef cattle production of farmers, 2) beef cattle markets in Lamphun province, and 3) problems and recommendations on beef cattle production in Lamphun province. The research samples consisted of two groups. Group 1, for quantitative research, were 210 beef cattle farmers in Lamphun province who had more than 21 head of beef cattle each. The data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics as percentage, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation. Group 2, for qualitative research, were 13 key informants who were representatives of beef cattle farmers and stakeholders in beef cattle production and market in Lamphun province. The data were collected by in-depth interview and analyzed by content analysis. The results showed that: 1) Most of farmer were male (about 93.33 %) with average ages of 42±34.58 years. Approximately 43.81 % were educated at primary level and had 35±26.15 years of experience in beef cattle production. Lamphun province had two types of beef cattle production which were 95.24% independent beef cattle farmers and 4.76% beef cattle community enterprise members. Farmers raised 4 types of beef cattle which were purebred beef cattle (50.71%), fattening beef cattle (31.44%), culled beef cattle (13.31%) and fattening quality beef cattle (4.54%). 2) Beef cattle markets in Lamphun province included beef cattle markets and beef markets. Beef cattle were sold at the farms, at beef cattle and buffalo markets and beef cattle fattening market, while butchered beef was sold through local markets in Lamphun province. And 3) the problems in beef cattle production were in beef cattle breeds, feed and farm management. The recommendations for beef cattle production were that beef cattle farmers should establish collaborative groups to develop beef cattle fattening quality production, and relevant agencies should advise and help farmers in farm management, implementing standard slaughterhouse and sources for selling beef cattle.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of the Beef Cattle Fattening Business

Financial analysis is an activity of assessing and determining rupiah units on aspects that are considered feasible from decisions made in the business analysis stage, and the results of the analysis are used as basic parameters in determining the feasibility of a business. The objective of this research was to determine the financial feasibility of the beef cattle fattening business in Balikpapan city. The study employed a survey method within the North Balikpapan subdistrict, in which 40 respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Criteria for respondents included ownership of at least two beef cattle with a rearing period exceeding one year. The financial feasibility analysis used several key indicators, including the break event point (BEP), net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (B/C ratio), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PP). Based on the study calculations, the BEP was IDR 9.676.911; NPV (9.15%) was IDR 1.017.779.514; NPV (14.15%) was IDR 952.403.118; B/C ratio was 2.7; IRR was 87%; and PP was 0.37 years. According to these results, it could be concluded that the beef cattle business in the North Balikpapan subdistrict, Balikpapan city, was feasible.

Effect on calf growth of accounting for early in vitro degradation kinetics when composing a calf starter ration

Degradation kinetics of concentrates were investigated in vitro and fed to calves to determine if weight gains reflected in vitro results. Five concentrate ingredients (steam dried sugar beet pulp, drum dried sugar beet pulp, toasted faba beans, untreated faba beans and soybean hulls) were fermented using the in vitro gas production technique in two 48 hour fermentations and degradation parameters were established. Two pairs of calf starter rations were formulated based on the in vitro degradation profiles of the individual concentrates and pelleted. The rations were balanced using NorFor – the Nordic feed evaluation system- to provide a similar net energy (MJ/day) but with differing in vitro degradation kinetics during the first 16 h of fermentation. Each pair consisted of rations made with concentrate ingredients that had an expected in vitro rapid (“Fast”) degradation and an expected in vitro slower (“Slow”) degradation relative to each other during the first 16 h of fermentation. The first pair (Fast_1 and Slow_1) consisted mainly of a single fast or slow in vitro degraded concentrate ingredient, either steam dried sugar beet pulp (48.5 % of dry matter) or drum dried sugar beet pulp (49.5 %), respectively. The second pair (Fast_2 and Slow_2) included two expected fast or slow in vitro degraded ingredients. The extra “Fast” concentrate ingredient, in addition to steam dried sugar beet pulp, was untreated faba beans, which brought the total fast concentrate ingredients in the Fast_2 ration to 64 % of DM. The second “Slow” concentrate ingredient was toasted faba beans, in addition to soybean hulls, which replaced the drum dried sugar beet pulp. The total “Slow” ingredients in the Slow_2 ration was 65.8 % of DM. The first pair of concentrate rations were each fed to 18 calves on a commercial dairy farm, while the second pair was fed to 59 calves each on a beef fattening station. The calves were fed for 8 weeks, and each calf was weighed weekly. The mean total weight gain of each calf after the trial was 68.5 kg and 68.6 for Fast_1 and Slow_1, respectively and 64.9 kg and 63.8 kg for Fast_2 and Slow_2, respectively. There was a tendency for Slow_1 to lead to increased growth compared to Fast_1 (P=0.052), when accounting for the initial weight of the calves, but there were no differences between Fast_2 and Slow_2. There was no significant effect on feed efficiency. The large differences in fermentation kinetics seen in the concentrate ingredients in vitro were not seen in the concentrate rations or the weight gain response of the growing calves.

Design and evaluation of a mobile application for enhancing farm management and performance assessment in fattening beef cattle.

This study aimed to develop a mobile application (app) specifically designed for enhancing farm management and performance assessment in fattening beef cattle. The development process followed a user-centered design approach, which involved focus group discussions and key informant interviews with 20 participants to design content and features. The app was developed for both mobile and web platforms. After the prototype and launch of the app, the system usability scale (SUS) and user satisfaction were assessed. The assessment findings identify the specific expected functions in the app, with the farm accounting records function being the most desired feature among users, followed by production analysis, production records, and resource inventory. The mean SUS score was calculated to be 75.17, indicating a qualitative assessment of "Good." The assessment of user satisfaction indicated that the mean satisfaction score for all participants was 4.26, suggesting a high level of satisfaction and a favorable perception of the app. This app provides an alternative way to record farm activity, suggest feed and feeding schedules, and provide financial management tools designed explicitly for small-scale beef cattle farmers.

Observational longitudinal study on Toxoplasma gondii infection in fattening beef cattle: serology and associated haematological findings

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a globally distributed zoonotic infection with significant implications for human and animal health. This study investigated the prevalence of T. gondii infection in a population of beef cattle at three different stages of their productive lifespan and examined the impact of T. gondii serological status on blood parameters. A commercial beef fattening unit in Italy was the setting for this research, which involved a biosecurity assessment upon cattle arrival, blood sampling at three time points and Toxoplasma-specific serological testing using indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT). Results revealed a dynamic pattern of T. gondii seropositivity in cattle, with an initial prevalence of 30.6% at arrival (T0) that increased to 44.6% at 14 days (T1) and then decreased slightly to 39.3% at slaughter after 5 months (T2). Interestingly, seroconversion was observed during the study, indicating ongoing infections, and antibody waning occurred in some animals. In terms of blood parameters, seropositive cattle exhibited significantly lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and a higher neutrophil–lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, suggesting an activation of the innate immune response. Furthermore, cattle with higher antibody titres displayed higher neutrophil counts. However, all blood parameters with a statistical significance were within the reference range. This study provides for the first time a longitudinal investigation on the serological status for T. gondii in naturally exposed beef cattle. These findings provide valuable insights into the clinico-pathological aspects of natural T. gondii exposure in cattle and underscore the importance of monitoring and managing T. gondii infection in livestock production systems.

The Income Distribution and Household Food Security of Beef Cattle Farmers in The Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research aimed to calculate income and its distribution as well as the food security rate and to analyze factors affecting food security rate of independent and profit-sharing farmers of beef cattle fattening in Special Region of Yogyakarta. An explanatory was used as the method for the research in Gunungkidul, Sleman, Bantul, and Kulonprogo Regencies by quota sampling on 120 independent and 120 profit-sharing farmers. Data were analyzed through income formulation, R/C Ratio, Gini Ratio, cross-classification of food expenditure share and energy consumption (Table of Jonsson and Toole), and ordered logistic model. The research results indicate that the incomes of independent and profit-sharing farmers were IDR1,079,033.00 and IDR1,023,324.00, lower than the Minimum Wage of Special Region of Yogyakarta which amounted to IDR1,337,645.25. The business was still accountable because the R/C ratio had a value larger than one. The values of the Gini Ratio of independent and sharing farmers were 0.310 and 0.219 which categorized as the low-scale unequal income distribution. Food security rates of independent and profit-sharing farmers were 22.5% and 13.33% of food secure, 15.83% and 18.33% of food vulnerable, 40.0% and 38.34% of less-secure food, and 21.67% and 30.0% of food insecure. The determining variables were the price of rice (p<0.01), price of vegetable (p<0.05), price of beef (p<0.01), price of cooking oil (p<0.05), and the price of instant noodle (p<0.01), household income (p>0.05), education dummy (p<0.05), cattle group dummy (p>0.05), the number of family member (p<0.01), and the housewife education (p>0.05).

Comparative production performance and rumen bacterial diversity of fattening beef cattle supplemented with different levels concentrated feed

The production performance and rumen bacterial diversity were compared for different silage-based diets supplemented with common concentrate or bio-concentrate to develop an alternative of common concentrate for fatten cattle feeding. The daily gain of fattening cattle was increased by 0. 99 kg and 1.04 kg, respectively, when fed with single corn silage or mixed silage-based diet supplemented with bio-concentrate. There was no significant difference in water loss rate and cooked meat rate among groups (P>0.05), but the tenderness of beef in the bio-concentrate group was significantly higher than that in the common concentrate group (P<0.05). There were no adverse effects on beef quality and blood biochemical indexes in each group. Compared with the normal concentrate group, the OTU number and α-diversity index of rumen microorganisms of fattening cattle fed with mixed silage as the basic diet supplemented with bio-concentrate increased significantly. At generic level, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Porphyromonadaceae (unclassified), and Succiniclasticum were increased by adding bio-concentrate in the diets based on mixed silage and single sorghum silage. Relative abundances of Bacteroidetes (unclassified), Ruminococcaceae (unclassified), and Firmicutes (unclassified) decreased. In conclusion, the bio-concentrate might be a better choice than common concentrate for beef cattle breeding.

Nilai Pemanfaatan Limbah Kelapa Sawit untuk Pakan Ternak (Studi Kasus Pakan Ruminasia)

The issue of feed has a large proportion of the sustainability of livestock businesses. On the other hand, palm fronds as post-harvest agricultural waste and bran as post-processing waste have not been utilized optimally. Even though the nutritional content contained in it is quite high. Agricultural and plantation waste by-products have good potential for use as animal feed. In order to guarantee safety and suitability, further processing and analysis is needed. Processing of raw materials is carried out in a combination (physical, chemical and biological). Preparation of feed formulations using Pearson's Quadrilateral Method. Testing is carried out in laboratories that consistently apply ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 from the National Accreditation Committee (KAN), namely the East Java Province Animal Husbandry Service. The standard test results refer to SNI 3148-2:2017 concerning Concentrate Feed for Fattening Beef Cattle. Ruminant animal feed that meets SNI 3148-2:2017 includes levels of ash, crude fat, phosphorus, TDN, aflatoxin and crude fiber. Meanwhile, the nutritional content that is close to SNI is crude protein and aNDF. The test results also showed that the content did not meet SNI, including water and calcium content. Meanwhile, fish feed (pellets) that meet SNI 01-4087-2006 contain 3 types of content including ash, crude fat and aflatoxin. The types of content that do not meet SNI are crude protein, crude fiber, phosphorus, buoyancy and pellet diameter. The estimated cost of making ruminant feed is IDR 5,986 per kilogram. Cost analysis is relevant to feed quality and daily requirements without reducing nutritional value. Further research is needed to ensure that artificial feed is more cost efficient than conventional feed.

Effects of Coconut Meat Waste Replacing Maize in the Diet on Feed Intake and Nutrient Digestibility of Fattening Beef Cattle

Effects of Coconut Meat Waste Replacing Maize in the Diet on Feed Intake and Nutrient Digestibility of Fattening Beef Cattle

Assessing the environmental impacts of beef production chains integrating grazing and landless systems

Livestock production systems contribute significantly to environmental impacts at the global level, and meat consumption is projected to increase with the population. There is a need to reduce the impact of food production, including that from beef systems. Different production systems, ranging from traditional grazing to landless systems, coexist within the beef sector. Among these, mixed systems have emerged as a promising alternative. These mixed systems typically involve adult cattle in grazing systems alongside fattening calves in landless systems, potentially achieving higher productivity while reducing the overall environmental impacts. The first step towards proposing mitigation strategies involves identifying the impacts of the sector. This study aimed to estimate the main environmental impacts of four types of mixed beef systems based on the origin of the calves that are raised, fattened, and slaughtered. Using life cycle assessment, the study evaluated the environmental impacts from the cradle to the slaughterhouse gate, expressed per kilogram of carcass weight. The four systems assessed include suckler cow farms that fatten their own offspring (beef single farm, BSF), a system in which calves raised on a suckler farm are fattened on a different farm (beef fattening unit, BFU), and systems in which dairy calves are fattened on growing units, with calves either from Spain (dairy national, DN) or from farms located abroad (dairy abroad, DA). Primary data were obtained from representative surveys of farmers and slaughterhouses, and allocation between co-products was performed according to the updated guidelines of Environmental Product Declarations and the Product Category Rules for meat. Seven environmental impact categories were assessed: climate change, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication, stratospheric ozone depletion, terrestrial acidification, photochemical ozone formation on ecosystems, and photochemical ozone formation on human health. The results indicate that meat production from BSF and BFU has greater environmental impacts than that from DN and DA systems, primarily due to the lower environmental burden allocated to dairy calves, whereas the contribution of slaughterhouse activities to the environmental impacts was minimal. This study highlights the importance of mitigating the environmental impacts associated with feed production, enteric fermentation, and manure management in beef systems. Future studies should consider potential environmental benefits of grazing animals such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity promotion.

Efficiency of implementation of Smart Farms: economic assessment

The goal is to study the mechanism for increasing the efficiency of production systems when fattening beef cattle. An example of the use of Smart Technology is given to determine and influence the quality of genetic selection of meat animals, which in turn contributes to high average daily gain and increased profitability of farms. The object of research - methods of keeping and feeding cattle, digital technologies and technical means, results of fundamental, theoretical, forecasting and search and applied scientific developments. Methods – comparative analysis, expert assessments, experience in applying promising trends and innovative technology of the Intergado system. Results – it is shown that the use of such nanotechnologies makes it possible, depending on the “key feature,” to automatically generate databases of production processes through which the weight and condition of the livestock is monitored. Based on information about changes in the weight of cattle, timely adjustments are made to the animals’ diet, which helps improve their health and optimize the genetic algorithm. Weighing cattle (BW) is an important tool in herd management since increasing body weight affects productivity, productivity and, as a result, readiness for speedy sale and savings in feed costs. Conclusions – digital solutions have been proposed to improve the effectiveness of regulation of agricultural production with a large flow of information and technological operations; model parameters make it possible to automatically transfer farm animals from one production group to another by tracking the “live weight” indicator for culling.

Assessment of Risk Factors of Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Beef Fattening in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

Assessment of Risk Factors of Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Beef Fattening in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

Economic Profitability and Constraints of Commercial Beef Cattle Fattening in East Shewa Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Economic Profitability and Constraints of Commercial Beef Cattle Fattening in East Shewa Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Effect of Substitution of Corn (<em>Zea mays</em>) Fodder with Sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> var. Numbu) Fodder on Nutrient Digestibility and Daily Weight Gain of Beef Cattle

Purpose: Corn fodder is often used for fattening beef cattle, which compete for feeding other livestock. However, Sorghum fodder has a nutritional value equivalent to corn fodder. This study aims to determine the effect of substituting of corn fodder with sorghum fodder on the body weight gain of cattle and also the digestibility of nutrients.Research method: Nine local beef cattle with weights ranging from 139-239 kg were allocated in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments given were: R0 = basal ration (30% corn fodder + 70% concentrate); R1 =15% corn fodder +15% sorghum fodder +70% concentrate; and R2 = 30% sorghum fodder + 70% concentrate. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Body weight gain; digestibility of dry matter, digestibility of organic matter, digestibility of crude protein, and digestibility of crude fibre were measured.Findings: Based on the analysis of covariance, the study showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between substituted sorghum fodder and ration consumption, body weight gain, ration conversion, and digestibility of feed substances (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fibre) in beef cattle. The results showed that body weight gain ranged from 0.63-1.18 kg/head/day, feed conversion ratio ranged from 5.12-9.66, and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fibre, 76.29%-79.10%; 79.16%-82.16%; 72.47%-76.13%; and 45.46%-46.70% respectively. This study revealed that Tebon corn can be completely (100%) substituted by fodder sorghum in beef cattle rations.Research limitations: This research was conducted at the farmer level, which causes the diversity of cattle used as experimental material to be quite high. Therefore, in analyzing the data, we used covariance analysis.Originality/Value: This research informs that the use of forage sorghum can replace corn fodder up to a limit of 100%.

РАЦИОНАЛЬНО-КОНСТРУКТИВНАЯ ФОРМА КОРМУШКИ-ТОРБЫ ДЛЯ ОТКОРМА МЯСНОГО СКОТА

The form of an object or engineering device includes in its concept the best practical use of its geometric properties. The form may be based on a rational constructive solution, when by transforming or moving the boundaries of an object, changing its angle of inclination or proportional scaling, new useful properties are acquired. The purpose of our study was to determine the rational and constructive form of the feeder-bag for fattening beef cattle. In the practice of feeding cattle, various forms of feeders are used, among which the main ones are individual and group. Group feeders, meanwhile, are not profitable in such an expensive process as fattening beef cattle: they do not allow you to regulate the feeding process, direct it in accordance with the physiological needs of animals and control feed residues. The main forms of individual feeders for livestock are rectangular and rounded: both of them have both undoubted advantages and significant disadvantages: fodder masses crushed to 1.0-1.8 mm are blown out by cattle when eaten, due to the open angle (180o ) surfaces. The sack feeder is a hybrid version of the sack feeders, it does not have their disadvantages, it maintains positive qualities: the absence of corners with food residues and a fairly closed surface that prevents the crushed feed mixture from blowing out Optimal technological parameters of the sack-shaped feeder: volume 7000 cm3, bottom radius 10 cm, height - 30 cm The bag feeder can be successfully used on feedlots and farms of various production capacities: their rational and constructive solution allows minimizing the cost of maintenance and the use of manual labor during operation.