Childhood Fat Research Articles

Childhood fat factors

Childhood fat factors

Two-decade follow-up of fatness in early childhood.

As shown in our study of 383 infants and preschool children followed through early adulthood, there is some evidence that obese children are more likely to be obese as adults. Though skinfold correlations over a two-decade period were low, averaging 0.14 for both sexes, 26% of initially obese preschool children were still obese two decades later as against 15% that would be expected by chance. The risk ratio was thus 1.77. Examined in the context of the family, the fatness levels of siblings, parents and grandparents help to identify obese children for whom early intervention is indicated and the larger number of obese preschoolers who do not become obese adults.

The body build and composition of Samoan children: relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight-for-length status.

The relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight-for-length groups (less than 25th percentile or greater than 75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight-for-length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight-for-length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle-fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle-fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight-for-length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income.

Longitudinal trends in subcutaneous fat thickness during adolescence.

Longitudinal principal components (LPC) analysis is used to summarize adolescent trends in subcutaneous fat thickness at three sites (biceps, suprailiac, and abdominal). For each site, component 1 (C1) represents fatness level, and component 2 (C2) represents an increase followed by a decrease (fat wave) in fatness. Components 3-5 (retained for girls only) represent more complicated patterns of change (multiple increases and decreases). Correlations among scores for C1 for each site and among scores for C2 for each site indicate a high correspondence of fatness level and the magnitude of the fat wave. Associations between components and other indicators of maturity are apparent, indicating that serial fat patterns are controlled to some degree by influences affecting other pubescent events. Continuity between childhood fatness levels and adolescent patterns of fatness are relatively weak. Continuity between adolescent and adulthood fatness is somewhat greater.

The genetics of human fatness

AbstractStudies on the quantitative genetics of fatness are reviewed in the framework of the twin, adoption‐cohabitation, and familial aggregation methodologies. Low to moderate heritability of adult static fatness is evident. Somewhat less than one‐third of the variation appears ascribable to genetic causes. Genetic factors may play a greater role in childhood fatness, especially during adolescence. Comparison of studies is made difficult by many methodological shortcomings. These include a rarity of studies of adult first‐degree relatives “adulthood being the period in which fatness has the greatest health consequences”, different criteria of body fatness among studies, a lack of a full variety of genetic and adoptive relationships, inadequate sample sizes “especially in twin studies”, and unreported precision of fatness variables. Fatness change in the life cycle and the anatomical placement of fat are important modifiers of the health effects of obesity. Yet the genetics of these characteristics are little understood. Innovative statistical methods and study designs including path analysis, the family set method, and families of monozygous twins need wider application to the genetics of human fatness.

Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life

Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life

A longitudinal study of body fatness in childhoodand adolescence

Data from the United States Health Examination Surveys were analyzed to determine changes in body fatness between childhood and adolescence. A national probability sample (2,177 children) was examined in both Cycle II (6 to 11 years) and Cycle III (12 to 17 years) of these surveys and comprised the study cohort. The interval between examinations was three or four years. Adiposity was measured as skinfold thickness and correlations between childhood and adolescent adiposity were explored. High rank-order correlations were found between the two examinations for each race-sex group (P less than 0.001). The relationship between childhood and adolescent fatness was independent of stature, skeletal and sexual maturation, and economic status. Childhood fatness was the most predictive factor for adolescent fatness. This strong relationship indicates that the potentially obese adolescent can be identified during childhood.

Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life.

Comparison of skinfold thicknesses measured in childhood and again 15 years later in 318 male and 303 female subjects disclosed only a moderate relation between the two measurements. Where adult fatness could be predicted from combinations of skinfold thicknesses in childhood the accuracy in 95% of cases lay at the mean between +/- 8% and +/- 18% according to age and sex.

Structure of periadrenal brown fat in childhood in both expected and cot deaths.

A quantitative study was carried out of the fat cells of the hilar pannicle of the adrenal in 150 infants comprising 60 hospital deaths, 2 accidental deaths, and 88 cot deaths. The cells were rated in categories of fat vacuolation. For a period of up to 8 weeks after birth there is an apparent depletion in the number and size of overt fat vacuoles in the cell and from this time on there is a progressive change to monolocular fat cells. The postnatal discharge of fat from the cell in the pannicle seems to be reduced in some children presenting as unexpectec death in infancy.

The origins of obesity.

Not too long ago for many of us to remember, a fat baby was a good baby, and usually vice versa. Quadrupling birth weight in less than a year was hailed as a pediatric accomplishment, and fatness in childhood was viewed as certainly beneficial (and soon to be lost). Now, however, fatness in infancy is often looked on with both distaste and alarm, and the chubby infant of the ethical advertisements is out of fashion. The fat child is now considered parent to the obese adult, already on the way to becoming diabetic, and probably destined for premature atherosclerotic demise. It is true that obese infants and obese children do have higher lipid levels than those who are lean, given sufficiently large samples and direct measures of fatness. 1 However, it is by no means sure that most fat infants become obese children, or that juvenile obesity inevitably leads to

The fatty acid composition of depot fat in childhood. II. A comparison of superficial and deep fat.

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the triglycerides in samples of depot fat obtained from superficial abodominal wall and from deep properitoneal sites in children has been determined. Although no clear pattern was observed, differences in individual subjects could usually be demonstrated between composition at the two sites. Although the differences in most instances were relatively small, these findings provide further evidence aganist the concept of the uniform composition of human depot fat.

Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood

Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood

Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Bone Marrow Fat in Childhood

Studies on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Bone Marrow Fat in Childhood

The distribution of subcutaneous fat in childhood and adolescence. By Earle L. Reynolds. 189 pp. Child Development Publications, Evanston, Ill. 1952

The distribution of subcutaneous fat in childhood and adolescence. By Earle L. Reynolds. 189 pp. Child Development Publications, Evanston, Ill. 1952

The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence.Earle L. Reynolds

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksThe Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence. Earle L. Reynolds F. N. LowF. N. Low Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 28, Number 3Sep., 1953 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/399783 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence

The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence

The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence

The Distribution of Subcutaneous Fat in Childhood and Adolescence