Mehmed II Research Articles

Bilateral persistent pupillary membrane with tetralogy of fallot: a case report and review of the literature.

Case Report. A 15-year-old boy presented to the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital with the complain of bilateral vision blurring associated with severe glare and photophobia. On ophthalmological examination, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/200 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye, and there was no improvement with pinhole testing. The slit-lamp examination showed persistent pupillary membranes (PPM) in both eyes. According to the history obtained from his parents, he had received cardiac surgery for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) 8 years ago. Conclusion. This patient is unique because this is the first reported case of bilateral PPM with congenital heart anomaly in the literature. Bilaterality of the eye anomaly strengthens the possibility of an uncommon association between PPM and TOF, rather than local failure in embryonic development.

Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih: Ottoman's Great Strategic Planner

This study discusses the war strategies of Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih throughout his rule from the year 1451 until 1481. Al-Fatih was an Ottoman leadership figure who was characterized as wise, of great fame and a leader to be reckoned with. His figure, leadership and wisdom can be seen in his successful war strategies against enemies in each and every military expedition. The objective of this article is to analyze war strategic planning undertaken by Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih in a series of wars and the opening of territories which led to Ottoman's victories and success. This study employed a qualitative method via historical research and content analyzes of primary and secondary sources in the studies of the Ottomans. This study argues that Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih's war strategies were formulated at two stages, namely war strategies formulated before the war and war strategies sketched while the war was on-going. The former was the 'grand strategy' involving political, economic and military manouvres while the latter were planned during war cabinet meetings in the battlefields.

Multimodal Transportation Issues in Istanbul: A Case Study for Traffic Redistribution due to Long Span Bridge Rehabilitation

In this paper, the use of multimodal transportation systems for Istanbul was reviewed. It was seen that there is a high imbalance towards the use of highway transportation. Especially, the marine and the railroad lines are underutilized and have not developed properly over the years. Due to extensive use of highway transportation, inter-and intra-city traffic experiences extensive congestions, delays, time and monetary losses. One of the bottlenecks of this congestion is at the Bosphorus Straight where there are two long span bridges. Recently, one of the bridges on the strait, Fatih Sultan Mehmet (FSM) Bridge, has undergone rehabilitation, thus offering reduced traffic capacity. This reduced capacity is taken partially by the other long span bridge (Bogazici Bridge) and partially by the marine transportation lines. In this paper, the traffic flow data before and after the FSM Bridge maintenance are presented along with the marine line data, especially for the redistribution of the traffic during the rehabilitation work at the FSM Bridge. It was concluded that with a well-developed and designed strategy, the marine lines can provide a more balanced modal distribution and more efficient transportation for the city of Istanbul.

PHOTO REALISTIC 3D MODELING WITH UAV: GEDİK AHMET PASHA MOSQUE IN AFYONKARAHİSAR

Abstract. Many of the cultural heritages in the world have been totally or partly destroyed by natural events and human activities such as earthquake, flood and fire until the present day. Cultural heritages are legacy for us as well; it is also a fiduciary for next generation. To deliver this fiduciary to the future generations, cultural heritages have to be protected and registered. There are different methods for applying this registry but Photogrammetry is the most accurate and rapid method. Photogrammetry enables us to registry cultural heritages and generating 3D photo-realistic models. Nowadays, 3D models are being used in various fields such as education and tourism. In registration of complex and high construction by Photogrammetry, there are some problems in data acquisition and processing. Especially for high construction's photographs, some additional equipment is required such as balloon and lifter. In recent years The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are commonly started to be used in different fields for different goals. In Photogrammetry, The UAVs are being used for particularly data acquisition. It is not always easy to capture data due to the situation of historical places and their neighbourhood. The use of UAVs for documentation of cultural heritage will make an important contribution. The main goals of this study are to survey cultural heritages by Photogrammetry and to investigate the potential of UAVs in 3D modelling. In this purpose we surveyed Gedik Ahmet Pasha Mosque photogrammetricly by UAV and will produce photorealistic 3D model. Gedik Ahmet Pasha, The Grand Vizier of Fatih Sultan Mehmet, has been in Afyonkarahisar during the campaign to Karaman between the years of 1472–1473. He wanted Architect Ayaz Agha to build a complex of Bathhouse, Mosque and a Madrasah here, Afyon, due to admiration of this city. Gedik Ahmet Pasha Mosque is in the centre of this complex. Gedik Ahmet Pasha Mosque is popularly known as Imaret Mosque among the people of Afyon. Gedik Ahmet Pasha Complex is a foundation. For this reason all its expenses are recorded. Furthermore renovations of all buildings in this complex are placed on them with a inscription. According to records and inscriptions The Imaret Mosque has been restored several times. The two significant of these restorations were made after the earthquakes in 1668 and 1792. Lastly, after the renewing lead plating of domes in 1969, the Mosque has gotten its current final situation. The dimensions of Mosque are 29.20 x 35.40 in meter and it has built by a plan of inverse capital (T). There are two domes covering the main worship and it is one of the most important examples of Ottoman architecture with three of dome both side in direction of east to west. At the north side of the Mosque, there is a place for last congregations with five domes. Minaret is at the north-east side of the mosque. It has got one balcony (surrounding the minaret) and has been structured by cut stone with a shape of fluting. It has been covered by dark blue tile between these flutings. The main gate of mosque is made of pen inlaid marble. It is aimed to survey Gedik Ahmet Pasha Mosque photogrammetricly and to model it in 3D photo-realistic. In this study, South NTS-352 Total Station is used to constitute a closed polygon with 8 point. We used 350 ground control point in the field study. It is made levelling to measure elevation of polygon points. For photographs, we used Canon A 180 camera and UAV. Photomodeler software is used to process both camera's and UAV's photographs independently. The facades of mosque are derived and all 3D models of Mosque were merged. This merged model is covered with high resolution photographs for obtaining 3D photo-realistic models of Gedik Ahmet Pasha Mosque.

Central retinal artery occlusion in association with fibromuscular dysplasia

A 14 year-old female, whose chief complaint was severe vision loss in the right eye for 2 days, presented to the Clinic of Ophthalmology of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital. The patient had been attending follow-up visits for 4 years, following a diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia by the Clinic of Pediatrics. The patient underwent a complete ophthalmo-logic, angiographic, hematologic, and systemic evaluation. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed immediately, because of the cherry-red spot sign in the macula of the right eye. Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed evidence of marked stasis of the retinal arterial circulation in the right eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/400 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye.

Corrigendum to "Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of two suspension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey to near- and far-fault ground motion" published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 459–473, 2012

In the paper "Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of two sus- pension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey to near- and far-fault ground motion (Cavdar, 2012) a number of citations were missing, in the text and in the list of references. Below we publishthe necessary corrections. In section 1. Introduction: The text "The suspension bridges, Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosporus bridges, located on Bosporus straits in Istan- bul, a mega city of significant seismic hazard in Turkey. Is- tanbul has a population of approximately 15 million people, and is located astride the Bosporus, which divides it into Eu- ropean and Asian side." was missing a citation. The corrected text reads: "The suspension bridges, Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosporus bridges, located on Bosporus straits in Istan- bul, a mega city of significant seismic hazard in Turkey. Is- tanbul has a population of approximately 15 million people, and is located astride the Bosporus, which divides it into Eu- ropean and Asian side (Memisoˇ glu Apaydin, 2010)". The text "Suspension types of bridges are becoming more and more popular in the construction of long span bridges due to their many advantages, i.e. light in weight, efficient in load resistance, and of smaller cross sections. Suspension bridges which consist of main girders, towers and hanger are complicated structures." was missing a citation. The cor- rected text reads: "Suspension types of bridges are becom- ing more and more popular in the construction of long span bridges due to their many advantages, i.e. light in weight, ef- ficient in load resistance, and of smaller cross sections. Sus- pension bridges which consist of main girders, towers and hanger are complicated structures (Cavdar et al., 2010)". The text "The hangers are vertical and connect to the deck and cable with singly hinged bearing" was missing a citation. The corrected text reads: "The hangers are vertical and con- nect to the deck and cable with singly hinged bearing (Cavdar et al., 2011)". The text "It produces high input energy on structures in the beginning of the earthquake" was missing a citation. The cor- rected text reads: "It produces high input energy on structures in the beginning of the earthquake (Bayraktar et al., 2009)". The text "The ground motions with the velocity pulses recorded in the vicinity of an earthquake fault are quite dif- ferent from the usual far-fault earthquake ground motions" was missing a citation. The corrected text reads: "The ground motions with the velocity pulses recorded in the vicinity of an earthquake fault are quite different from the usual far-fault earthquake ground motion (Akk¨ ose et al., 2010)".

Comparison of near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges

This paper presents a comparison of near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges. Bogazici (The First Bosporus) and Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosporus) suspension bridges built in Istanbul, Turkey, are selected as numerical examples. Both bridges have almost the same span. While Bogazici Suspension Bridge has inclined hangers, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge has vertical hangers. Geometric nonlinearity including P-delta effects from self-weight of the bridges is taken into account in the determination of the dynamic behavior of the suspension bridges for near-fault and far-fault ground motions. Near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records, which have approximately identical peak ground accelerations, of 1999 Chi-Chi, 1999 Kocaeli, and 1979 Imperial Valley earthquakes are selected for the analyses. Displacements and internal forces of the bridges are determined using the finite element method including geometric nonlinearity. The displacements and internal forces obtained from the dynamic analyses of suspension bridges subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is clearly seen that near-fault ground motions are more effective than far-fault ground motion on the displacements and internal forces such as bending moment, shear force and axial forces of the suspension bridges.

Construction stage analysis of fatih sultan mehmet suspension bridge

In this study, it is aim to perform the construction stage analysis of suspension bridges using time dependent material properties. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge connecting the Europe and Asia in Istanbul is selected as an example. Finite element models of the bridge are modelled using SAP2000 program considering project drawing. Geometric nonlinearities are taken into consideration in the analysis using P-Delta large displacement criterion. The time dependent material strength variations and geometric variations are included in the analysis. Because of the fact that the bridge has steel structural system, only prestressing steel relaxation is considered as time dependent material properties. The structural behaviour of the bridge at different construction stages has been examined. Two different finite element analyses with and without construction stages are carried out and results are compared with each other. As analyses result, variation of the displacement and internal forces such as bending moment, axial forces and shear forces for bridge deck and towers are given with detail. It is seen that construction stage analysis has remarkable effect on the structural behaviour of the bridge.

Mehmet II's Campaign to Italy (1480-1481)

Mehmet II's Campaign to Italy (1480-1481)

Özkıyım yaşı yükseliyor mu? / Does suicide attempt age increase?

Does suicide attempt age increase? Aims: Evaluation of sociodemographic characteristics of patients hospitalized due to attempted suicide by poisoning in Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital Anesthesiology and Reamination Clinic, between February 2007 - January 2010. Method: Patients hospitalized in the anesthesiology and reamination clinic due to attempted suicide by poisoning between February 2007 - January 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. The results were classified according to the socidemographic characteristics. Results: The number of the patients who were accepted into our clinic was 2550; 540 (21.76%) of them had been hospitalized due to intoxication, and 474 of 540 (87.7%) were suicide attempts. The proportion of female patients was 76.16% (n=361), whereas the proportion of male patients was 23.83% (n=113). The number of patients older than 40 years was 66 (13.92%). In younger patients, the number of suicide attemps were significantly higher in female patients than male patients, whereas in patients older than 40 years, the number and the ratio were similar. Rate of suicide attempts were highest in June, July and October, and lowest in January. Conclusion: It seems that the mean age of suicide attempt has a trend of increase. Female/male proportion approached each other with increasing age and attempted suicide by poisoning was more frequent in some months. The findings must be supported by prospective multicenter studies.

Stochastic finite element analysis of long-span bridges with CFRP cables under earthquake ground motion

Stochastic seismic analysis of long-span bridges with Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables are presented in this study through combination of the advantages of the perturbation based stochastic finite element method (SFEM) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. Jindo cable-stayed and Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosporus) suspension bridges are chosen as an example. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer cable (CFRP) and steel cables are used separately, in which the cable’s cross sectional area is determined by the principle equivalent axial stiffness. Geometric nonlinear effects are considered in the analysis. Uncertainties in the material are taken into account and Kocaeli earthquake in 1999 is chosen as a ground motion. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are validated by comparing with results of MCS method. It can be stated that using of CFRP cables in long-span bridges subjected to earthquake forces is feasible.

Earthquake performance assessment and retrofit investigations of two suspension bridges in Istanbul

This paper presents the results from earthquake performance assessment and retrofit investigations for Fatih Sultan Mehmet and Bosporus suspension bridges, with main span lengths of 1090 and 1074 m in Istanbul. In the first part of the study, sophisticated three-dimensional finite element model of two suspension bridges were developed and the results of the free vibration analysis were presented. The models contain detailed structural components of the bridges and geometric non-linearity with cable sagging and stress stiffening, cumber of the deck and set-back of the towers. These components affect the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the bridges. In the second part of the study, the seismic performance evaluation of two suspension bridges was undertaken. For performance assessments, non-linear 3-D finite-element time history analysis of with multi-support scenario earthquake excitation was used. Displacements and stresses at critical points of the bridges were investigated. Their earthquake performance under the action of scenario earthquake (site-specific ground motion that would result from the Mw=7.5 scenario earthquake on the Main Marmara Fault) were estimated and comparison with actual design data were also presented. Although both suspension bridges were originally designed for much lower earthquake loads they exhibited satisfactory performance. Finally, suggestions for retrofit need were made and retrofit design with hysteretic dampers for the Bosporus suspension bridge was calculated.

Comparison of Burst, Pulse, and Linear Modes Used in Phacoemulsification Surgery

To compare different ultrasound modes used in phacoemulsification surgery in terms of their efficacy and outcomes during and after surgery. A total of 86 patients with cataract diagnosis who underwent phacoemulsification surgery in Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital Eye Diseases Clinic between November 2006 and February 2008 were included in the study and were prospectively analyzed. Patients were randomized into 3 groups based on the phacoemulsification mode to be used (burst, pulse, and linear mode). Mean phacoemulsification time was 40.32+/-33.14 seconds, ultrasound time was 19.94+/-9.10 seconds, and effective ultrasound time was 20.16+/-16.57 seconds in Group I; mean phaco time was 79.90+/-65.52 seconds, ultrasound time was 15.30+/-5.74 seconds, and effective ultrasound time was 39.95+/-32.76 seconds in Group II; and mean phaco time was 75.75+/-50.56 seconds, ultrasound time was 11.65+/-2.91 seconds, and effective ultrasound time was 37.87+/-22.89 seconds in Group III. Central corneal thickness measurements with pachymetry were 586.61+/-46.86 microm on day 1, 555.54+/-39.31 microm at week 1, 543.29+/-33.88 microm at month 1, and 543.29+/-33.88 microm at month 3 in Group I; 549.83+/-49.18 microm on day 1, 530.03+/-46.42 microm at week 1, 524.32+/-45.76 microm at month 1, and 521.32+/-45.26 microm at month 3 in Group III; and 572.91+/-39.12 microm on day 1, 545.91+/-32.67 microm at week 1, 537.70+/-29.77 microm at month 1, and 534.04+/-28.64 microm at month 3 in Group III. Phacoemulsification power should be kept at minimum in order to induce minimal trauma and to achieve early rehabilitation.

Wireless technologies for the monitoring of strategic civil infrastructures: an ambient vibration test on the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey

Rapid improvements in telemetry technology and the general decrease in communication costs have raised a growing interest in low-cost wireless sensing units. This is especially the case for structural monitoring purposes, where they are becoming a more valuable alternative to conventional wired monitoring system. The main advantages associated with the use of wireless sensing unit include a considerable decrease in installation costs, decentralization of data analysis, and the possibility of broadening the functional capabilities by exploiting the use, at the same time and place, of different sensors. In this work, the design of a low-cost wireless sensing unit able both to collect, analyze, store, and communicate data and estimated parameters is presented. The suitability of a network of these low-cost wireless instruments for monitoring the vibration characteristics and dynamic properties of strategic civil infrastructures is validated during a ambient vibration recording field test on the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey.

Mehmed II and the Historians

Cet article a pour objet d'explorer dans le detail quelques-uns des grands problemes historiographiques qui se revelent a la lecture attentive de la reception, de la part du monde savant, du livre de Franz Babinger intitule Mehmed der Eroberer (Mahomet le Conquerant), dans le demi-siecle qui s'est ecoule, depuis sa parution en 1953 jusqu'a sa premiere traduction en turc en 2002. Apres une courte Introduction (I), des observations preliminaires (II) abordent les paralleles et les divergences biographiques et historiographiques entre Babinger et ses contemporains Paul Wittek et Ernst Kantorowicz dans leurs traitements tres differents de Mahomet II et de l'empereur Frederic II. On accorde une attention particuliere (III) aux nombreux comptes rendus, principalement en langue allemande (et pour la plupart sans esprit critique) de l'ouvrage originel, et a la reponse (hostile dans l'ensemble) au livre de la part des historiens turcs (IV), et de Babinger lui-meme a ses detracteurs (V). L'auteur analyse aussi (VI) la reception assez nuancee accordee a la traduction anglaise (1978), longtemps attendue. Le section VII attire l'attention sur la question epineuse et controversee du rapport entre Babinger et ses sources pour Mehmed der Eroberer, et le probleme du volume supplementaire jamais paru. On tente aussi (VIII) d'expliquer le tableau essentiellement imparfait de Mehmed II qui se manifeste a la lecture attentive du livre de Babinger, par un examen detaille des experiences personnelles de l'historien, particulierement durant son service militaire pendant la Premiere Guerre mondiale. Les deux dernieres sections (IX, X) recapitulent et resument les considerations presentees ici sur Babinger et son oeuvre, et discutent son heritabe intellectuel.

Fâtih’in Yetişmesi Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler

Historians give the name of the seventh Ottoman supreme ruler as Fatih Sultan Mehmed naturallyputting in front of his name the title of Sultan and that of the Conquer since he conqueredIstanbul. It is obvious that the conquest of Istanbul occupies a significant place among his somany other successes. In the paper I presented during the 553th. anniversary of the grant conquestI aimed at giving certain outlines from his life of training and education that made him theConquer. I wish, therefore, to call attention of my audience and, in the case that the paper ispublished, of my readers to the reality that any important work cannot be achieved accidentallyand that the vast efforts and exertions exist behind the great accomplishments

Rose K contact lens fitting for keratoconus

We evaluated the clinical outcome and fitting characteristics with Rose K contact lenses in patients with irregular astigmatism due to keratoconus. About 19 patients with keratoconus were fitted with Rose K lens in the Cornea Department at the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital between May 2005 and April 2006. Patients were between 19 and 32 years of age. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and best-corrected visual acuity measurements were taken with glasses at the baseline visit. During biomicroscopic evaluation, position, and centralization of the contact lens and fluorescein staining were noted. Visual acuity, contact lens comfort, and daily contact lens wearing time after fitting were evaluated. A total of 96% of the patients tolerated the fitting. The mean daily wearing time was 10.7 h. There was a significant increase in visual acuity with Rose K lens compared with best-corrected spectacle visual acuity. Rose K lenses are a viable alternative in the visual rehabilitation of patients with keratoconus.

Mehmed the Conqueror, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Mamluk Authority

Pour la plupart des savants, les relations entre les ottomans et les mamelouks ont commence a se deteriorer pendant le regne de Mehmed II (1451-1481). L'A. relate les rapports que Mehmed II a entretenu avec le patriarche orthodoxe grec. En accord avec la pratique etablie parmi les souverains musulmans anciens, Mehmed a reconnu pour la communaute orthodoxe le besoin d'avoir un degre de gouvernement interne propre tout en souhaitant etablir un commandement au sein de cette communaute. Mehmed a tente d'etendre son autorite et d'exploiter la critique faite envers les mamelouks qui a ete leur defaillance a agir en tant que souverains musulmans envers leurs sujets chretiens.

Renaissance Crusaders: Humanist Crusade Literature in the Age of Mehmed II

Renaissance Crusaders: Humanist Crusade Literature in the Age of Mehmed II

:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time

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