Role Of Father Research Articles

Navigating relationship dynamics, pregnancy and fatherhood in the Bukhali trial: a qualitative study with men in Soweto, South Africa

BackgroundSouth Africa has a complex range of historical, social, political, and economic factors that have shaped fatherhood. In the context of the Bukhali randomised controlled trial with young women in Soweto, South Africa, a qualitative study was conducted with the male partners of young women who had become pregnant during the trial. This exploratory study aimed to explore individual perceptions around relationship dynamics, their partner’s pregnancy, and fatherhood of partners of young women in Soweto, South Africa.MethodsIndividual, in-depth interviews were conducted with male partners (fathers, n = 19, 25–46 years old) of Bukhali participants. A thematic approach was taken to the descriptive and exploratory process of analysis, and three final themes and subthemes were identified: (1) relationship dynamics (nature of relationship, relationship challenges); (2) pregnancy (feelings about the pregnancy, effect of the pregnancy on their relationship, providing support during pregnancy; and 3) fatherhood (view of fatherhood, roles of fathers, influences on views and motivation, challenges of fatherhood).ResultsWhile most male participants were in a committed (“serious”) relationship with their female partner, less than half of them were cohabiting. Most reported that their partner’s pregnancy was not planned, and shared mixed feelings about the pregnancy (e.g., happy, excited, shocked, nervous), although their views about fatherhood were overwhelmingly positive. Many were concerned about how they would economically provide for their child and partner, particularly those who were unemployed. Participants identified both general and specific ways in which they provided support for their partner, e.g., being present, co-attending antenatal check-ups, providing material resources. For many, the most challenging aspect of fatherhood was having to provide financially. They seemed to understand the level of responsibility expected of them as a father, and that their involvement and presence related to love for and connection with their child. Participants’ responses indicated that there were some changes in the norms around fatherhood, suggesting that there is a possibility for a shift in the fatherhood narrative in their context.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the complex array of factors influencing fatherhood in South Africa continue to play out in this generation, although promising changes are evident.

“Boys Love Boy Toys”: a qualitative study exploring the role of fathers in young boys’ gendered toy preferences

Children come to understand the concept of gender and learn to differentiate roles and norms on the basis of gender in early childhood. By interacting with individuals in their social contexts (i.e., family and peers), children are taught about gender norms and expectations, and as a result, learn to negotiate their own identities within different contexts. Parents have an especially important role in how children come to understand their own gender identity, as they have the ability to shape their childrens’ behaviors by endorsing certain gender stereotypes (e.g., girls wear pink, and boys play with trucks). For young boys, their fathers are a key socialization agent in their gender development, as they convey both implicitly and explicitly, gender-appropriate ways of being. Fathers may endorse ideas of traditional masculinity, which constrain boys to conform to the expected male norms, and discourages them from engaging in perceived feminine behaviors, such as cross-gender play. Accordingly, young boys are often expected to prove their manhood by marking their masculinity against femininity, in a power struggle where they are trying to get their gender right. Based on established and current literature in the field of gender identity development and masculinity in early childhood, this qualitative study aimed to explore young boys’ existing working schema of masculinity and the role that their fathers play in shaping it. Participants included six father–son pairs, with boys (ages 4–6) and their fathers (ages 34–37). Fathers were first asked to complete an adapted version of the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale, which assessed their attitudes and beliefs about gender-related toys, activities, and behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with the father–son pairs, where they participated in a series of toy-preference activities in a virtual game. Descriptive coding and content analysis were used to analyze the responses boys provided for their toy preferences. Boys reported having a more stereotyped definition of “girl toys” than of “boy toys”, as reflected in their choices of toys that they felt that only girls would like to play with. Fathers’ self-described beliefs reported on the Child-Rearing Sex-Role Attitude Scale were similarly reflected in their behaviours and comments during the interviews with their sons, such that fathers who shared stereotypical beliefs about gender-related behaviours and activities on the scale, engaged in behaviours which corresponded to their beliefs when interacting with their sons. Implications for families and educators are discussed.

The Role of Father's Involvement and Social Competencies on Academic Achievement in Children

This study aims to determine the relationship between father involvement and social competence on academic achievement in children. This study uses a correlational quantitative approach. The subjects in this study were fathers, teachers and children aged 8-13 years. The sampling technique in the study was accidental sampling. The number of samples in this study were 123 respondents. Measurements in this study used the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) scale from Gresham and Elliott, the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI) scale from Hawkins and students' academic report cards. The data analysis technique used the Spearman correlation test. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant relationship between the role of father involvement and academic achievement but there is a significant relationship between social competence and academic achievement. This research is expected to have an impact on teachers, parents and schools to improve students' social competence to support students' academic

How parents’ feeding styles, attitudes, and multifactorial aspects are associated with feeding difficulties in children

BackgroundParental complaints about feeding difficulties (FD) during childhood are frequent in pediatrics. Behavioral factors about children’s feeding and parental aspects are fundamental in solving these problems, but research in this area lacks information considering the joint presence of fathers and mothers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the features of children, parents and mealtime practices related to FD reported by fathers and mothers and to identify parenting styles, mealtime actions, practices and factors associated with FD in children.Methods323 parents (226 mothers and 97 fathers) of children aged 1 to 7 years were recruited in the emergency waiting room at Sabará Hospital Infantil, in São Paulo, Brazil, and self-completed electronic questionnaires on parenting style (Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire), parents’ mealtime actions (Parent Mealtime Action Scale), socioeconomic information, personal and children’s health data and routine meal practices.ResultsThe prevalence of FD in children was 26.6%. Indulgent parenting style was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by authoritarian (25.1%), authoritative (23.8%), and uninvolved (6.9%) styles. Most parents (75.8%) reported presence during meals, and 83.6% used distractions. Regression analyses after adjustments showed, as factors associated with FD, female children (OR: 2.06; 95%CI: 1.19–3.58), parents’ FD history (OR: 3.16; 95%CI: 1.77–5.64), and greater frequency of parents’ behavior of offering many food options (OR: 2.69; 95%CI: 1.18–6.14). Parents with indulgent styles had decreased chances of reporting FD in their children (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.06–0.27). Furthermore, the practice of children sharing the family menu (OR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.18–0.99) and higher frequency of parents’ behavior of setting snack limits (OR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.23–0.85) were inversely associated with FD.ConclusionsThis study reinforces the multifactorial aspects involved in the feeding difficulties context. It points out the importance of expanding knowledge of the individual role of fathers and mothers to compose a scenario that can guide future studies and interventions.Trial registrationCAAE #99221318.1.0000.5567 with registration number 2,961,598.

Developing Effective Parental Roles of Mothers and Fathers for Today's Child and Tomorrow's Adult

Bu araştırmanın amacı, geleceğe yön verecek ve toplumuna değer katacak bireyleri yetiştirmede etkin role sahip olan anne babaların etkili ebeveynlik rollerini geliştirmek ve desteklemektir. Bu temel amaç doğrultusunda teorik ve uygulamaya dayalı multidisipliner bir ebeveyn eğitim programı hazırlanmıştır. 16 farklı eğitimin yer aldığı ebeveyn eğitim programı 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında uygulanmış ve 11 hafta sürmüştür. Ebeveyn eğitim programında yer alan eğitimlerin özellikle dezavantajlı gruplara ulaşması öncelikli hedef olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma nitel yöntemin durum çalışması deseninde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın katılımcıları ölçüt örnekleme tekniği ile seçilen ve okul öncesi ya da ilkokul kademesinde çocuğu olan 29 ebeveynden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ve gözlem formu ile toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi tekniği ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre eğitimlerin ebeveynler üzerinde bilinçli ebeveyn olmayı destekleme, aile içi iletişimi kuvvetlendirme, araştırma ve okumaya sevk etme, kişisel farkındalık düzeyini artırma, öfke kontrolünü sağlama, aile katılımlı aktivitelerde artış, demokratik ebeveynliğe geçiş ve empati yeteneğini geliştirme gibi etkileri olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca eğitimlerin çocuklar üzerinde planlı ve programlı hareket etme, uyumlu davranış gösterme, bilimsel araştırma becerilerini geliştirme ve kendini ifade etmede gelişim gösterme gibi yansımaları olduğu ebeveynler tarafından tespit edilmiştir. Okul müdürü ve rehber öğretmenlerin gözlemlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar ise eğitimlerin öğrenciler ve ebeveynler üzerinde olumlu etkileri ve okul ortamına kısa ve uzun vadeli olumlu yansımaları olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Eğitimlerin sonuçları, ebeveynlere sağladığı bireysel katkılar, çocuklara yansımaları ve aile, çocuklar ve yakın çevre üzerinde oluşturduğu etkiler bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Is the education of the parents differently associated with their children health literacy?

Abstract Background Parents with higher levels of education tend to have better abilities in searching and integrating health information, which can ultimately benefit their childreńs health literacy. We aim to analyse the associations between childreńs health literacy and parents’ education in families with school-age children. Methods A total of 735 children (51.7% boys) with a mean of age (SD) of 7.7 (1.2) years old, participated in this study. Childreńs health literacy was measured with the HLS-Child-Q15, which contained 15 items assessing the child's perceived ease or difficulty in finding, understanding, appraising, and applying health information (α = 0.7). A mean of all items was conducted along with a median split (limited and sufficient health literacy). Parents self-reported their education (e.g., primary school, secondary schools and higher education) and family income. Binary regression models were used, adjusting for age and income. Results Boys whose mothers had a higher education degree had lower odds of achieving sufficient health literacy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.1; 0.9). In contrast, boys whose fathers had a secondary or higher education degree had a significantly higher odds of achieving sufficient health literacy (aOR=2.3 (1.1; 4.7) and 2.9 (1.2; 6.9, respectively), irrespective of their age and income. Conclusions The indirect association between mothers’ education levels and their sons’ health literacy, and the direct association of fathers’ education levels on their sons’ health literacy, could be explained by previous research that has linked a motheŕs education level to the quality of everyday childcare and a fatheŕs education level to the access of higher social positions and resources, that ultimately can be invested in the child's health literacy. Future intervention studies should take into account the important role of fathers in improving childreńs health literacy, mainly in boys. Key messages • Parents with higher levels of education tend to have children with better health literacy. • There are significant associations between parentśeducation and childreńs health literacy, mainly in boys.

Adolescents’ Perceived Changes in Internalizing Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Father Internalizing Symptoms and Parent Support in Germany and Slovakia

This preregistered study examined the relation between adolescents’ perceived changes in internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and four different family and peer relationships in two countries. Using a bioecological framework, we interviewed mothers, fathers, and adolescents from 212 families in Germany and Slovakia during the COVID-19 pandemic. In both countries, we found that higher levels of father internalizing symptoms exacerbated the relation between pandemic disruption and increases in pandemic-related adolescent internalizing symptoms. Similarly, parental support buffered the relation between adolescent perceptions of COVID-19 disruption and increases in the adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Peer support and parental warmth were not associated with changes in adolescent-reported internalizing symptoms during the study period. The fathers’ symptoms of anxiety and depression during stressful life events may impact the parent–child relationship by changing the children’s perceptions of parent–child attachment, which may, in turn, be associated with higher levels of adolescent internalizing symptoms. Higher levels of parental support, however, may have helped protect adolescents from some of the more negative aspects of the pandemic.

Altruism Viewed from Self-Compassion and the Role of Fathers in Students

Many pupils act alone, seem solitary, and do not depend on others. In this study, students of psychology of Universitas Diponegoro judgments of fatherhood and self-compassion are compared to their levels of altruism to see how they correlate. The idea is that there is a correlation between college students' levels of self-compassion, paternity perceptions, and generosity. 40 students on 4th semester from the Faculty of Psychology took part in this study. The self-compassion scale, the perceived fatherhood scale, and the altruism scale were all used in the data collection process. Multiple linear regression is used in the data analysis technique. The findings of student study must start to take on an altruistic attitude because they must be able to empathize with a difficult problem. With the ability to empathize, they find it simpler to approach and investigate the subject's concerns. Additionally, they must exhibit traits of altruism include a low level of egoism, a sense of social duty, and an internal center of control.

Kehidupan Keagamaan Anak Ulama (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Seunagan Kabupaten Nagan Raya)

Ulama are people who are pious and have an important and strategic position in the historical trajectory of the people of Aceh. Every generation needs scholars as protectors and guides for the community in various aspects of life, especially in the field of religion, so it is necessary to have successors who will continue this role in each generation. And theoretically, the children of these scholars are seen as having a chance to continue this continuity. In the early decades of the 21st century in Seunagan District, Nagan Raya Regency, there were seven well-known scholars and they had 18 sons who were considered able to continue their father's roles in the past. However, in this study only 5 people (27.70%) were found to be scholars, while 13 people (62.30%) did not become scholars. This is caused by several factors; including family factors, education and environmental factors.

Hyperscanning Studies on Interbrain Synchrony and Child Development: A Narrative Review.

Social interactions between parents and children are closely linked with children's development, and interbrain synchrony has been shown to be a neural marker of social interaction. However, to truly capture the essence of social interactions through interbrain synchrony, it is necessary to simultaneously discuss the parental and child brains and adequately record neurological signals during parent-child interactions in interactive tasks. In the current review, we have reviewed three main contents. First, we discuss the correlation between parent-child interbrain synchrony and the development of cognitive (e.g., emotion regulation, attention, and learning) and behavioral abilities (e.g., cooperation, problem-solving) in children. Second, we examine the different neural mechanisms of interbrain synchrony in mother-child and father-child interactions, aiming to highlight the separate roles of mother and father in child development. Last, we have integrated four methods to enhance interbrain synchrony, including communication patterns, nonverbal behavior, music, and multichannel stimulation. A significant correlation exists between parent-child interbrain synchrony and the development of children's cognitive and behavioral abilities. This summary may be useful for expanding researchers' and practitioners' understanding of the ways in which parenting and the parent-child relationship shape children' cognitive and behavioral abilities.

Father's Role in Exclusive Breastfeeding in Developing Countries: Scoping Review

The father is the closest person after the baby's mother, who plays a role in exclusive breastfeeding. The interventions of dads attempt to improve breastfeeding knowledge, positive attitudes, and fathers' engagement in providing practical, physical, and emotional support to mothers, which can improve breastfeeding behaviors. The purpose of this study is to map current information about the role of fathers in exclusive breastfeeding in developing countries by including relevant sources of evidence from each article that has been found. The research method uses a Scoping review with the Arkey and O'Malley approach. It consists of 5 steps, namely: (1) identifying each scoping review question, (2) identifying relevant articles, (3) selecting articles, (4) charting data (5) compiling, summarizing and reporting results. Article search uses three databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Wiley, published between 2018-2022. Keywords used in the search process are (Father Role* OR Partner Role*) AND (Exclusive Breastfeeding* OR Lactation* OR Breast Milk*). There are 14 articles found, including several developing countries from various continents, nine articles from Thailand, Vietnam, Iran, India, Philippines, and China from the Asian continent, and five articles from the countries Tanzania, Ethiopia, and South Africa from the African continent. The results of the study show that the father's role in exclusive breastfeeding in developing countries is to provide emotional support, practical support and informational support so that mothers have a greater chance of producing breast milk more effectively. Husband’s support towards breastfeeding mothers positively affects the mother's psychological condition and success, especially in exclusive breastfeeding. The next author is expected to help make the policy if health workers are required, especially the policy for husbands to be involved in giving counseling while accompanying their wives in health facilities.

The Role of Minangkabau and Batak Families in Medan

Background. The family has a pattern of relationships or rules of behavior and is a social institution that has a system of norms and procedures for completing important tasks. The family is an important social institution in Indonesia, where the family has a set of norms and rules to accomplish important tasks in the family. Families play an important role in shaping a person's character and social behavior in society. The main task of the family is to pass on traditions, attitudes, behaviours and values by creating an environment conducive to positive interaction and socialization between the child and their environment. The Minangkabau community in Indonesia, originating from West Sumatra, has a matrilineal kinship system, which emphasizes childcare by the mother and guidance from the mother's brothers. In contrast, the father's role is to provide for the family. The Batak community has a patrilineal kinship system, where kinship relationships are based on the father's lineage. In Batak tradition, men have a higher status than women, and only men are allowed to make decisions in family discussions.
 Methods. This study is quantitative in nature using descriptive methods. The population of this study was 600 Minangkabau families and 480 Batak families in Medan with a sample of 169 people, of which 86 people from the Minangkabau tribe and 83 people from the Batak tribe. The technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The research instrument used a questionnaire.
 Results. The results showed that mothers from the Minangkabau tribe were in the very good category at 73.3% and the Batak tribe respondents were in the very good category with a total of 72.3%.
 Conclusion. The role of mothers from the Minangkabau and Batak tribes is in the excellent category.
 Keywords: Mother's Role, Family, Minangkabau, Batak

Concept Analysis of Fatherhood

Aim: To propose a conceptual definition of fatherhood from the perspective of different disciplines and resources.
 Background: Fatherhood is frequently used in social and health science. Due to the shift of father’s role from breadwinner to actively involved in family supporting and child-rearing, an updated and clear concept of fatherhood should be needed.
 Design: Walker and Avant’s methods for concept analysis was used.
 Data Source: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, Online Dictionaries and thesauruses. 
 Review Methods: The primary Search terms were fatherhood, father’s role, the role of fatherhood and father’s experience. Articles were not limited to research reports but also included books, case study and reviews. 
 Results: A new definition of fatherhood is provided based on four components that include a status of father-child bonding and interpersonal relationship among individual, family and others, a person’s paternal identity, right and responsibility of supporting the child, and a reciprocal process constructed in social and cultural settings. Defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences are identified. Implications for nursing discipline are given.
 Conclusions: This concept analysis confirms a multi-faceted concept of fatherhood with a number of contributing domains, which can benefit the related instrument or theory development in the future.

Imagining Fatherhood through the Parenting Experiences of University Students from Poor Economic Backgrounds in South Africa

While “fatherhood roles” are generally assumed to be formed along socialised masculine identities, analyses of how such socialised masculine identities are sensitive to economic realities around the people through which the identities are formulated, are hardly presented within the South African literature on gender. This article addresses this research gap by analysing how 10 purposefully selected young university students studying at the University of Venda in South Africa interpret their parental roles amid economic challenges at the university. A qualitative research methodology was followed in the collection and analysis of the data. Drawing on several semi-structured interviews with the students, the article argues that even though traditional cultural norms may form the basis for the initial perception of fatherhood, socioeconomic situations additionally provide an unpleasant but suitable background through which young people formulate a broader definition of masculinity. Economic challenges can be a catalyst for self-reflection and reassessment of family social priorities. As the study found, it provides the basis for young men to question societal expectations of masculinity, become more open and flexible to parental responsibilities that involve emotional support and nurturing to their children, and participate in domestic activities.

Peran teknik CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) dalam mengelola stres remaja

The rapid increase in emotional levels during early adolescence is known as a period of storm and stress. So parents complain and find it difficult to deal with teenagers, in this transition period. This emotional growth is the result of physical changes, especially the hormones of adolescence. If it is related to social conditions, this increased emotional level is a sign that teenagers are experiencing conditions that are different from previous times. This condition triggers teenagers to become stressed and confused. Adolescence is a transition period, so the counselees studied were teenagers who experienced feelings of anxiety due to the confusion experienced by the absence of the father's role, making the counselees stressed, emotional and demanding a lot of attention from their parents, fighting, disobeying and resulting in decreased concentration in learning. The OV counselor, a 12 year old male teenager, was given the CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) technique. Cognitive therapy helps the counselor learn to recognize mistakes and change them. Apart from positive thinking, cognitive therapy is also related to happy thinking. Behavioral therapy helps link problematic situations and habits of responding to problems. Clients learn to change their behavior, calm their mind and body to feel better, think more clearly and help them make the right decisions. understand thought patterns by showing empathy so that you feel expected to be present with love and attention.

The Impact of Father's Absence on Psychological Conditions in Children from Commuter Marriage Families

This study aims to investigate the impact of fatherlessness on the psychological development of children from commuter marriage families. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The subject of this study is an 8-year-old child. Data collection techniques in this study include interviews, observations, and psychological tests. Data analysis is conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data's validity is tested using source triangulation techniques. Based on the research results, the impact of fatherlessness on the psychological development of the child shows that: S does not get quality time with his father to engage in play activities because the father works out of town and returns only once a year. S's father verbally abuses his wife, indicating the loss of the father's role as a source of love and protection from harm. S's father makes rules and decisions within the house without first consulting his wife and children. Every decision made by the father must be followed by the mother and children, or else the father becomes angry. S's father believes that raising and educating children is solely the mother's responsibility, and a husband's role is only to provide for the family financially. S's mother is unable to establish the father's presence in the children's lives. S has difficulty following lessons at school and adapting to school life, as he always needs to be accompanied by his mother. When playing, S only interacts with close friends he already knows.

Maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity: the chain mediating role of fathers' marital satisfaction and adolescent peer relationships.

Based on the ecological systems theory and the family systems theory, this study explores the mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal positive coparenting on adolescent ego-identity. This study employed the Maternal Positive Coparenting Scale to assess mothers, the Father Marital Satisfaction Scale to examine fathers, and the Adolescent Peer Relationship Scale, along with the Ego-Identity Scale, to evaluate adolescents. This comprehensive approach involved investigating 522 families, encompassing both parents and adolescents. The results obtained indicate a significant positive correlation between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. Peer relationships mediated the relationship between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. Father marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity insignificantly. Paternal marital satisfaction and adolescent peer relationship have a chain mediating role between maternal positive coparenting and adolescent ego-identity. The study contributes by offering insights from the perspectives of family and peer relationships for further enhancing the development of adolescent ego-identity.

Father's involvement in the success of exclusive breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is to be the best food that babies should eat because it contains all the nutritional elements needed for growth and development. The role of the father is a factor, one of which can affect the practice of breastfeeding where the role of the father can make the mother feel cared for, calm and this can facilitate milk production. This study aims to see the relationship between the factors of breastfeeding fathers on the practice of breastfeeding. Cross-sectional is a design used in this study which has a sample of 78 fathers who have toddlers taken by random sampling in the Mandonga District, the data obtained were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between father's knowledge and breastfeeding practice (p= 0,014), attitude variable and breastfeeding practice (p= 0,000) and there was no relationship between father's role and breastfeeding practice p= 0,485). In conclusion, the knowledge and attitudes of breastfeeding fathers are related to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. There needs to be an increase in father's knowledge of breastfeeding practice support.

Peran Ayah dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak: Telaah Surah Luqman Ayat 12-14

Abstrak 
 Fathers have a characteristic role in the family, namely the breadwinner, in this case the father is responsible for all family needs. One of the roles of fathers in educating children is modeling to children in terms of wisdom and being responsible for planning and decision making in a matter. This study aims to understand the figure of the father's role in teaching character education to children in Surah Luqman verses 12-14. This exploration uses a literature study research method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of this study indicate that in Surah Luqman verses 12-14 show that Luqman advised his son with advice that was not patronizing and there were also no accusations, because parents only want children to be good and only parents are their children's advisors. The character of a good father in Islam is depicted in Luqman, who always takes care of the child with love, advises the child with gentle words, and instills religious character education to the child.

New Father a Male Ally-ship in Women's Movement: Effects of Digital Feminism in Reshaping Patriarchal Behaviour

The study examines the involvement of men in the women's movement in Pakistan, which is a patriarchal society. The interviews with progressive men and women, who are actively engaged in the feminist movement in Pakistan reveal the changing dynamics of family structure in Pakistan, and discussed the emerging role of the liberal father as male allyship in women's emancipation and eliminating gender inequalities. The study discusses the effects of digital feminism in Pakistan in involving men in the women's movement as bridging social capital, producing responsible behavior among men, and challenging patriarchy through new fathers. In a patriarchal society, where the dominancy of the father is blindly followed, digital feminism is now altering the father's rule into male allies, producing a concept of new a father, which is challenging the patriarchal notions of masculinity and hegemony. The new father is a symbol of a new dominant figure, who is responsible and transforming the domestic patriarchy, to maintain equality at home and would bring change to the social structure at large.