Father-son Relationship Research Articles

Modes of Representing the Holocaust: a Discussion of the Use of Animation in Art Spiegelman's Maus and Oryl Yadin and Sylvie Bringas's Silence

Since Theodor Adorno’s famous dictum that ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’, the issue of whether it is ethical to represent the Holocaust in art, and if so, the means by which it is ethical to do so, has constituted one of the major polemical discourses of our time. Prominent questions such as ‘Who has the right to try and represent the Holocaust?’, ‘How should we represent the Holocaust?’ and ‘How can we address the issue of responsibility in a post-war world?’ have motivated artistic representations and the critics who discuss these representations. In this essay, I aim to consider the success of two works which employ the somewhat controversial format of animation in dealing with aspects of testimony, trauma, language and responsibility. The first, Art Spiegelman’s 1984 comic book strip Maus, anthropomorphised Germans into cats and Jews into mice in order to narrate events experienced by Spiegelman’s father, Vladek, during the war and the postbellum father-son relationship. Although Maus was initially criticised for its use of the comic book format, traditionally viewed as adolescent, it later went on to receive the Pulitzer Prize for its literary success and as such provided a benchmark for the potential of animated formats. The second, Orly Yadin and Sylvie Bringas’s 1998 animated short film Silence, combines two styles of animation and a small amount of archival footage to tell the story of Tana Ross, a child survivor of Theresienstadt (Terezin) who, hidden by her grandmother during the war, escaped Auschwitz.

Coming out to talk about suicide: Gay men and suicidality

International studies report increased rates of mental health problems and subsequent suicidality among homosexual populations. While international health-care policy is concerned with reducing suicide among young people, important research findings relating to gay people and suicidality remain unacknowledged in the Suicide Prevention Strategy for England. This qualitative study, utilizing single case studies, was used to gain an in-depth understanding of the life experiences contributing to the suicidality of four gay men. The methodology was psychoanalytically informed, using free association narrative interviewing. The initial data analysis involved interpretation of each of the case studies and a subsequent analysis exploring the shared experiences found in each of the individual narratives. Thematically, these are described as 'knowing and not knowing', 'the centrality of the father-son relationship', 'the loneliness of outsiderness', 'leading a double life', and 'crime and punishment'. The significance of the life experiences these themes illustrate reveal why some gay men might not only experience long-term mental health problems, but also engage in suicidality. Individually and collectively, the analyses provide important insights for mental health nurses becoming more attuned to provide sensitive mental health care to those who have a gay sexual orientation.

Dyads of Father and Son Suicide Separated by Time and Circumstances

We encountered 2 dyadic suicides among fathers and sons. In the first dyad, the father was a 64-year-old man with complications of heart surgery. He committed suicide with a shotgun. The decedent's son was a 38-year-old man. Five years after his father's death, the son had an argument with his wife. That morning, he drove to the house where his father had lived and inflicted a handgun wound to his head. In the second dyad, the son was a 22-year-old man whose girlfriend left him. He inflicted a shotgun injury to the head. His blood alcohol level was 294 mg/dL. The father of this decedent was a 43-year-old man who 1 year later was despondent after a fight with his girlfriend. He was found dead at home with a single handgun wound to the chest. His blood alcohol level was 173 mg/dL. All 4 suicides appear to have been premeditated and all 4 men used guns. Suicide in a family tends to cause depression and complicate bereavement in survivors more than other types of death. Copycat suicide is well-documented in high-profile cases. The effect of father-son relationships is likely closer and more influential than celebrity suicides.

How Do Mothers and Fathers Influence Pediatric Injury Risk in Middle Childhood?

Parental influences are among the strongest behavioral correlates to unintentional injury outcome in early childhood, but are less well understood as children develop. We implemented a prospective research design to study how parenting style, parent-child relationships, and parental mental health influence injury during middle childhood. We also considered the roles of parent and child gender. Parental influences were assessed from a sample of 584 first graders, plus their mothers and fathers. Injuries requiring medical treatment were assessed regularly over the subsequent 5 years. Logistic regression models examined how maternal and paternal parenting factors predicted injury among all children, just boys, and just girls. Fathers who reported more positive relationships with their children had children protected from injury. This was particularly true of father-son relationships. No maternal traits predicted injury. A positive father-child, and especially a positive father-son relationship, may protect children from injury during middle childhood.

Perceptions of childhood relationships with mother and father: Daily emotional and stressor experiences in adulthood.

Adults who report having had high-quality relationships with their parents during childhood have better overall mental health and are at decreased risk for mental disorders compared with those who report low parental relationship quality. Researchers have predominantly focused on the relationship with the mother, often times excluding the unique role that fathers may play in the long-term development of their offspring. The current study examined the unique associations of recalled childhood experiences of mother-child and father-child relationship quality with daily emotional experiences and stress processes in adulthood. Men and women (N = 912, ages 25-74) retrospectively reported the quality of their childhood relationships with their mother and father. Later, they reported their daily psychological distress and stressor exposure every night over 8 consecutive evenings. Results indicate that mother-child relationship quality was related to lower levels of daily psychological distress. The quality of both mother-child and father-child relationships was related to stressor exposure, but only father-son relationship quality was related to lower levels of emotional reactivity to stressors during adulthood.

Race and Identity in Hemingway's Fiction (review)

Reviewed by: Race and Identity in Hemingway's Fiction Suzanne Del Gizzo Amy L. Strong . Race and Identity in Hemingway's Fiction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. xiii + 174 pp. Over the past twenty-five years, Ernest Hemingway has been undergoing the scholarly equivalent of an "extreme makeover." In the early 1980s, criticism of the great, macho, celebrity writer of modern American literature, who inspired protective loyalty in some critics and outright antipathy in others, seemed to have reached a saturation point. One leading critic even announced that he believed "there was nothing more to be said about Hemingway's fiction" (qtd. in Strong vii). But the publication of The Garden of Eden in 1986 changed everything. Since 1986, Hemingway scholarship has become a boom industry as critics have tackled issues of gender and sexual identity from nearly every conceivable angle and in relation to every piece of writing in Hemingway's oeuvre. As a result, long held beliefs about the author's misogyny and machismo have been challenged, and a newer, less easily pigeon-holed Hemingway has emerged. Amy L. Strong's Race and Identity in Hemingway's Fiction continues this makeover trend, just as the field appears to be reaching the point of exhaustion again, redirecting attention to Hemingway's interest in race and racial identity. Strong has been interested in Hemingway's relationship to race for quite some time (her first article on Hemingway and native Americans appeared about twelve years ago), but her decision to write what I believe is the first book-length study of Hemingway and race was prompted by the 2005 publication of Under Kilimanjaro, the scholarly edition of Hemingway's book based on his second African safari in 1953–54 (first published in 1999 as True At First Light). For Strong, the publication of Under Kilimanjaro, with its candid account [End Page 842] of Hemingway's desire to become a member of the Wakamba tribe, provides critics with the occasion to address what she rightly sees as the author's lifelong fascination with race as seriously and comprehensively as they have addressed gender issues in his work. She believes the time is ripe to challenge the perception that Hemingway is one of the "whitest writers in the American literary tradition" (11). Inspired by strategies pioneered by Toni Morrison in her groundbreaking study Playing in the Dark, Strong presents her project as "a revisionist reading of Hemingway's work" in which she examines "how Hemingway's fiction looks if we bring his nonwhite characters out of the background and asks how we must define Hemingway's conception of American identity differently when it is constructed on the basis of race" (12, 13). She acknowledges that there is already a sizeable body of scholarship on Hemingway and race, but she claims that these past efforts defanged Hemingway's racial obsessions by translating them into more familiar (and less controversial) motifs in Hemingway scholarship such as father-son relationships, primitivism, lost wilderness, and male initiation rites. The effect, she explains, is that "The critical response to issues of race in Hemingway's works . . . reveals patterns of marginalization, disavowal, and outright dismissal" (4). Her project seeks to remedy this situation by emphasizing Hemingway's awareness of and engagement with the realities of race in the construction of his nonwhite characters and his portrayals of racial interaction. It is an ambitious and worthwhile project, but the results are uneven in part because Strong cannot consistently anchor Hemingway in such realities. The first two chapters on the Nick Adams stories are the strongest in the book and will likely become a standard for future scholarship. In the first chapter, Strong persuasively argues that Nick Adams's identity cannot be fully understood without historicizing his relationship to native Americans, a relationship that she argues is "based on racial domination" (16). Through an effective pairing of "Indian Camp" and "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife," Strong captures Hemingway's attempts to present race as both biological and cultural, which allows him to play with racial categories in ways that capture the unstable and shifting power dynamics between Indians and whites. The next chapter focuses on Nick's relationship to...

The Hunter's Son

THE AWESOME PUPPET COMPANY recently performed its first outing of The Hunter's Son, an adaptation of a West African Hausa dilemma tale, The Tale of a Hunter and his Son,1 as part of a psychotherapy weekend retreat.2 The performance was devised as a blueprint for using puppetry therapeutically in men's work, from which a range of individual and group clinical spin-offs can be rolled out for different male client needs, including father-son relationships; personal-public leadership and social role identities; war trauma; substance abuse and rehabilitation; and other significant therapeutic explorations of restorative and reparative behaviour practice. The project was also a prototype for enlisting student placement work and Paula Andreewitch, final year drama at Bristol University (2009), contributed significantly sharing production, design and execution. As therapeutic puppetry generally remains fairly underutilized, the session afforded a valuable opportunity to explore how the medium might be used as a significant Dramatherapeutic tool with adult populations. Given the audience's positive response to the performance, I thought it would be of some interest to share a few personal reflections on the project.

Like Godfather, Like Son: Explaining the Intergenerational Nature of Crime

This paper studies intergenerational correlations in crime between fathers and their children and the underlying mechanisms that give rise to these correlations. Using data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort, we find strong evidence of an intergenerational criminal relationship. Sons whose fathers have at least one sentence have 2.06 times higher odds of having a criminal conviction than sons whose fathers do not have any sentence. At the intensive margin, one additional sentence of the father increases the expected number of sons’ convictions by 32 percent. Father-daughter relationships are generally not significantly different than fathers-son relationships. Traditional regression techniques indicate that socioeconomic status accounts for roughly one-third of the extensive margin father-son relationship and somewhat less, particularly at the intensive margin, for daughters. Over and above this, for both sons and daughters, our ability proxies account for an additional 20 percent. Finally, household heterogeneity, the most important component of which is household instability, accounts for almost one-third of the intergenerational relationships. More direct evidence regarding whether the intergenerational correlations arise through either an inherited traits mechanism or a father as role model mechanism is provided in four alternative experiments. These experiments focus on: (i) a sample of twins, (ii) an adoptee sample, (iii) the timing of the father’s crime, and (iv) the quality of the father – child relationship. We find evidence that both direct channels play a role in the reproduction of crime from one generation to the next. Finally, we find that paternal incarceration may actually lower the number of crimes committed by some children, providing additional evidence of the importance of a behavioral transference mechanism.

A psycho-discursive approach to analysing qualitative interview data, with reference to a father—son relationship

I want to make a case, following some recent social psychological thinking (Georgaca; Frosh et al.; Hollway and Jefferson), for using psychoanalytic concepts to inform qualitative interviewing and (particularly) the analysis of interview data. More specifically, I wish to advocate the use of both discursive and psychoanalytic perspectives in facilitating qualitative data analysis: the deployment of psychoanalytic concepts directs us to interviewee biographies and subjectivity, complementing the discursive emphasis on the language use and function during interviews. To illustrate the benefits of this ‘psychodiscursive’ approach, I draw upon interview data on a father-son relationship, derived from a wider ESRC-sponsored Node project on family resemblances, to trace defensive as well as discursive patterns in the interview data. I will be arguing that both discursive and psychoanalytic frameworks can offer valuable, and not necessarily incompatible, levels of interpretation, while either perspective presented in isolation will lead to an impoverished analysis.

The Modernist Papers (review)

Reviewed by: The Modernist Papers Will Norman The Modernist Papers. Fredric Jameson. London and New York: Verso, 2007. Pp. xxi + 426. $34.95 (cloth). Although Fredric Jameson is most commonly associated with the analysis of postmodernism in its relationship to global capitalism, he has more recently returned to modernist studies, and revisited critical territory first approached through his earlier work on authors such as Joseph Conrad and Wyndham Lewis. A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present (2002) [End Page 639] and The Modernist Papers are intended to be read in complementary ways, as Jameson’s introduction to the latter makes clear. A Singular Modernity picks up on recurrent themes in his work, such as the impulse towards aesthetic autonomy and the attempt at an encompassing “absolute” or “totalising” aesthetic reach within modernism, in constructing an elegant Marxist-theoretical account of its development (and disappearance). The Modernist Papers, Jameson tells us, should be understood “as a kind of source-book” for this former project (x), and consists of twenty essays on particular modernist texts and writers, the majority of them recognisably canonical. If A Singular Modernity gives us the conceptual framework, The Modernist Papers present us with something we have grown less likely to expect from this formidable theorist—close reading. It is a distinct feature of Jameson’s academic career that he has written chapters and articles for a bewildering range of publications, some of which are not easy to obtain. As such, a collected volume is welcome, and about half of The Modernist Papers has appeared elsewhere. There are also, however, a number of new essays which subject major figures of the modernist canon to detailed readings. These include pieces on Joyce, Proust, Mallarmé, Stein and Carlos Williams, as well as a three-chapter section on the German modernism of Mann and Kafka. In contrast to the inevitably generalizing sweep of the theoretical monographs for which Jameson is well known, we are here offered a more intimate, if no less demanding, series of dialectical commentaries on the intricate problematics of form as manifested in individual texts and authors. There is a stronger sense of the critic’s pleasure in reading these novels, essays, and poems, and even a personal commitment to them, than might have been anticipated (the playful digression on the apparently numerous appearances of dogs in Williams’s Paterson being one example). This feeds into a significant feature of the methodology, for there is a suspicion that the ideological analyses Jameson performs are in part directed at himself and his own as-yet-untheorized aesthetic tastes. This means that there is none of the hostility towards the modernist project once familiar in previous generations of Marxist literary criticism, but something more like the self-interrogating ambivalence of the late Adorno. One of the recurrent questions which Jameson repeatedly formulates in these essays is why aesthetic modernism should continue to seduce, intrigue, and energize its readers from the historical moment of postmodernism. Indeed, if there can be said to be a unifying factor in an otherwise fragmentary volume, it is precisely this necessity of returning critically to our own persistent desires to imbue modernist texts with some sort of value. A number of literary scholars may be indignant, if not surprised, to learn from Jameson that “no one is now interested in the madeleine or “involuntary memory”; no one cares about the father-son relationships in Ulysses or the Odyssey parallels” (170). The (purported) demise of humanist critical concerns about canonical modernist texts is a constant source of relief in The Modernist Papers, but also that which compels the entire project—now that’s out of the way, what are we going to do with these beguiling texts? The response comes from Jameson’s characteristic tightrope walk between commentary and critique. Some of the most difficult texts of modernism, such as Mallarmé’s Divagations and Stein’s Lectures in America, are here subjected to an immanent exegesis designed to coerce them into yielding up their own contradictions and impossibilities. At the heart of each essay lies an attempt to uncover what Jameson calls in his introduction “the content of the form,” which is discerned with...

From Turkish greengrocer to drag queen: reassessing patriarchy in recent TurkishGerman coming-of-age films

This article explores the critical reassessment of one particularly prevalent ethnic stereotype in TurkishGerman cinema: the stereotype of the oppressive Turkish partriarch. Comparing Yasemin (1988), a much-cited, early coming-of-age film made by German film-maker Hark Bohm, with three recent features made by young TurkishGerman film-makers Slbiye Gnar's Karamuk (2002), Ayse Polat's Tour Abroad and Zli Aladag's controversial Rage (2006) it examines fatherdaughter and fatherson relationships and traces how these films reaffirm or invert the clichd image of the domineering Turkish father who is out of touch with German majority culture. Drawing on Kobena Mercer's concept of the dialogic imagination, the article investigates whether these cinematic representations of the vilified or idealized father promote social change through a multiplication of critical dialogues or whether they simply reiterate dominant discourses of domination (Mercer 2003).

Siblings, Aggression, and Sexuality: Adding the Lateral

This article focuses on the importance of sibling relations in the development of script and in the evolution of erotic and sexual sensibilities. Freud's original view on the early development of sexuality and aggression was focused on the vertical, in particular, on the dynamics of the father-son relationship as highlighted by the Oedipus complex. It took almost a century to raise awareness about the importance of the lateral, that is, sibling dynamics. In family therapy and in psychoanalysis, this is increasingly discussed. Script theory can adapt the sibling dimension conceptually, but a change in attitude is needed to view sibling dynamics as an important force for differentiation in developing identity. This differentiation is not from parents, but from siblings, although dynamics with parents continue to play a central role.

Was your father a problem drinker?

In this article, the challenges of carrying out life story interview research on the adult sons of problem-drinking fathers will be discussed. Earlier studies have shown that parents’ problem drinking can disturb family life and be harmful in various ways to children. In the case of a problem-drinking father and his son, aspects of the father-son relationship and of the father as a male role model also assume major importance. Consequently, fathers’ drinking may continue to be a sensitive and a painful topic for their sons in adulthood. Moreover, several studies indicate that recruiting young men as a focus group for interview study is complicated. In addition, family matters are often perceived as something private, not to be talked about or shared with outsiders.For these reasons the life story interview method can be problematic for the researcher interested in collecting and interpreting interview data on sons’ childhood experiences. In my study, both finding interviewees, carrying out interviews on a sensitive topic and interpreting the data “truthfully” were challenging tasks presenting a number of ethical considerations. The data used in the study consist of 21 life story interviews with young Finnish men aged 21-42. While these young men were growing up, their fathers were problem drinkers. In the interviews the young men produced narratives or stories about their lives from an adult perspective. Thus narrative analysis is suggested to be applied in analysing the interviews.

An Examination of Paternal Influence on High-Achieving Gifted Males

The challenges facing contemporary boys are complex, highlighting the importance of positive paternal influence for young men to achieve success. This study examines the father-son relationships of 10 prominent gifted men of achievement to identify factors influencing talent development. Through biographical analysis, 6 significant themes were identified: unconditional belief in son, strong work ethic, encouragement and guidance, maintaining high expectations and fostering determination, pride in son's accomplishments, and mutual admiration and respect. Implications for parents and educators of high-achieving gifted males are discussed.

Boeli van Leeuwen et les damnés de la terre

In the works of Boeli van Leeuwen (Curaçao), father-son relations and faith are the main themes, an essential element of which is the wretched of the earth. The existential quest of the earliest protagonists is rather self-centred, but the later works show an increasing interest in social outcasts, erected by Van Leeuwen as examples of authenticity. Through solidarity with the poor one can come to terms with an indifferent God and a purposeless existence.

Speaking out and Silencing: Culture, Society and Politics in Italy in the 1970s by Anna Cento Bull, Adalgisa Giorgio

MLR, 104.1, 2009 213 often evokinginhis talesthe horror ofNazi experimentation and the dehumanizing powerofscience misapplied. Thereisanexcellent chapter by MirnaCicionionLevi's humour, an aspectoften overlooked. Zaia AlexanderdiscussesLevi intranslation andas a translator, elegantly interweaving observations on the perennial arguments aroundlanguage, silence, confusion, and communication. A fine concluding essay by JonathanUsher relates Levi to the canon and Italian literature,arguing forgreater emphasis on Levi as a writer rather than 'someone destined towrite about great things' (p.171) andunderlining theomnipresence ofhisabundantliterary culture in his writing. Themost originaland controversial contribution to thevolume isBryanChe yette'schapteron the 'appropriation' of Levi and hiswork by commentators of allkinds,including other writers(Amery, Wiesel, academics,journalists) and the film-maker Rosi.Levidislikedall simplifications, consistently arguing against cate gorization, butparadoxically, eageracclaimacrossEuropeandAmericahas ledto a kindof reductiveness which seekstoportray him as a calm sagedispensingthe Christian virtues offorgiveness andcompassion. At thesametime hisJewishness or otherwise has become amatter forargument. This is the chapter to read firstand to bearfirmly in mind. If Cambridge Companions aimtodirectthereadertoawriter's work withgenuine interest and insight, this volumeachievesthat goaladmirably. Theonlydisappoint ment isseeing Levi'sdeathpresented as suicideinthechronology, withno hintof thedoubts thathave been cast on thisverdict. Diego Gambetta's article on themat terislistedinthebibliography (p.198)butnotalludedtoanywhere inthe volume, except obliquelyinCheyette's reference toLevi's 'apparent suicide'(p.76), a useful phrase. Theassumption that Levidiedbysuicide, andsubsequent reappraisals ofhis oeuvreinitspresumedlight, seemto me a significant example of theappropriation Cheyette describes. HERTFORD COLLEGE, OXFORD NICOLETTA SIMBOROWSKI Speaking Out and Silencing: Culture, Society and Politics in Italy in the1970S. Ed. by ANNA CENTO BULLandADALGISA GIORGIO.(Italian Perspectives, 12)London: Legenda. 2006. Xii+244pp. ?48. ISBN978-1-904350-72-9. Speaking Out and Silencing aims toshift criticalanalysis of the1970Sawayfrom politicalviolencetowards ruptures inculture, genderrelations, party politics, and institutions, and inparticular towards the ways in whichtheseissues arecross-sected by notions of gender and generation. The text also seeks to trace a legacy from the 1970Stothe present. Thevolumecomprises individually authored chapters exploring avariety oftopics. Chapters byPieroIgnazi, MarkDonovan, andDavide Perofocus on theresponse of the politicalestablishment tothechallenges of the1970s.Ignaziexamines differing interpretations ofpoliticalconflict duringthe1970s,betweenself-expression and organicism, whilst Donovan considerstheroleplayedbythe RadicalPartyintrans forming politicsthrough theuseofreferenda, assessingthelong-term implications 214 Reviews of sucha shift. Pero comparesthesocio-economic approachof thePCI towards immigration duringthe1970S with the multi-culturalist approachfavoured by the contemporary Left. AnnaCentoBull's chapter on the Bagnolisteelworks also com paresand contrasts theLeft(and the workingclass)of the1970Sand thepresent, examining theimpact of thefactory's closureinbringing aboutsuchchanges. Feminismandwomen'swritingareconsideredin a numberofchapters. Paola Di Cori analysestherolesof speaking, silencing, and listening in1970Sfeminism, whileAmalia Signorelli chartsthedevelopment of feminist groupsand awareness of feminist issues. ValeriaPizziniGambetta'schapter conteststhe view thatfemale emancipation inthe1970Sledto womenbecoming morepowerful within Cosa No stra, arguingthattheir roleremained confined tothat ofwife, mother, ordaughter. AdalgisaGiorgioexaminesliterary experimentation in women'swriting duringthe 1970s,questioning whethersuchtechniques offer greater possibilities forresistance thanrealism, and exploringthelegacy of such writingforthecannibali writers of the 1990S. The pulpwritersof the1990Sare at thecentreofClaudia Bernardi'schapter, whichexaminesthesignificance ofthe1970Sbetween private childhood memories, adult public perceptions, and a means for thewriters to comment on the 1990s. Jennifer Burns'schapter on trendsin1970Snarrative investigates thedivisionsin literary engagement between established writers atthe'centre' (suchasCalvinoand Pasolini)andwriters atthe margins, usingSciasciaas a 'key' tounderstanding 1970S writing. The 1970Scultural debateisalsodevelopedbyEnricoPalandri'sreflections on thedifficulty ofattaining a historical perspective on thedecade. Tom Behan and Lesley Caldwell address film and theatre in the 1970S. Caldwell analysestheinterrelation ofthe personal(father-son relationships) and the political (terrorism) infilms byBertolucci andAmelio.Behanexaminesthe politicalthought underpinning Fo's 1973playGuerradipopolo inCile. Themotivationsdriving youngradicalsare exploredinchapters byCarl Levy and Philip Cooke. Levy challenges the assertion that theywere radicalized by a fear ofunemployment, whileCooke assessesthelegacy andmythof the Resistancein shaping radical groups (and thewider youth of the 1970s). Roberto Bartali's chapter interrogates the RedBrigades'version of Moro's kidnapping anddeath,focusing on theroles playedbyinfiltrators and localcrimesyndicates. Speaking Out and Silencing is structured in two parts: 'Issues and Overviews', which seekstooffer overarching analyses ofpolitical,social,and cultural develop ments, and 'Case Studies', providing in-depth examinations of specific events or productions. A number of chapters do not sit easily in either category, and the bi partite structure can, at times,make thevaluable linkswhich can be drawn between chapters on related topics across the sections slightly less apparent. However, the chapters offeran excellent analysis of the 1970S and provide important new insights intotheannidipiombo. UNIVERSITY OF CARDIFF Liz WREN-OWENS ...

Family affection as a protective factor against the negative effects of perceived Asian values gap on the parent-child relationship for Asian American male and female college students.

The study examined whether family affection (i.e., affective responsiveness, affectionate communication, and affective orientation) protected against the negative effects of perceived parent-child Asian values gap on the quality of their parent relationships for 259 female and 77 male Asian American college students. Asian values gap was higher for women than men, and inversely related to a perceived healthy parent-child relationship for both genders. Participants rated the relationship with their mothers as more positive and affectionate than with their fathers. Both parents were reported to communicate more supportive affection than verbal and nonverbal affection. Affective responsiveness was identified as a protective factor in the father-son relationship whereas verbal affection protected the mother-daughter relationship. The study also revealed that daughters' affective orientation had beneficial effects on the father-daughter relationship at lower levels of Asian values gap. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

The Role of Elijah in <i>Ulysses</i>'s Metempsychosis

as we shall see, is Bloom. Announcing Stephen as artist, Mulligan also announces (139). William Tindall's comment on the Telemachus chapter of Ulysses in his A Reader's Guide to James Joyce has persisted as the primary reading of the /Elisha relationship that Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus develop in the novel. This reading accepts that Bloom is a representation of the prophet Elijah, and permits all of the associations of the Wandering Jew to be even more securely attached to Bloom than his assertion of Jewish-ness would otherwise allow. It also centers the father-son relationship of Bloom and Stephen that develops throughout the novel within the context of prophecy. The symbolism of the transfer of prophetic power from Bloom to Stephen in the novel is highly suggestive and, given the popularity of in multiple religions, widely recognizable even to casual readers of Ulysses. Because of this rather obvious connection, other potential aspects of the role of in the text have seldom been explored. Indeed, despite the frequency with which appears in the text, the figure is often not even mentioned in study guides to the novel. Although Tindall's reading of the relationship as emerging through the figure of is accurate, also plays a pivotal role in developing Ulysses as a representation of Joyce's larger literary theories. Traditionally a figure of both eternal life and transfiguration, also has a historical connection with thunder; and it is this aspect of that indicates the development of the relationship between Stephen and Bloom, which suggests Stephen's potential to become an artistic figure. In Giambattista Vico's cycles of human and social development, the human response to thunder is language, intrinsically metaphoric and poetic. In Ulysses Elijah the Thunderer signals a new Vichean cycle, which leads to the death of Bloom in his present form in chapter 17, his reincarnation in the divine mind of Molly, and the potential transformation of Stephen. Joyce's use of Vico's theories in the structure of Finnegans Wake has been widely acknowledged, but he had read Vico much earlier, at least

The Academic Roots of Forestry Programs: A Case Study from Virginia Tech

Constructing academic genealogies involves the practice of creating family trees based on doctoral advisors, that is, the advisor-graduate student relationship replaces the father-son relationship. Forestry academic genealogies document the historical development of forestry and quantify the contributions of other disciplines. In this study, the authors researched the academic genealogies of all the tenured faculty members in the Forestry Department at Virginia Tech. The resulting academic genealogies included 122 individuals and individual family trees varied in length from 19 generations spanning 360 years to two generations spanning 8 years. The interdisciplinary history of forestry was demonstrated by the high number of non-forestry doctorates earned and the genealogies included individuals trained in agricultural economics, agronomy, botany, civil engineering, ecology, environmental engineering, environmental science, chemistry, economics, horticulture, medicine, plant physiology, political science, recreation, and soils. In contrast to academic genealogies from other disciplines, most early American forestry programs hired faculty members who lacked doctorates, instead of hiring European-trained foresters, and these gentlemen went on to train doctoral students and develop forestry research programs, even though they lacked doctorates themselves.

Finding Time for a Fecund Feminine in Levinas’s Thought

On face of it, Levinasian time masculine. Emmanuel Levinas 's claim that locus of time found in relationships formed between individuals closely tied to his interpretation of fecundity. The theme of fecundity provides a framework for characterizing ethical relations between subject and Other, which from Levinas 's viewpoint, are required for constitution of time. But when discussing fecundity, Levinas adopts an expUcit male perspective and vocabulary - fecundity a masculine product produced via father's fecund relationship with his son. Levinas claims that time constituted according to category of father,1 and the way of being other while being oneself.2 The ego becomes other to itself, since it involves a relationship with a who both Other and Same - father both and not his son; part of father, but also separate and independent of him. The familial context of incorporates fecundity opens up for father possibiUties that both are and are not his. These possibiUties reveal a future that father's but also son's - it both and not father's future.3 Apparently, only father, through his relation with his son, fecund, and as a result we might conclude that feminine merely means for fecundity and in itself not fecund. As discussed by thinkers such as Luce Irigaray and Tina Chanter, this way of understanding fecundity raises problems regarding role of feminine in Levinas's thought. Luce Irigaray criticizes Levinas and claims that in his thought female deprived of subjectivity, of a face, and only supports temporal becoming of male, in producing a who, in being both Same and Other, allows male subject to become Other to himself.4 Tina Chanter claims that in privileging father and his relation to son, and subordinating feminine to properly ethical and infinite relation, for Levinas feminine serves as ground and condition of ethics, but itself excluded from ethical.5 Nevertheless, one of two aims of this essay to offer an interpretation of Levinas's concept of fecundity that allows a fecund and ethical feminine. The view of fecundity as embedded in also generates a difficulty regarding Levinas's interpretation of time as fecundity. It appears that for Levinas time meaningful to and relevant only for male. Such a view may entail that women are not part of Levinas's veritable time, and as Donna Brody claims, that feminine cannot enter infinite time of sociality.6 Kelly OUver, too, believes that Levinas's thought does not leave room for possibility that trans-substantiation7 of father will take place in relation to a and concludes that future produced by masculine.8 The difficulty here that understanding of fecund time as formed only through paternal relationships engenders a narrow structure of time, which constituted through limited forms of relationships. Consequently, Levinas's assertions such as the relationship with other time,9 and is not sociality something more than source of our representation of time: it not time itself?10 seem less forceful. From this perspective, Levinas's view of time as neither exterior to subject nor entirely contained in subject, but rather constituted by one's relationship with Other person, appears not as compelling. However, by focusing mainly on Totality and Infinity, second aim of this essay to offer an interpretation of Levinas's view of fecundity that enables us to consider time beyond limiting perspective of father-son relationships. Levinas's choice of language in presenting relationship of fecundity begs following question - why does Levinas use terms such as paternity and son rather than maternity and daughter, or non-gendered terms such as parent, child or offspring? …