Father Figure Research Articles

Id, Ego and Super Ego in Stevens’ Personality

The mixing of literary theory or criticism with many different literary texts is one of the most interesting changes in the field of research in the modern era. In modern times, literary theory's critical lens is used more and more to explain how a wide range of texts should be read. This trend has become increasingly widespread. The conduct of research in the modern era necessitates innovation; specifically, this refers to the procedure by which a specific theory infiltrates the territory of something that is referred to as a "text." The turbulent times of the post-war period made the 1960s an ideal time for the emergence of the theory of psychoanalysis, along with two of its father figures, Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. This period was perfect for its emergence when taking the 1960s into account. This theory vividly depicted the complexities of the mind and the repercussions of thoughts, and most importantly, it captured what would have otherwise remained hidden: the complexities of human nature. The problems that are associated with the human mind are, without a doubt, the most important ones in psychoanalysis, despite the fact that numerous other issues have established themselves as important components of the theory of psychoanalysis. The novel The Remains of the Day, written by the renowned Japanese author Kazuo Ishiguro, who was born in Japan and won the Nobel Prize, exemplifies, without a doubt, the complexities that are associated with the main character of the book, Stevens, the butler. This book has traditionally been classified as either post-imperial or post-colonial, which has resulted in the inherent presence of the theory of psychoanalysis being relegated to a secondary role in critical discourse. There are a lot of events that take place in the book that seem to point in the direction of this theory. With the help of psychoanalytical theory, the purpose of this paper is to make an attempt to bring to light the inner thoughts that were going through the mind of Butler Stevens. This paper will adhere to the hypothesis that this novel can, in fact, be read in a manner that is comparable to that of a psychoanalytic novel

All Future Plunges to the Past: James Joyce in Russian Literature by José Vergara

Reviewed by: All Future Plunges to the Past: James Joyce in Russian Literature by José Vergara Anna Maslenova All Future Plunges to the Past: James Joyce in Russian Literature. By José Vergara. (NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies) Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2021. xiii+254 pp. $54.95. ISBN 978-1-5017-5990-1. José Vergara's monograph studies the reception of James Joyce in work by Russian authors Iurii Olesha, Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Bitov, Sasha Sokolov, and Mikhail Shishkin as a pathway for analysis of themes of fatherhood, history, and literary heritage in Russian literature. Vergara explores how Russian writers assimilated the Shakespeare theory expressed by Joyce's character Stephen Dedalus in the 'Scylla and Charybdis' chapter of Ulysses, which argued that a writer can choose [End Page 275] his own father by reinventing his past through text. Although not all Vergara's examples of intertextual connections between Russian texts and Joyce's œuvre are equally convincing, they collectively provide valuable insight into the evolution of intertextuality in Russia over the course of the long twentieth century. The first chapter examines Olesha's contradictory reaction to Joyce in his novel Envy (1927). Feeling compelled to conceal his interest in modernist techniques (considered suspicious in Soviet Russia), Olesha was overtly negative about Joyce. Vergara, however, reveals numerous parallels between father-and-son characters in Envy and in Ulysses: namely, Buck Mulligan/Andrei Babichev, Leopold Bloom/Ivan Babichev, and Stephen/Kavalerov. Olesha's viewpoint, however, is more pessimistic than Joyce's: unlike Stephen, who has reinvented himself as his own father figure, Kavalerov fails to do so and thus remains an outsider within the Soviet system. Vergara's next case study examines Nabokov's many parallels with Ulysses and Finnegans Wake in his novels The Gift (1938) and Bend Sinister (1947). Vergara demonstrates that Nabokov, who famously despised biographies romancées, also disapproved of Stephen's creative approach to Shakespeare's life. In The Gift, Fyodor, like Stephen, wants to connect with a literary forefather (Pushkin), but instead of distancing himself from his biological father, he merges these two father figures in his unfinished biographical novel. Vergara suggests that Fyodor ultimately abandons this novel because he respects the inviolability of his fathers' life stories. Krug in Bend Sinister, on the other hand, does not hold back from manipulating Shakespeare's life story. For this crime he is punished by the death of his son, which triggers Krug's madness. Andrei Bitov's protagonist in Pushkin House (1978), Leva Odoevtsev, also attempts, less successfully than Nabokov's Fyodor, to establish relations with his forefathers. Written during the Khrushchev Thaw, Pushkin House addresses the issue of belatedness. Leva, estranged from his biological father, searches for other father figures but fails to fill the gap. The novel, described here as a 'disorientating amalgamation of sources' (p. 77), also attempts but fails to bridge the temporal chasm between Soviet Russia and the West. Its main emotion is anxiety about Russian literature's lack of innovation, a weakness causing its authors to lag behind those of the West. Sasha Sokolov's Student So and So in A School for Fools (1973) is unaffected by that sensation of belatedness. His unusual disease allows him to travel in time and simultaneously exist in the past, present, and future. A School for Fools contains fewer direct references to Joyce than Sokolov's later novel Palisandria (1985), but Vergara finds stylistic debts to the Irish writer in the stream-of-consciousness, structural play, and 'forking characters' that Sokolov employs. For Sokolov, language is a substitute reality where Student recognizes himself as both descendant and progenitor of his antecedents. Through language, he escapes from his own epoch, where his father tries to re-educate him with Soviet newspaper propaganda. Vergara's final case study looks afresh at Shishkin's novel Maidenhair (2005) with a reading of the same author's essay 'More than Joyce'. Here, Shishkin offers an unconventional interpretation of the Ouroboros symbol in Finnegans Wake, [End Page 276] arguing that while the past creates the present, the present can also (re)generate the past by reworking previous texts. Looking backwards, for Shishkin, allows...

Haunted Dreams: Fantasies of Adolescence in Post-Soviet Culture by Jenny Kaminer

Reviewed by: Haunted Dreams: Fantasies of Adolescence in Post-Soviet Culture by Jenny Kaminer Tamar Koplatadze Haunted Dreams: Fantasies of Adolescence in Post-Soviet Culture. By Jenny Kaminer. (NIU Series in Slavic, Eastern European, and Eurasian Studies) Ithaca, NY, and London: Northern Illinois University Press. 2022. xiii+188 pp. £39. ISBN 978-1-501-76219-2. Jenny Kaminer's monograph breaks new ground in Anglophone criticism through its large-scale examination of cultural representations of adolescence in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Kaminer poses a pertinent key question: 'Do Soviet cultural models continue to dominate, or have they been transcended?' (p. 3). In reply, she adopts a historical approach based on close readings of selected works of post-Soviet Russian prose fiction, drama, TV, and, to a lesser extent, film. All of these foreground teenage characters and thus 'facilitate the historicization of contemporary Russian fantasies of adolescence' (p. 3). The author focuses on three specific elements which, as she argues, reveal how these fantasies have mutated or, conversely, remained constant since Soviet times, namely: violence, temporality, and the representation of gender and the body. By choosing Russia for her case study, Kaminer makes an important contribution to global studies of the 'adolescent turn', which until recently have overlooked the former Soviet Union. Kaminer's masterful Introduction connects her findings to current events, presenting sophisticated key ideas in accessible language. This section makes enjoyable reading for both specialists and non-specialists. Her elegant, engaging prose style is maintained throughout, with clear conceptual linkage between chapters. Chapter 1, a powerful essay that could be extended into an independent monograph, examines how adolescent female protagonists usurp saintly martyrdom from [End Page 280] Soviet heroes, while exposing the flaws of post-Soviet Russian society. Chapter 2 depicts monstrous and murderous teens, in creative works that malign the sacrificial Soviet heroes. Chapter 3 examines New Russian drama, to suggest that 'heroic impulses remain, but the historical and social context now renders them superfluous' (p. 94). Chapter 4 is the most theoretically intricate, building on various iterations of the chronotope to examine Russian youth's disillusioned navigation of the uncanny overlaps of past, present, and future on screen. In Kaminer's reading, all of these works share a pessimistic vision of the possibility of Russian social renewal, while rejecting the idealization of Soviet-era adolescent heroes. Her Conclusion returns to today's world with a thought-provoking overview of the Greta Thunberg phenomenon. Kaminer's analysis is rigorous and convincing throughout, with excellent historical contextualization, especially where she engages with Soviet cultural history and the mythology surrounding adolescent heroes such as Zoia Kosmodemianskaia and Pavlik Morozov. Close readings are consistently nuanced, reinforced with sound methodology, and established theories of adolescence—such as Nancy Lesko's concept of the adolescent chronotope—are usefully adapted to the post-Soviet context. This monograph's subtitle, though, is misleading, if not problematic, because it employs the chronological denotation 'post-Soviet' in a manner inconsistent with Kaminer's actual geographical focus (exclusively on Russia). Sometimes the terms 'Russian' and 'post-Soviet' are employed interchangeably, the latter being used to refer to Russian history and society (see pp. 28 and 36), a particularly insensitive faux pas in the light of contemporary Russia's recent geopolitical imperialism. One might wonder why this political dimension of Russian post-Soviet teenagerhood did not receive more attention in the monograph. Skinhead culture, hegemonic military masculinities, absent father figures, and a lack of positive role models (the latter category arguably replaced by Putin's performative public persona) are all topics that deserved prominence in this study. They are apposite to Kaminer's investigation of how Russian society's anxiety over identity formation, and the militarization of Russian youth, play out in dynamics of violence, temporality, and gender. Some indication as to why the author chose to prioritize specific texts and themes would have been helpful, as would greater contextualization of the selected texts within depictions of adolescence in the broader post-Soviet world. Finally, some examination of the responses to the texts from adolescent readers and viewers themselves, as well as insights from creative artists through interviews, would have made this monograph...

푸틴 대통령 취임사의 담화 분석과 개념적 은유

This study aims to analyze the content of the inaugural addresses of Russian President Putin and to identify their distinctive features. Typically, a president’s inaugural address outlines gratitude towards supporters and plans for governing the nation. However, as the first message delivered by a new president to the people, the inaugural address is of great importance. Vladimir Putin has been inaugurated as the president of Russian Federation in 2000, 2004, 2012, and 2018, and analyzing his inaugural addresses can reveal his attitudes towards the people and towards the presidency itself for more than 20 years at the core of Russian power. By analyzing these speeches from a discourse analysis perspective, it is possible to identify five thematic structures, including greetings, gratitude towards the people, a vision and plan for governing, promises to fulfill campaign pledges, and a strong finish. Additionally, another distinctive feature is the use of diverse conceptual metaphors and frames on the metaphors. Inaugural addresses conceptualize the president as the father figure, Putin seeks to be perceived as a strong leader, modeling the nation as a family with strict rules. The Russian people are implicitly asked to revere and obey the rules. This suggests that Putin aimed to gain both strong leadership and the obedience of the people. This study focuses on analyzing speeches with specific themes using discourse analysis and conceptual metaphors from cognitive linguistics.

Covering Up the Cracks: Arthur Miller, Twenty One Pilots, and the American Literature of Neurosis

abstractIn December 2009, a three-piece basement band called Twenty One Pilots independently released a self-titled debut studio album. The name, front man Tyler Joseph has disclosed on various occasions, is inspired by Arthur Miller’s All My Sons—in which Joe Keller’s decision to knowingly distribute defective cylinder heads causes twenty-one pilots to crash in Australia during World War II. This article considers the widely acknowledged, though thus far academically unexplored, relationship between Miller and Joseph’s texts. Though these two figures—the playwright and the pop star—may seem disparate at first glance, there are a number of “creative images” from Miller’s oeuvre that seem to uncannily reappear in Joseph’s lyricism—as the author shows. The exercise of holding these images up alongside each other yields a collection of telling insights into mythologized father figures, transplanted creative utterances, and an enduring “literature of neurosis.”

They Have All Gone Away: Farms, Families, and Change

They Have All Gone AwayFarms, Families, and Change Paula Nelson Curtis Harnack, We Have All Gone Away. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2011 (reprint of 1973 edition). 188 pp. $19.95 (paper). Sara DeLuca, Dancing the Cows Home: A Wisconsin Girlhood. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1996. 232 pp. $15.95 (paper). Sara DeLuca, The Crops Look Good: News from a Midwestern Family Farm. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2015. 254 pp. $17.95 (paper). Farming was once central to American life. In 1790, ninety-six percent of the population lived in rural areas, most on farms; in 1860, eighty percent of Americans still lived on farms or in small towns. Farming was the route to independence, self-sufficiency, security, and prosperity. The work was hard, but it brought reassuring seasonal routines: the births and deaths of livestock; planting, growing, and harvesting crops; family births, maturity, aging, deaths. Farms provided an organic unity that conveyed lessons about nature and the human condition that were sometimes hard to learn. For some families, the farm became a sacred entity, standing apart from and above the family. Even in today's modern, super-mechanized agriculture, there remains great pride in having had multiple generations farm the same ground. There is regret, even grief, when the farm is sold and bulldozers erase decades of family history. Post-Civil War urbanization and industrialization, however, created new technologies, new opportunities, and new values that undermined agriculture's cultural primacy. Working set hours for pay appealed to farm children, as did chances for entertainment and the possibility of socializing [End Page 213] with people beyond family and the farm neighborhood. By the 1920s, slightly more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas. Farm mechanization and consolidation accelerated the trend: farmers made up forty-one percent of the workforce in 1900; 21.5 percent in 1930; four percent in 1970; and only 1.9 percent in 2000–2002.1 Although all farm families struggled with the vagaries of nature, low crop prices, and an over-abundance of work, they were not all the same, as the books reviewed here illustrate. Both authors describe farm families' lives and labors from the late nineteenth through late twentieth centuries, but some reveal significant dissent from the belief that farming offered the best life. By the end of each memoir, no one from these families farmed. The poignant title of Curtis Harnack's classic memoir about his extended family in Plymouth County, Iowa, We Have All Gone Away, sums up the history of midwestern agriculture. The careful planning and hard work of his grandfather John Harnack, who acquired 240 acres of northwest Iowa land in the 1880s, led to prosperity and more comforts than most farm families enjoyed. A skilled carpenter, he raised a landmark barn and other outbuildings, planted fruit trees and berry bushes, built a large house to replace the first home, a 6x10 cabin, and created a successful farm. By 1900 the family had running water and a complete bathroom in the house. They were prosperous, even during the Great Depression. Curtis Harnack grew up in an atypical family arrangement. His mother, Carrie Meyer, earned a college degree and taught school for ten years before marrying Henry Harnack in 1920. They shared the substantial farm home with Henry's brother, Jack, and his wife, Lizzie Meyer, Carrie's youngest sister. Curtis, born in 1927, was the youngest of four. When Henry Harnack died of pneumonia six months after Curtis's birth, Carrie decided to stay on the farm with Jack, Lizzie, and their three children so that her children would have a father figure in Uncle Jack. Nonetheless, she made sure that her children knew that they would leave the farm for brighter futures elsewhere. Uncle Jack had never wanted to farm, but fell into it when his father retired. Lizzie, much to her disappointment, had to leave school after eighth grade to care for her ailing stepmother and do the household work. Unhappy with their lot, Jack and Lizzie also expected their children to move up and out. Despite the wariness of the second generation of Harnacks toward farm life, Harnack's memoir...

From the Editor

From the Editor Siyuan Liu This issue starts with two long-planned articles in ATJ’s “founders of the field” series that started with two clusters of articles in 2011 (28.2) and 2013 (30.2), followed by a number of “founding mothers” articles between 2014 and 2017 (31.1, 32.2, 33.2, 34.1), continuing in this issue with Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei’s profile of Betty Bernhard and Julie Iezzi’s article on Jonah Salz. Sorgenfrei focuses on Bernard’s extraordinary capacity in discovering and promoting aspects of Indian performance to the world through fundraising and sponsoring international engagements by India artists, students training and productions of India plays with Indian artists at Pomona College, as well as several research-based films and videos, all of which made Bernard, as Sorgenfrei puts it, “an important influencer well before that concept became a social media meme.” The second “founder” article, written by Julie Iezzi, focuses on Jonah Salz, who stands out, in comparison to other founders profiled in this series, as a Western theatre director, producer, teacher, scholar, and translator primarily based in an Asian country, in his case Kyoto, Japan. Among Salz’s wide-ranging accomplishments, Iezzi focuses on his co-founded Noho Theatre Group that has produced hundreds of shows and toured internationally over forty years; his co-established Traditional Theatre Training (TTT) program that since 1984 has trained hundreds of artists in noh, kyōgen, and nihon buyō; and his research and publications, most notably as editor-in-chief of A History of Japanese Theatre, a monumental achievement via international collaboration. These two pieces are followed by six articles covering both traditional and modern theatrical forms in East, South, and Southeast Asia, starting with two articles on modern Chinese spoken drama huaju. In “History as Farce and the Intellectual as Comedian: Li Jing’s Metahistorical Drama Comedies from the State of Qin,” Andreea Chirita analyzes contemporary Chinese playwright Li Jing’s 2017 [End Page iii] metahistorical play Qinguo xiju (Comedies from the State of Qin). After a survey of historical plays that turned into metafiction in the post-Mao era, Chirita focuses on “the dramatic techniques used by Li Jing to articulate the role of the intellectuals as comedians and spiritual healers in contemporary China and their power to debunk and rethink history from a perspective that challenges the country’s political status quo.” The second article on huaju offers new evidence on China’s National Theatre Movement of the mid 1920s that has prompted several recent publications, including one in ATJ (33.1). In her “A Missing Piece of the Collage: The Stage Practice in the National Theatre Movement,” Barbara Jiawei Li discusses three productions of the movement, starting with one in New York’s International House that is generally believed to be the impetus for the movement’s transition back to China. Li’s discussion is made possible by a newly discovered contemporaneous report. She also draws our attention to the close relationship between the National Theatre Movement’s performance focus and the American New Stagecraft Movement. The next two articles also focus on East Asia, starting with Tove Solander’s “Mortal Bromance: Homoeroticism on the Takarazuka Stage,” which also offers a new take on a familiar topic. Through close reading of original productions, Solander challenges current framing of the revue’s main appeal as female homosociality, arguing instead for the productions’ specific invocation of male homoerotic themes. In the next article, titled “Yakiniku Dragon as Prophecy and Reflection,” Seungmoo Paik analyzes the success of a 2008 joint Korea-Japan production in both countries, about the sufferings of a Zainichi (Koreans in Japan) family as part of the forced migration during Japanese occupation (see the play’s translation in ATJ 31.1). Refuting Korean reviews’ excessive admiration of the production as expression of guilt by the Korean people, Paik’s analysis focuses on the son’s suicide as emblematic of national yearning for a real father figure and the dispersion of the three daughters to South Korea, North Korea, and Japan as offering a solution to end the bondage of the war in East Asia. Moving on to India, Prateek’s “Towards a Definition...

Yakiniku Dragon as Prophecy and Reflection

The admiration of Korean critics for Yakiniku Dragon, a play about a Zainichi (Koreans in Japan) family, prevents an accurate interpretation of the play. This excess praise stems from the mixed emotions Korean people feel for the Zainichi. Mixed emotions, in which anger and love, disappointment and affection are superimposed, originate from a history of an absent father figure and influence the characters’ background. Without a real paternal figure, the son, Tokio, experiences mutism from unconscious anger towards his father, Yonggil, which eventually leads to the young man’s suicide. The ending suggests a resolution and an end to the bondage of these mixed, contradictory emotions. The second diaspora of the three daughters scattered to South Korea, North Korea, and Japan represents the possibility of the family’s happiness which the audience was all too ready to accept. As a literary prophecy, Yakiniku Dragon offers us a way to achieve peace in Northeast Asia.

The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib by Hassan Abbas

Reviewed by: The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib by Hassan Abbas Melanie G. Raza (bio) The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib by Hassan Abbas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021, 256 pp. The Prophet's Heir is authored by Hassan Abbas, Distinguished Professor of International Relations at the Near East South Asia Strategic Studies Centre at National Defense University and Senior Adviser of the Project on Shi'ism and Global Affairs at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. The book – consisting of an introduction, six chapters (i.e., the early and struggling years of Islam, Ali's rise, the Prophet's farewell and delegating spiritual guardianship, the succession politics and imperial Islam, Ali as Islam's fourth Caliph, and Ali's legacy), and a conclusion – presents a holistic biography of Ali ibn Abi Talib (599-661), the fourth Islamic Caliph and the first Shia Imam. As noted in the book, Islam starts with the Prophet and continues with Ali. If a student or scholar wants to learn more about the early Islamic community, the introduction would be imperative to their foundation. The book is not dense and easy to read, especially for someone with limited knowledge about Islam. Professor Abbas's writing style is powerful because he employs the perfect balance between reflection and narrative. The approachability of the text sets it apart from other biographies of Ali, most of which are translated from Arabic into English. This is the first English biography of Ali published by a Western academic press. Despite the political connotation of the word "heir" in the title, Abbas does not center his argument around succession. He portrays Ali as a man fashioned of his own merit and legacy due to his spiritual proximity to the Prophet. The relationship between the Prophet and Ali is defined in the familial sense of heir, as the continuation of the prophetic legacy passed down from father figure to son. When Abbas says Ali is the heir of the Prophet, he focuses on the image of Ali as the spiritual inheritor of the Prophet and his message. Throughout the book, Abbas circles back to the main idea: this image of spiritual superiority is guidance for humanity. Further, Abbas illustrates the perfect balance between establishing the unique relationship between the Prophet and Ali while also shaping Ali as his own personality. The book begins with the Prophet's revelation because, [End Page 86] according to him, the light of the Prophet and Ali are one and the same. He also cites the well-known hadith, "I and Ali are from the same light/Ana wa aliyun min nur-i wahidah." Thus, the layout of the book is crucial to supporting Abbas's argument that Ali's spiritual legacy is the extension of the Prophet's. Abbas writes, "His intent was to recreate the humanity that had been lost, to soften the hearts of" the early Islamic community (p. 3). Without any context, "his intent" could belong to either the Prophet or Ali. Abbas started this paragraph with an unspecified pronoun because he wants the reader to perceive the Prophet and Ali on the same spiritual path. It is as if the pages of The Prophet's Heir are whispering the key: the life of Ali began with and continued the prophetic message of Muhammad. While the field of Islamic academia and the subject of Ali is often focused on political quarrels over succession, Abbas takes a straightforward approach by focusing on the spiritual endeavors of Ali and drawing upon a multiplicity of sources. For example, when analyzing the circumstances surrounding the death of Ali's wife, Fatema Zahra, Abbas discusses both perspectives; "The Shia and Sunni have very different accounts, and it is important to understand both - as the two sides largely stick to their own facts" (p. 97). Abbas acknowledges both versions of history and the fact that Shia and Sunnis will not agree with each other but must accept that the other branch holds a different view. Although a Shia Muslim himself, Abbas presents the reality of early Islamic events with accuracy. Ali himself was a...

Father Figures: Renegotiating Preservation of Oral Tradition Through Four Forefathers

ABSTRACTOral tradition is a temporally contingent information medium predicated upon the present, which requires preservation efforts be predicated upon such as well. Despite being the oldest information sharing method in human history, its preservation remains dangerously overlooked, deprioritized, and misunderstood among information professionals. Since the advent of written language, oral tradition’s authority has been subjugated and eclipsed in favor of the stability availed by newer documentation methods, and as languages and cultures continue to go extinct, it is increasingly urgent to renegotiate the field’s approach to the medium and its preservation. By applying an interdisciplinary, narrative lens to the history of information, the means of ameliorating information science’s problematic relationship with oral tradition can be found in the same documents and ideologies that caused it, as written by four forefathers of modern thought. Through this, oral tradition’s significance is crystallized as the Father of Information – an essential pillar of the information field that if handled with care, holds great potential for communities, history, and information as it is known.

The Jim Croce Question

The Jim Croce Question

ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA PEIRCE: POSTER IKLAN MCDONALD’S SERI FATHER’S DAY

The purpose of this research is to determine the meaning contained in the McDonald's Father's Day series advertising posters. The type of this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The researcher uses Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis, which focuses on signs and markers, to determine the meaning contained in the poster. According to the research results, the McDonald's poster series Father's Day celebrates Father's Day through the Burger Buns image, which represents a father figure. The text "Happy Father's Day," which indicates that McDonald's is celebrating this special occasion. The yellow M logo is McDonald's identity, as well as the red background represents the primary way McDonald's products are presented.

"I'm a security professional, a counselor, a leader, and sometimes a father figure": Transformative social emotional learning through the eyes of school security professionals.

Schools are increasingly hiring full-time, unarmed school security professionals (SSPs), who are different from School Resource Officers (SROs), to help facilitate safe and supportive school climates. However, there is a paucity of literature about how they describe and engage with social emotional learning (SEL), particularly equity-focused or transformative SEL. The current study is a secondary data analysis using qualitative responses to content embedded in two online professional development (PD) modules created for school security: SELand cultural competence (CC). Forty-eight SSPs completed the SEL module and 18 of these SSPs also completed the CC module. Informed by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning'stransformative SEL literature, researchers sought to understand how SSPs describe SEL and how they apply transformative SEL in their work. A qualitative transcript analysis was performed, and transformative SEL's five subthemes were identified through this iterative process: working collaboratively, equity and inclusion, cultural humility, ties to identity, and advocacy. Findings demonstrated that SSPs who completed the modules apply transformative SEL principles in various, overlapping ways, illustrating their capacity to support student SEL. However, some SSPs struggled to make ties to their own identity, highlighting the need for widespread training and additional emphasis on self-awareness in transformative SEL PD.

Psychosocial Development: Fathering during Childhood and Adolescence

Findings in this study are based on participate indication of father figure type during childhood and adolescence and the effects of father figure type on psychosocial development. Specifically, the five (5) different father figure types investigated were: (1) positive biological father figure, (2) negative biological father figure, (3) positive non-biological father figure, (4) a combination of a positive non-biological father figure and negative biological father figure, and (5) no father figure. This study was guided by Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development, which explains the importance of mastering different tasks and developing different virtues during specific stages of human development. Specifically, two research questions were investigated: (1) Which psychosocial strengths or weaknesses best predict no father figure during childhood and adolescence? In addition, (2) what is the difference in the psychosocial development of individuals based on father figure type during childhood and adolescence as it relates to research question one? There were 188 adult participates who were administered a pre-questionnaire in order to gather information on father figure type experienced during childhood and adolescence. The participants then were administered the Measures of Psychosocial Development (MPD). Lastly the participants were administered a post-questionnaire pertaining to father figure type (different from the pre- questionnaire) in order to validate the father figure type that was indicated in the prequestionnaire. The results of this study found that the best psychosocial development predictors of no father figure during childhood and adolescence were significant deficits in the psychosocial virtues of hope/faith and willpower and significant deficits in the psychosocial tasks of trust and autonomy. The results of this study also found that participants who indicated that they had a positive biological father during childhood and adolescence scored higher than any other father figure type on the psychosocial virtues of hope/faith and willpower and psychosocial tasks of trust and autonomy. These findings suggest that efforts to make sure children and adolescents have a father figure will be essentially beneficial to children and adolescents as adults. These findings also suggest that situations that deprive children and adolescents of having a father figure can contribute to negative outcomes for these children and adolescents as adults.

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

Osudy jezuitov v Spišskej Novej Vsi v časoch druhej svetovej vojny

After the First Vienna Award and the occupation of southern Slovakia by the Hungarians in 1938, the Jesuits from Košice had to move from the newly built house to a new residence in Spišská Nova Ves. The small community repaired the church and the habitation in which it lived. The order took over the rights and duties of the vicariate, so it had to teach religion in the city and its surroundings. The Jesuits often had to deal with personnel issues and especially the problematic figure of Father Ján Guga, who had a close relationship with the Orthodoxia and Russia. In the city, they watched the movements of the troops and experienced the atmosphere of war. The most unpleasant situations were connected with the persecution and deportation of the Jewish population, whom the superior of the house, Štefan Kramár, tried to help by baptizing them. The documents of the house were preserved in the Michal Lacko´s Centre of Spirituality East-West, where they are stored, only until August 1943. For this reason, we only know detailed information about the life of the Jesuits in Spišská Nová Ves until this period.

GENDER ROLES AMONG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY TEACHERS: BASIS FOR GENDER-RESPONSIVE INTERVENTION ACTIVITIES

Teachers are usually considered the backbone of schools, and understanding teachers' roles is vital to understanding the educational system. With this as a focus, differences in the perceived gender roles of public male and female elementary teachers were collected from 262 teachers from public central elementary schools in Cavite, Philippines. Results showed that elementary teaching is still a female-dominated profession and students have only limited encounters with male and/or father figures in elementary education. It was also observed that male and female teachers share equal roles in reproductive, community, and leisure activities. However, discrepancies are observed in their productive activities as female teachers spend more time in productive activities than male teachers. Strategies for gender-responsive policies and projects for teachers and other education personnel are recommended.

International Perspectives on the Role of Indigenous Fathers in Caring for Their Infants: A Scoping Study

Introduction
 Effective early childhood development interventions require a thorough understanding parental roles in supporting their infants’ health. Yet, the role of Indigenous fathers is not well illustrated within the literature. This scoping study synthesizes the roles that Indigenous fathers have in promoting the health and development of their infants, using an international perspective. Findings support future research to develop effective early childhood parenting interventions that address the unique needs of Indigenous fathers.
 Methods
 Scoping methodology was undertaken with inclusion criteria stipulating infants less than two years of age, and describing the role of Indigenous fathers (or father figures) in meeting the health and/or developmental needs of their infants. Descriptive and pattern coding were used during data extraction and synthesis. Collaboration with Indigenous community partners, including First Nations fathers, promoted ethical research conduct and findings framed within Indigenous ways of knowing.
 Results
 Findings highlight a journey to becoming a father, beginning with assuming a new identity as a father, establishing their fathering role, and supporting one another throughout the journey. This process has significant implications for a child’s development and wellbeing and related health policy.
 Conclusions
 This review synthesizes the experiences of Indigenous fathers across the globe, and while the journey is not fully understood, these initial findings are helpful to support future research and health policy. It is in the best interests of children if men are proactively supported in their transition to fatherhood as early as possible to promote a positive impact on their children’s development and future wellbeing.

Psychoanalysis of “Lust, Caution” in the Context of Femme Fatale and Fetishism

This paper focuses on the women’s agency under the Hong Kong movie’s spectrum by using Eileen Chang’s “Lust, Caution” as an example, reassuring the importance of a father figure in a woman’s childhood. The paper first introduces Chang’s female fatale’s figure and puts forward the reason it can be a classic figure. This paper ends with the conclusion of the women’s agency, focusing on human desires and temptations as well as the dilution of ideological opposition.

Easing Down the Road: Exploring the Pathway to the Field and Experiences of Black Male Special Education Teachers

For years, policymakers, districts, and scholars have pushed for the inclusion of more Black male teachers in US public schools; however, their even smaller subset—Black male special education teachers—has been ignored, particularly by scholars. The results of this study provide insight into the recruitment and retention of Black male special education teachers as the author interviewed 10 of them on what factors impacted their decision to enter the field and assume the roles they did. The results highlight that these teachers have had a parent who was a special educator or mentor who aided their decision, and they often assume the role of a tutor or father figure, particularly for Black boys in their schools. Implications for research and practice are also discussed.