Educational Level Of Father Research Articles

Association between oppositional defiant disorder and parenting style in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

To study the association between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and parenting style in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A case-control study was performed on 482 children with ADHD, among whom 322 did not have ODD (simple ADHD group) and 160 had ODD (ADHD+ODD group). General demographic data and the Parenting Style Scale assessment scores were collected from the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between parenting style and ODD in children with ADHD. There was no significant difference in parenting style scores (including rejection factor, emotional warmth factor, overprotection factor, and preference factor) and general demographic data between the simple ADHD and ADHD+ODD groups (P>0.05). Among the children with the predominantly inattentive type of ADHD, the older the child or the lower the father's educational level, the higher the risk of ODD (P<0.05), while there was no significant association between parenting style and the development of ODD (P>0.05). Parenting style is not significantly associated with the development of ODD in children with ADHD. In clinical practice, it is necessary to eliminate the stereotype that the parents of children with ADHD and comorbid ODD have a poor parenting style and look for the causes of development of ODD from multiple perspectives, so as to provide reasonable intervention recommendations.

A Study on the Relationship Between Secondary School Students' Digital Game Addiction Awareness and Participation Motivation to Physical Activity

This study is conducted so as to investigate the relationship between secondary school students` digital game awarenees(SDGA) and participation motivation to physical activity (PMPA). 456 female and 241 male secondary school students studying in the Keçiören district of Ankara participated voluntarily. Personel information form, Digital Game Addiction Awareness Scale(DGAAS) developed by Tekkurşun-Demir ve Cicioğlu (2020) and Participation motivation to physical activity Scale(PMPAS) developed by Tekkurşun-Demir ve Cicioğlu (2018) are employed as data collection set. In the analysis of the data obtained, mean( ), standart deviation(sd), percentage(%) and frequency(n) values are utiSecondary Schoold. The pearson product-moment correlation coefficient in pearson correlation analysis, ANOVA in one-way analysis of variance and T-Test in unrelated samples were used. While statistically significant differences were found the relationship between secondary school students' PMPA, SDGA and gender, educational level of father and daily technology usage(p<0,05), the relationship with gender and educational level of mother was trivial (p<0,05); In sum, study results demonstrate that there is a positive and significant relationship between PMPA of secondary school students and the SDGA. In other words, as students' awareness of digital game addiction increases, participation motivation to physical activity increase.

Multilevel log linear model to estimate the risk factors associated with infant mortality in Ethiopia: further analysis of 2016 EDHS

BackgroundInfant mortality is defined as the death of a child at any time after birth and before the child’s first birthday. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest infant and child mortality rate in the world. Infant and child mortality rates are higher in Ethiopia. A study was carried out to estimate the risk factors that affect infant mortality in Ethiopia.MethodThe EDHS− 2016 data set was used for this study. A total of 10,547 mothers from 11 regions were included in the study’s findings. To estimate the risk factors associated with infant mortality in Ethiopia, several count models (Poisson, Negative Binomial, Zero-Infated Poisson, Zero-Infated Negative Binomial, Hurdle Poisson, and Hurdle Negative Binomial) were considered.ResultThe average number of infant deaths was 0.526, with a variance of 0.994, indicating over-dispersion. The highest mean number of infant death occurred in Somali (0.69) and the lowest in Addis Ababa (0.089). Among the multilevel log linear models, the ZINB regression model with deviance (17,868.74), AIC (17,938.74), and BIC (1892.97) are chosen as the best model for estimating the risk factors affecting infant mortality in Ethiopia. However, the results of a multilevel ZINB model with a random intercept and slope model revealed that residence, mother’s age, household size, mother’s age at first birth, breast feeding, child weight, contraceptive use, birth order, wealth index, father education level, and birth interval are associated with infant mortality in Ethiopia.ConclusionInfant deaths remains high and infant deaths per mother differ across regions. An optimal fit was found to the data based on a multilevel ZINB model. We suggest fitting the ZINB model to count data with excess zeros originating from unknown sources such as infant mortality.

Prevalence of smoking and its related factors among Iranian adolescents

ABSTRACT Background Given that adolescence is important in community health, and planning, preventing and treating the smoking-caused health problems need to estimate the precise statistics on the prevalence of smoking and consider the effective factors among adolescents, the present study aimed to determine the frequency of and effective factors on smoking among adolescents. Methods The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted during 2019 among 363 secondary high school boy students in Sanandaj, Iran. Sample was selected by cluster sampling method and data were collected by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were entered in SPSS 23 and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results Based on the results, the prevalence of smoking among the students under study was 19% (n = 69). The results related to logistic regression test indicated age and educational grade, as well as the educational level of father and grade point average (GPA) of previous semester as the factors affecting smoking (P < .05). Conclusion Due to the greater smoking prevalence among students with more age, higher educational grade, and less GPA in the previous semester, as well as having mother with lower educational level, paying more attention to the above-mentioned students is suggested in designing the smoking prevention educational programs.

Analysis of packaged drinking water use in Indonesia in the last decades: trends, socio-economic determinants, and safety aspect

Abstract This study combines multiple data and analyses to gain insights into the trend of the use of packaged drinking water (PDW) in Indonesia, including the national survey to analyze the trends of PDW consumption, the Demographic Health Survey data to discover the socio-economic determinants of PDW consumption, and the systematic literature review to assess the quality and safety of PDW. The increasing rate of PDW consumption per year in Indonesia was 1.24% from 2000 to 2020 annually, and 50% of the Indonesian population is predicted to consume PDW in 2026. The increasing use of PDW in Indonesia was significantly associated with the economic growth of the country, i.e., proxied by the gross domestic product and urban population. Moreover, the use of PDW by households was significantly associated with the age of the household head, mother's educational level, father's educational level, wealth index, types of residence, regions, and types of toilet facility. The findings suggest that young people in urban areas would dominate the PDW consumer in Indonesia. Additionally, previous studies indicated that PDW in Indonesia is often contaminated. Thus, this study underlines the need to improve the quality and safety aspects of PDW to minimize its negative health effects.

THE EFFECT OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' DIGITAL LITERACY LEVELS ON THEIR ATTITUDE FOR DIGITAL WRITING: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL STUDY

&lt;p&gt;In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of pre-service teachers' digital literacy levels on their attitudes towards writing in the digital environment. In addition, the mean scores of teacher candidates from both scales were examined in terms of different variables. Probability-based random sampling method, which is included in the general survey model, was preferred in the study. The sample of the research consists of 467 teacher candidates who attend Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Education in the spring semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. The data of the study were obtained by applying the &lt;em&gt;"Digital Literacy Scale"&lt;/em&gt; developed by Ng (2012) and adapted into Turkish by Üstündağ, Güneş and Bahçivan (2017) and the &lt;em&gt;"Attitude Scale for Digital Writing"&lt;/em&gt; developed by Kırmızı, Kapıkıran and Akkaya (2021). Research data were analyzed using normality tests, independent groups t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe, SEM and CFA statistical methods. In the findings obtained in the research, digital literacy of fathers education status, graduated high school type, time spent on the internet, computer, tablet, smart watch; on the other hand, it has been determined that the attitudes towards writing in the digital environment differ significantly according to the variables of gender, class level, place of residence, mother and father education level, branch, type of high school graduated, time spent on the internet, computer, smart phone, tablet, smart watch. In addition, it was concluded that digital literacy had a positive effect on their attitudes towards writing in the digital environment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0949/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

RELATIONSHIP OF RISK FACTORS FOR STUNTING IN BADUTA AGES 6-24 MONTHS IN BAITUSSALAM DISTRICT ACEH BESAR DISTRICT

The problem of stunting in Aceh Besar exceeds the standard set of WHO, which is 38.7% caused by many risk factors. This study aims to determine the risk factors of stunting in children aged 6-24 months in Baitussalam, Aceh Besar. The type of this research is observational analytic with a cross-sectional method that involves 189 children under two years old. Data were collected by filling out questionnaires, maternal and child health books, and measuring body length. The results showed that children who are stunted were 24.3% and those who were not stunted were 75.7%. There were stunting children with a history of non-exclusive breastfeeding (93.5%), pre-term gestational age (82.6%), a history of low birth weight (10.9%), mothers with junior high school education levels (60.9%), fathers with junior high school education level (45.7%) and low family income (68.8%). Statistical test analysis found that the risk factors of stunting have a relationship with history of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.00), gestational age (p-value = 0.00), history of low birth weight (p-value = 0.022), mother’s education level (p-value = 0.00), father's education level (p-value 0.002) and family income (p-value = 0.00). This study concluded that risk factors which include the history of exclusive breastfeeding, gestational age, history of LBW, education level of mother and father, and family income have a relationship with the incidence of stunting in Baitussalam District, Aceh Besar District.

EXAMINING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In this study, it is aimed to examine the variables that affect the achievement orientation of university students with logistic regression analysis. Gender, age, education program of university students, academic grade point average, order of preference for university entrance, mother's education level and father's education level constitute the independent variables with demographic content. Enjoying learning new information and working in a job in daily life, the desire to prove their current abilities, the desire to be better than their peers in education and business life, academic ideal and physical disability are other independent variables in the research. The “2x2 Achievement Orientations Scale Revised Form” developed by Elliot and Murayama (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Arslan and Akın (2014) was used to determine students' achievement orientations. The population of the research consists of undergraduate students of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University. The sample of the study consists of 155 students determined by the purposive sampling method. In the study, logistic regression analysis was used to determine the variables that predict the success orientation of university students. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that university students' mother’s education level and the desire to prove their current skills were the predictors. It has been determined that the desire to be better than their peers in educational life and the high academic achievement averages are other predictive variables that affect success orientation. It was concluded that other variables (age, gender, preference, father education, enjoying learning new information, having an academic ideal, working in a job in daily life, physical disability) did not make a significant difference on the predicted variable.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0919/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Assessment of Community Services Coverage at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020.

Background: Sudan health system is based on the district health system approach, which emphasizes the principles of primary health care (PHC). Nevertheless, the decentralization of the public sector resulted in more deterioration of the PHC system particularly in rural and peripheral areas due to lack of financial resources and managerial capacities.&#x0D; Objectives: The study aimed to assess the community services coverage at primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A number of (37) Health facilities was selected in addition to (333) households. All selected mothers/care takers of children aged 12–23 months; all working Primary Healthcare sites and all health worker who are the first responsible of Health sites in the study area were included in the study. The study was conducted by using questionnaires, checklists, observation and Interview with structure close ended questionnaire. Data was computed and analyzed using SPSS program version 25.0. Descriptive and inferential statistic was used.&#x0D; Results: The study showed that 55.6% of the participants stated that their areas distance less than 2 km. The majority of the participants 72.4% were obtained their health services by going to the hospital or rural health center. More than two thirds of the participants 66.7% stated that there was transportation mean for health center. The majority of participants 69.7% stated that their families or household having ability to pay the cost of transportation. Only 46.2% of the participants stated that there was health insurance for families. Approximately 96% of the participants had vaccination card explained the vaccination that taken the children less than 2 years. Also 98.5% their child completes the routine vaccination until the date of visit. The majority 93.4% of the participants their child under five obtained any vaccines including that taken in vaccination campaigns or national days for vaccination or during child health days. The majority of the participants 69.1% indicate that their children under 5 previously taken BCG vaccines. More than half of the participants 50.8% stated that their children under 5 infected with diarrhea disease the last 2 weeks. Also 58.3% had children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks. Less than 50% (45.6%) of the participants their family having bed nets for mosquito control. Only 26.1% of the participants had one sleep under nets last night. The majority of the participants 88% had periodic follow-up during the pregnancy. The most reasons for not follow-up during pregnancy were because the health center is faraway 23.7%, economic barriers 6.3% and family barriers 3%. The participants stated that the tetanus doses coverage was 94%. The most doses of tetanus taken by the participants were five doses 36.3%. Also 56.5% of the participants sated that they were gave any medical care during the first last 6 weeks after last delivery (postnatal). More than 63% of the participants were used contraceptive. The most reasons of not used contraceptive were fear from side effects 24.3%, due to refuse of husband 2.7%, due to culture believes 3.3%, not able to by 2.4% and because of not aware 2.4%. There was association education level of father and periodic follow-up during the pregnancy, p=.000. There was association education level of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. There was association between occupation of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. there was highly association between children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks and having any bed nets for mosquito control, p=.002.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results show that coverage of the services provided were moderate which need to be strengthening and provision of resources for rural communities.

Assessment of Community Services Coverage at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020.

Background: Sudan health system is based on the district health system approach, which emphasizes the principles of primary health care (PHC). Nevertheless, the decentralization of the public sector resulted in more deterioration of the PHC system particularly in rural and peripheral areas due to lack of financial resources and managerial capacities.&#x0D; Objectives: The study aimed to assess the community services coverage at primary Healthcare Facilities in Rural Population of Sharg-Elnil Locality - Khartoum State from 2018 to 2020.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A number of (37) Health facilities was selected in addition to (333) households. All selected mothers/care takers of children aged 12–23 months; all working Primary Healthcare sites and all health worker who are the first responsible of Health sites in the study area were included in the study. The study was conducted by using questionnaires, checklists, observation and Interview with structure close ended questionnaire. Data was computed and analyzed using SPSS program version 25.0. Descriptive and inferential statistic was used.&#x0D; Results: The study showed that 55.6% of the participants stated that their areas distance less than 2 km. The majority of the participants 72.4% were obtained their health services by going to the hospital or rural health center. More than two thirds of the participants 66.7% stated that there was transportation mean for health center. The majority of participants 69.7% stated that their families or household having ability to pay the cost of transportation. Only 46.2% of the participants stated that there was health insurance for families. Approximately 96% of the participants had vaccination card explained the vaccination that taken the children less than 2 years. Also 98.5% their child completes the routine vaccination until the date of visit. The majority 93.4% of the participants their child under five obtained any vaccines including that taken in vaccination campaigns or national days for vaccination or during child health days. The majority of the participants 69.1% indicate that their children under 5 previously taken BCG vaccines. More than half of the participants 50.8% stated that their children under 5 infected with diarrhea disease the last 2 weeks. Also 58.3% had children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks. Less than 50% (45.6%) of the participants their family having bed nets for mosquito control. Only 26.1% of the participants had one sleep under nets last night. The majority of the participants 88% had periodic follow-up during the pregnancy. The most reasons for not follow-up during pregnancy were because the health center is faraway 23.7%, economic barriers 6.3% and family barriers 3%. The participants stated that the tetanus doses coverage was 94%. The most doses of tetanus taken by the participants were five doses 36.3%. Also 56.5% of the participants sated that they were gave any medical care during the first last 6 weeks after last delivery (postnatal). More than 63% of the participants were used contraceptive. The most reasons of not used contraceptive were fear from side effects 24.3%, due to refuse of husband 2.7%, due to culture believes 3.3%, not able to by 2.4% and because of not aware 2.4%. There was association education level of father and periodic follow-up during the pregnancy, p=.000. There was association education level of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. There was association between occupation of mother and use of contraceptive, p=.000. there was highly association between children under 5 infected with fever during the last 2 weeks and having any bed nets for mosquito control, p=.002.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results show that coverage of the services provided were moderate which need to be strengthening and provision of resources for rural communities.

48-72 Aylık Çocukların Gelişimlerinin Selçuk Gelişimsel Değerlendirme Envanteri ile Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada; ebeveyn görüşlerine dayalı, güvenilir, geçerli ve norm referanslı bir gelişimsel değerlendirme aracı ile 48-72 ay aralığındaki çocukların bilişsel gelişim, dil gelişimi, sosyal-duygusal gelişim, kaba motor gelişim, ince motor gelişim ve öz bakım becerilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Türkiye genelinden; 48-53 ay aralığında 304, 54-59 ay aralığında 218, 60-65 ay aralığında 270 ve 66-72 ay aralığında 307 olmak üzere toplam 1099 katılımcıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ve Selçuk Gelişimsel Değerlendirme Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda gelişim alanlarının yaş gruplarında değişiklik göstermekle birlikte cinsiyet, okul öncesi eğitim kurumuna devam etme, ailedeki toplam çocuk sayısı, anne eğitim durumu ve baba eğitim durumu değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür.

Prediction of the Factors Affecting PISA Mathematics Literacy of Students from Different Countries by Using Data Mining Methods

The purpose of this study is to predict the mathematical literacy levels of the students participating in the research through the data obtained from PISA 2015 exam organized by OECD using data mining and to determine the variables that affect mathematics literacy. For this purpose, students' mathematics literacy levels and the variables that affect their mathematics literacy levels were analyzed separately for 6 different countries at different proficiency levels. The population of the research is 519334 students from 72 countries, who have taken PISA 2015 exam. The sample that was determined according to the purpose of the study consists of a total of 34,565 students from Singapore, Japan, Norway, the USA, Turkey, and the Dominican Republic, which have been observed to be at different proficiency levels. In the first stage of the study, analyzes were performed using data mining prediction methods. At this stage, WEKA program was employed and M5P algorithm, which is one of the most common methods, was used. In the second stage of the research, the output variable was predicted from the input variables using Artificial Neural Networks methods to determine the extent to which decision trees obtained by M5P prediction method produce valid results. In the analyzes carried out in MATLAB program, the relationship between students' actual math literacy scores and literacy scores predicted from input variables was examined. As a result of the study, the variables that affect mathematics literacy were found to be the socio-economic status index for Singapore, Norway, the United States, Turkey, and Dominic. On the other hand, the variables influencing mathematics literacy for Japan were found to be mathematics learning time and father's education level. The consistency of the results was as follows: 86.10% for Singapore, 40.26% for Japan, 30.10% for Norway, 39.15% for America, 26.43% for Turkey, and 29.24 % for Dominic. As a result of the study, a differentiation was found among the variables that affect mathematics literacy of the countries at different proficiency levels.

STUDY ON STUNTING OF 6 TO 59 MONTHS CHILDREN AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITHIN AT GARDEZ CITY, PAKTIA PROVINCE OF AFGHANISTAN

Introduction: Evidence about risk factors of Stunting is useful to design appropriate policies and strategies to control health problems. Objective: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6-59 months in Paktia Regional Hospital. Material and Methods: A total of 400 children were included in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurement. The interview was conducted with parents/caretakers of the children to fill the questionnaire. SPSS version 25.0 statistical software was used for analysis. Cross tabulation and Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the nutritional status of the children. Results: Statistical association was declared significant if the p-value was less than 0.05. The prevalence of Stunted was 41%. Variables; Gender, Family size, Number of children under 5, Life status of parents, Father's educational level, Mother's educational level, Annual income status, Food items do you feed to children, Awareness about weaning and supplementary food, Awareness about malnutrition, Age Weaning food should be started, Breast-feed status, period of time to feed breast, Food during Pregnancy, Status of immunity, Vaccinated during pregnancy, The age gap between babies and mothers' malnutrition (MUAC) status are statistically associated with Stunting. Height for age (stunted) is high among children aged 6–59 months in Gardez Town. Conclusion: Lack of awareness on malnutrition and child feeding, maternal nutrition status, family size, family income, and the age gap between babies are risk factors of malnutrition. Thus, therefore, the concerned bodies must design policies, which can improve the livelihood of households, works on information dissemination using mass media about malnutrition, weaning, and supplementary foods, and family planning and on meals during pregnancy.

Klasifikasi Status Keaktifan Siswa SMA di Jawa Barat Menggunakan Random Forest dengan SMOTE

The dropout rate in Indonesia has a higher percentage as education levels grow. The high school dropout rate in Indonesia is at 0.67%. West Java is the province with the highest high school dropout rate in the academic year 2017/2018. In the next academic year, the high school dropout rate in West Java decreased. The student who drop out of school was caused by various factors. This study examines important variables and classification performance that are generated by random forest. The number of dropout students is very small compared to the number of active students. The imbalance data is handled using SMOTE. Random forest with SMOTE is considered able to predict data classes better because it can increase sensitivity values and reduce errors in classifying dropout students as active students. Father's income, number of siblings, class, father's education level, and father's type of work are important variables that have a major influence in determining the active status of high school students in West Java.

How to predict the electronic health literacy of Chinese primary and secondary school students?: establishment of a model and web nomograms

BackgroundThe internet has become an important resource for the public to obtain health information. Therefore, the ability to obtain and use such resources has become important for health literacy. This study aimed to establish a prediction model of Chinese students’ electronic health literacy (EHL) to guide government policymaking and parental interventions, identify the predictors of EHL in Chinese students using random forests, and establish a corresponding prediction model to help policymakers and parents determine whether primary and secondary school students have high EHL.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. From June to August 2021, a cluster sample survey was conducted with 1,300 students from seven primary and secondary schools in Shaanxi Province, China. We evaluated 1,235 primary and secondary school students using the e-health literacy scale. The data were divided into training and testing datasets in a 70:30 ratio for further analysis using random forest. The predictive accuracy of the score was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We also used decision curve analysis to determine the usefulness of the prediction model by quantifying the net benefits at different threshold probabilities in the validation dataset. ResultsWe found that 33.6% of students had high EHL. The univariate analysis showed that age (P < 0.001), grade (P < 0.001), employment status (P < 0.001), household location (P < 0.001), parental phubbing behavior (P < 0.001), and general self-efficacy (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with EHL. A random forest classification model was developed with the training dataset (872 students), and seven variables were confirmed as important: age, grade, employment status, father education level, game time, parental phubbing behavior, and general self-efficacy. The validation of the model showed good discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.975 in the training dataset and 0.738 in the testing dataset. The model was translated into an online risk calculator, which is freely available (https://xietao.shinyapps.io/DynNomapp/).ConclusionsIn this study, an intuitive tool to predict the EHL of Chinese primary and secondary school students was developed and validated.

Quality of life and associated factors among children with cochlear implants in Vietnam: Results from parents’ perception

ObjectiveThis study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) of Vietnamese children with cochlear implants (CI) according to the perception of their parents, and to determine associated factors on the perceived QoL. MethodsA cross – sectional study were conducted among 68 children (20 children aged 3–6 years, and 48 children aged 7–10 years) who had cochlear implantation at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, from June 2020 to November 2021. Kiddy-KINDLR and KINDLR questionnaires were used to gather information on QoL of their children. Scores were transformed to a 100-point scale with 100 representing the most positive response. ResultsParents of the 7–10 year group rated generic QoL more positively than the 3–6 year group, overall average scores were 72.1, and 69.6, respectively. Parents of 7–10 years also rated QoL of their children slightly below average than that of the standard hearing population in both girls, and boys. A significant inverse correlation was detected between the overall QoL and age at first cochlear implant (r = −0.284, p = 0.019), and duration of cochlear implant experience was positively correlated with overall mean QoL score (r = 0.268, p = 0.027). Higher level of father's education level showed better QoL among their children (p = 0.015). ConclusionThe QoL of Vietnamese children with CI were slight lower than average compared with normal hearing children. Age at cochlear implant, cochlear implant use duration, and education level of father were influencing factors of the QoL of children with CI in Vietnam.

Determinants of the Coexistence Dual Form of Malnutrition in Pairs of Mother and Child Aged 6 – 59 Months in Bogor District 2019

The dual form of malnutrition (DFM) is defined as multiple nutritional problems in the same household and time. This study aimed to determine the related factor to DFM incidence in pairs of mothers and children aged 6–59 months in Bogor District in 2019. This cross-sectional study used secondary data on the Nutrition and Health of Babakan Madang Subdistrict Toddlers in 2019 and Nutrition Intake and Stunting of Children Under-Five in Bogor District, West Java Province, involving a total sample of 274 households. The dependent variable in this study was DFM, while the independent variables were maternal age during pregnancy, maternal height, maternal breastfeeding history, parity, family income, mother's and father's education level. Bivariate analysis involving the Chi-square test and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression tests was used in this study. The results revealed that DFM incidence in the Babakan Madang Subdistrict in 2019 was 42%. The determinants of DFM that were significantly related were maternal height (p-value = 0.000), maternal breastfeeding history (p-value = 0.027), and parity (p-value = 0.049). The analysis results showed that the dominant factor in the prevalence of DFM was the maternal height (OR = 2.704; 95% CI = 1.615-4.528). It is recommended to improving nutrition in adolescence, especially in the case of girls in their role as future mothers.

Parents’ attitudes towards the use of distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic: اتجاهات أولياء الأمور نحو استخدام التعلم عن بُعد في ظل جائحة كورونا في الأردن

The study aimed to identify the attitudes of parents towards the use of distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was used, whereby the questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting information, and standards of validity and reliability of the study instrument were extracted according to scientific principles. The study sample was chosen randomly, which consisted of parents of (N=250). The results of the study showed that the arithmetic means and standard deviations related to the attitudes of parents towards the use of distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic that the arithmetic means ranged between low, medium, high and very high, and the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of parents towards the use of distance learning in light of the Corona pandemic due to the variables of father's educational level, the mother's educational level, the number of children enrolled in school and per family, while there were statistically significant differences for Parents' work variable in favor of the parents category. The study recommends that the school should be keen on continuous communication with parents to follow the course of the educational process remotely in light of the Corona pandemic.

Ketahanan pangan sebagai deteminan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 2-3 tahun di Kabupaten Ciamis-Jawa Barat

Determinant of stunting in children 2-3 aged years in Ciamis District West Java ProvinceBackground: The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is still high (at 37,2%), while in the province of West Java is at 35,8%. Household food security is one of the indirect causes of the nutritional problems. Aspects of food security in the form of food availability and access to food are related in a household that affects the aspect of the level of food consumption in every household or individual that is not being met. Objective: The study aims to analyze whether household food security was the determinant of stunting in children aged 2-3 years in Ciamis Districts. Methods: This was an observational study with a case-control design. Subjects in this research are households. Information from a total of 349 households, i.e. 168 had stunted and 181 without stunted children, were collected. Respondents consisted of mothers, fathers, and children aged 2-3 years in Ciamis District. Subjects were selected using quota sampling. Data were analyzed using t-test and logistic regression. Results: Food availability, food access, energy, and protein consumption were not associated with stunting (p&gt;0,05). There were significant differences between the average height (Z-score) of children based on the father's height, the mother's height, and the mother's education level (p&lt;0,05). Breastfeeding, initial formula feeding, father's education level, and a large number of families were not associated with stunting (p&gt; 0,05). Conclusion: This study observed that household food security was not the determinant of stunting. After controlling for potential confounders, the children's heights were independently associated with parental heights and maternal education.

Role of Sociodemographic Variables and the Mother's Active Behavior on Active Commuting to School in Children and Adolescents.

The main objective of the current study was to analyze how parents' sociodemographic characteristics, mode of commuting and physical activity (PA) act as indicators of active commuting to school (ACS) in their children and adolescents. A total of 684 paired parents (52.8% mothers) and their respective offspring (33.7% girls) were included. The participants self-reported their sociodemographic characteristics, mode of commuting, and PA. Logistic regression analyses were performed using a stepwise approach, including, as indicators, parental characteristics, mode of commuting and PA. The main outcome was child and adolescent ACS. The odds ratio (OR) and R2 of Nagelkerke were obtained for each step. Parental sociodemographic characteristics were greater indicators of child ACS than the parental mode of commuting and PA. In children, the greatest predictive variables of ACS explained 38% of the variance and were as follows: car availability (OR = 0.24), father's educational level (OR = 0.47), mother's educational level (OR = 1.95), mother's active commuting to work (OR = 4.52) and mother's salary/month (OR = 0.67). In adolescents, the greatest predictive variables of ACS explained 40% of the variance and were as follows: socioeconomic level (OR = 0.43) and father's active commuting (OR = 10.6). In conclusion, sociodemographic factors are better indicators of ACS than parents' physical activity and active commuting to work.