Fathers Of Children Research Articles

Parental Traits Associated with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Children and Adolescents in Croatia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) is known to be one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Despite the significance of a healthful diet during the early stage of life, data for young individuals indicate that nutrition problems are common. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine parental factors associated with MD adherence in children and adolescents living in the Mediterranean region in Croatia. In total, 2623 children aged 2 to 18 years and their parents participated in this study. Data were collected during the period from September 2021 to February 2022 by using an anonymous questionnaire. We used KIDMED and MEDAS questionnaires for assessing MD adherence in young individuals and their parents, respectively. To assess the association of children’s MD adherence categories with the parental predictors, we performed multivariate multinomial logistic regression. Results showed that the children of parents with a low MD adherence are much more likely to have poor MD adherence than good (OR = 47.54 (95% C.I 18.24, 123.87), p < 0.001) or average (OR = 5.64 (95% C.I 3.70, 8.6), p < 0.001) MD adherence. Further, children of fathers with higher BMI (OR = 1.035 (95% C.I 1.0, 1.071)) and those who do not live with both parents (OR = 1.703 (95% C.I 0.994, 2.916), p = 0.053) are more likely to have poor MD adherence than good MD adherence. These results indicate that interventions focusing on enhancing the quality of both parents’ diets could effectively improve their children’s eating habits.

Chaotic family environments and depressive symptoms in parents of autistic children: The protective role of optimism

BackgroundRaising an autistic child is associated with increased parenting stress and higher rates of depression for both mothers and fathers. While most research has focused on the challenges related to having an autistic child, such as higher rates of chaotic family environments, an emerging body of research has begun to examine the protective effects of optimism to reduce the negative impact on parent mental health. MethodA total of 133 mothers and 78 fathers of autistic children between the ages of 2–10 years participated in the study. Parents answered questionnaires related to their family functioning, dispositional optimism, and depressive symptoms. ResultsResults found a significant family chaotic environment X optimism X parent gender interaction. For mothers and fathers, higher levels of chaotic family environment were associated with increased depressive symptoms whereas increased levels of optimism were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. However, optimism was only protective for mothers and not for fathers. ConclusionsThe results highlight the need for the inclusion of optimism in parent-focused interventions.

Interparental conflict and mindful parenting practices: Transactional effects between mothers and fathers

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the transactional relations between mothers' and fathers' destructive interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.BackgroundAccording to family systems theory and spillover hypothesis, interparental conflict sets the stage for parents' future levels of conflict as well as parenting difficulties. However, research on the link between conflict and mindful parenting practices remains scarce. The present study aims to investigate the longitudinal relations between mothers' and fathers' interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.MethodParticipants were 386 families involving mothers and fathers of adolescent children at 12–17 years old. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire reports of destructive interparental conflict and mindful parenting at two time points spanning 12 months apart. A structural equation model was conducted to examine the relations between conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.ResultsFindings indicated that mothers' and fathers' destructive conflict predicted their own and their spouses' subsequent destructive conflict, as well as mindful parenting practices. Mothers' and fathers' mindful parenting predicted their own mindful parenting longitudinally, but did not predict the other variables.ConclusionSupporting the spillover hypothesis, this study revealed the longitudinal effect of interparental conflict on mindful parenting, regardless of parent gender. Findings suggested dyadic effects between mothers and fathers, in that destructive conflict tactics were associated with future conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices employed by themselves and their spouses.

A conceptual model of parenting children with disabilities

ABSTRACT Several studies and theoretical perspectives have examined the experience of raising a child with a disability. However, many of these studies and perspectives have not provided a comprehensive framework of the parenting process grounded in the perspectives of the parents themselves. In this qualitative study of 20 mothers and fathers (10 mother-father dyads) of children with disabilities (CWD), we conducted individual in-depth interviews investigating their parenting practices and experiences. Using open, axial, and selective coding procedures, we identified six main categories of responses including life history, child characteristics, worry and stress, formal social support, informal social support, and parenting behaviours. We propose a conceptual model which aims to illustrate the complex and nuanced nature of parenting CWD that is also broad enough to be applied in a variety of circumstances. We discuss the implications of this study in terms of research on families of CWD and the education and interventions available to them.

Women's Life Experiences and Shifting Reports of Pregnancy Planning.

Unplanned pregnancy is associated with adverse consequences for women. Yet, these associations are typically based on women's reports of pregnancy planning provided post birth. Therefore, women's recollection of their pregnancy planning may be influenced by their adverse life circumstances following the pregnancy, artificially driving these associations. To understand how post-birth experiences pattern women's recall of their pregnancy planning, we conducted 17 in-depth interviews with young women (24-34 years old) enrolled in a longitudinal study in southern Malawi. Respondents who were pregnant at the time of data collection in 2015 answered close-ended questions about the planning of their pregnancy. During in-depth interviews three years later, women discussed their life experiences since the pregnancy and were re-asked a subset of the same questions about the planning of the 2015 pregnancy. We thematically coded respondents' narratives about their relationships, parenting, and economic situations in the three years following their pregnancy and mapped these onto changes in women's pre- and post-birth reports of their pregnancy planning. More than one-half of respondents recalled their pregnancy planning differently than they did pre-birth-some as more planned, others as less planned. The presence and direction of women's changing reports were patterned by the quality of their relationship with the child's father, the father's involvement as a partner and parent, and their economic situation. Women's life experiences following a birth correspond with changes in their pregnancy planning reports, emphasizing the limitations of using retrospective measures to study the consequences of unplanned fertility.

Parenting stress: Area wise comparison of mothers and fathers of disabled children in Haryana

Parenting is a challenging process. The crucial role of parents and family in caring, nurturing, protecting and socializing young children is well established across the cultures. Parenting stress may undermine the quality of parent-child interactions as well as the quality of relationships between parents; it also has been linked to behaviour problems in young children. The present study was conducted in Haryana state. Two districts were selected from Haryana state i.e. Hisar and Sirsa. The location was selected purposively due to availability of sample. 200 parents (mothers and father) were selected randomly from both the location for the sample. Parenting Stress Index-short form (PSI-SF) developed by Abidin in 1995 was used to assess the parenting stress among parents. Result revealed that highly significant difference was observed between Sirsa district and Hisar district on the aspect of parenting stress. The mean score showed that parents of Sirsa district have higher level of parenting stress than parents of Hisar district.

Relationship between Psychological well-being and Marital Conflicts among Parents with Down Syndrome Children

The present study is conducted in Pakistan and will investigate the relationship between psychological well-being and marital conflicts among parents with Down syndrome children. The study was conducted in institutes of Islamabad, which include the Al-Farabi Institute and the National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. The study was conducted in the speech and physiotherapy department of institutes and included those patients who were suffering from Down syndrome. Purposive sampling was used to acquire the data from 60 parents (30 mothers and 30 fathers) of Down syndrome children. Regression and correlation analysis was performed to determine the link between independent and dependent variables as well as the impact of psychological well-being (autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth, self-acceptance, and positive relations) on marital conflicts. The results show a positive and insignificant relationship between autonomy, positive relations, personal growth, self–acceptance, and marital conflicts but also reveal a negative and significant relationship between environmental mastery, purpose in life, and marital conflicts due to a poor environment. The research will help parents to lessen their stress and improve their environment. It will also guide the NGOs and civil society to encourage the parents and give them awareness about the coping strategies to deal with these situations.

Child neglect in Saudi Arabia: The neglected form of child maltreatment.

Objectives:To shed light on types, family profiles, risk factors, and outcomes of child neglect in Saudi Arabia.Methods:A retrospective chart review was carried out at King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cases of child neglect diagnosed by the Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) team were reviewed. Data were extracted from patients’ electronic charts and SCAN team records.Results:A total of 309 cases of child neglect were diagnosed between 2015-2019. Mean age of victims was 4.4±4.1 years, and 51.8% were male gender.Supervisory neglect was the most common form (63.1%), followed by medical neglect (39.2%), emotional neglect (6.8%), physical neglect (5.5%), and educational neglect (3.2%). Children between the ages of one and 3 years were 3.3 times more likely to be victims of supervisory neglect and girls were 4.5 times more likely to be victims of educational neglect. Children living with ≥4 siblings were 7 times more likely to be victims of physical neglect and 1.9 times of medical neglect. With regard to emotional neglect, children of unemployed fathers were 3.5 times more likely to be parentally neglected than children of employed fathers. Worsening of the underlying disease (30%) and internal injuries (23.5%) were the most common consequences of neglect. Mortality attributed to neglect was documented in 8 (2.6%) children.Conclusion:Although child neglect is common in Saudi Arabia, it has not been recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality of children. This implies the need for a national protocol that would help identify high-risk families for early detection and implementation of prevention programs.

Psychoeducation of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

IntroductionThe family of a child with a mental illness is a significant source for his support in harmonizing his development and achieving successful socialization.ObjectivesThe objective of the survey is to develop a psychoeducational program for parents.MethodsQuestionnaire “Parental attitude to children’s illnesses” (V.E. Kagan, I.P. Zhuravleva) Parents of 39 (22 mothers and 17 fathers) children aged from 3 to 6 with ASD - autism spectrum disorders (F84.01; F84.02; F84.11).ResultsParents of children with ASD often do not realize the morbid nature of changes in the children`s behavior and interpret them as spontaneity, pamperedness or even giftedness. Most parents underestimated the doctor’s recommendations for compliance with the treatment regime. Taking into account the parents` complaints and the difficulties of understanding the child`s problems, a psychoeducational course was developed, including 7 sessions: 1. acquaintance; 2. the concept of ASD, etiological factors, features of manifestation; 3. the role of the family in the treatment and rehabilitation process; 4. development of mental functions in children with ASD; 5. emotional development of children with ASD; formation of communication skills and social adaptation; 6. training organization and correctional and developmental classes for children with ASD; 7. summing up. The psychoeducational course is carried out in the form of group thematic seminars 7 meetings once a week for 1.5-2 hours. After completing the course, some families remain on individual psychological follow-up.ConclusionsCompleting a psychoeducational course makes it possible to fill the lack of information regarding the disease and treatment tactics, increases compliance and harmonizes parent-child relationships.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Mother and father depression symptoms and child emotional difficulties: a network model

IntroductionEnhancing understanding of depression symptom interactions between parents and associations with subsequent child emotional difficulties will inform targeted treatment of depression to prevent transmission within families.ObjectivesTo use a network approach to identify ‘bridge’ symptoms that reinforce mother and father depression, and whether bridge symptoms, as well as other symptoms, impact subsequent child emotional difficulties.MethodsSymptoms were examined using two unregularized partial correlation network models. The study included 4,492 mother-father-child trios from a prospective, population-based cohort in the United Kingdom. Mother and father reports of depression symptoms were assessed when the child was twenty-one months old. Child emotional difficulties were reported by the mother at ages nine, eleven and thirteen years.ResultsBridge symptoms mutually reinforcing mother and father depression symptoms were feelings of guilt and self-harm ideation, whereas anhedonia acted as a bridge from the father to the mother, but not vice-versa (fig.1, network 1). The symptom of feelings of guilt in mothers was the only bridge symptom which directly associated with child emotional difficulties. Other symptoms that directly associated with child emotional difficulties were feeling overwhelmed for fathers and anhedonia, sadness, and panic in mothers (fig.1, network 2).ConclusionsSpecific symptom interactions are central to the co-occurrence of depression symptoms between parents. Of interest, only one of the bridge symptoms associated with later child emotional difficulties. In addition, specific symptom-to-child outcomes were identified, suggesting that different symptoms in mothers and fathers are central for increased vulnerability in children.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Illuminating the origins of the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology with a novel genetically informed design.

Although it is well known that parental depression is transmitted within families across generations, the etiology of this transmission remains unclear. Our goal was to develop a novel study design capable of explicitly examining the etiologic sources of intergenerational transmission. We specifically leveraged naturally-occurring variations in genetic relatedness between parents and their adolescent children in the 720 families participating in the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) study, 58.5% of which included a rearing stepparent (nearly always a stepfather). Results pointed squarely to the environmental transmission of psychopathology between fathers and children. Paternal depression was associated with adolescent depression and adolescent behavior problems (i.e., antisocial behavior, headstrong behavior, and attention problems) regardless of whether or not fathers and their children were genetically related. Moreover, these associations persisted to a subset of "blended" families in which the father was biologically related to one participating child but not to the other, and appeared to be mediated via father-child conflict. Such findings are not only fully consistent with the environmental transmission of psychopathology across generations, but also add to extant evidence that parent-child conflict is a robust and at least partially environmental predictor of adolescent psychopathology.

Weak Protection of Civil Rights Zina Children in Indonesia

&#x0D; The position of a child is very important for a family and a country. Children are part of the younger generation, as one of the human resources, as a great potential and a successor to the ideals of the nation. Children must be guaranteed a complete, harmonious, harmonious and balanced physical, mental, social growth. It can even be said that children are a gift that is also a mandate given by Allah SWT to every parent. Children in Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law Number 23 Year 2002 in conjunction with Law Number 35 Year 2014 concerning Child Protection are someone who is not yet 18 years old, including children who are still in the womb. Article 42 of Law Number 1 of 1974 in conjunction with Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, regulates that legal children are children born in or as a result of a legal marriage. The purpose of this study was to determine the weaknesses in protecting the civil rights of adultery children in Indonesia. The research specification is descriptive. Primary data collection method through interviews, while secondary data collection is documentative. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively. Conclusion: The weakness of protecting the civil rights of adultery children in Indonesia is that there are many children who are neglected, the stigma of society, the biological father of adultery children is not responsible, it is rare for families to place adultery children, if there are families who want to accommodate adultery children but the origin of the child is hidden.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Demographic Predictors of Mothers' Willingness to Vaccinate Young Children Against COVID-19, Get Tested and Isolate: A Cross-Sectional Survey Before and During the Greater Sydney Lockdown 2021, Australia.

Background and ObjectivesHaving a COVID-19 vaccination, getting tested, and self-isolating if symptomatic are some of the most important mitigation strategies for preventing the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate whether demographic factors are associated with mothers' willingness to vaccinate their 4-year-old children against COVID-19 if a suitable vaccine becomes available or to get tested and self-isolate if they themselves have COVID-19 symptoms and whether the willingness could be influenced by the Greater Sydney lockdown 2021.MethodsA cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted between 24th February and 26th October 2021. Questions from the NSW Adult Population Health Survey and from previously published studies were used to assess family demographics, mothers' willingness to vaccinate their young children, and willingness to get tested and self-isolate if symptomatic. The survey involved 604 mothers of children aged 4 years who participated in an existing trial in Sydney, Australia.ResultsMothers were more willing to vaccinate their children when the child's father had a tertiary education or higher, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.60 (95% CI 1.67–4.04). Mothers who were older than 30 years or who completed the survey during the lockdown were more willing to get tested if symptomatic, with AOR 2.50 (95% CI 1.17–5.36) and AOR 3.36 (95% CI 1.41–8.02), respectively. Mothers who were married or had de-facto partners were more willing to self-isolate if symptomatic [AOR 17.15 (95% CI 3.56–82.65)].ConclusionFathers' educational level, mothers' age, and marital status were associated with mothers' willingness to vaccinate their young children if a suitable vaccine were available, to get tested, and self-isolate if symptomatic respectively. The promotion of mitigation strategies for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic needs to take into account specific family demographics.

Paternal Resilience in Time of Pandemic: A Phenomenological Inquiry on the Experiences of Fathers of Children with Autism

This phenomenological research was conducted to inquire into the experiences of fathers of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study was explored because there is a dearth of studies focusing on paternal involvement and a lack of local autism research. Nine participants, who were chosen using purposive sampling, individually participated in an unstructured interview. The van Kaam method popularized by Moustakas was used to analyze the data gathered. Five major themes emerged: recognizing the child's needs, surviving hardships, enduring exhaustion, encountering silver linings, and moving forward. The findings showed that fathers of children with autism encountered challenging and fulfilling events during the pandemic with resilience. Fathers of children with autism prioritized familial needs, especially of the child, and increased their presence in the household. A strong paternal character builds up fathers’ resilience in coping with the difficulties of raising a child with autism in a precarious time.

Association between Fathers' Use of Heated Tobacco Products and Urinary Cotinine Concentrations in Their Spouses and Children.

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) have become increasingly popular among smokers, especially among young adults in Japan in recent years. Assessments of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure due to HTPs are scarce. The present study aimed to assess the urinary levels of total nicotine metabolites (TNMs) of non-smoking spouses and their children following SHS exposure due to their fathers’ use of HTPs. A total of 41 families including 129 participants were recruited between 2018 and 2021. The number of non-smoking spouses and children of the fathers who smoke combustion cigarettes, the fathers who use HTPs, and the fathers who are non-users or have never smoked was 27, 66, and 36, respectively. The urinary levels of TNMs, including cotinine (Cot) and 3′-hydroxycotinine (3-OHCot), were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The spouses and children of fathers who use HTPs had significantly higher levels of TNMs in their urine compared to those with fathers who were non-smokers or non-users. The current study is the first to assess SHS exposure due to HTP use, and to suggest the importance of strategies to prevent exposure to SHS from HTP use in public places and educational strategies to protect non-smokers from secondhand HTP aerosol exposure in households and other private places.

Management of Children With Food-Induced Anaphylaxis: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices.

BackgroundAnaphylaxis is a life-threatening event, but it is frequently undertreated in pediatric patients with food allergies. Previous studies showed that auto-injectable adrenaline (AAI) is underused by patients and parents. This is especially troubling since fatal anaphylaxis has been associated with delayed adrenaline administration.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate parental practice and knowledge in anaphylaxis management, and perceived barriers and facilitators in using AAI.ResultsA retrospective survey was completed by 75 parents (41 mothers, 34 fathers) of children with food allergy and AAI prescription attending the Food Allergy Referral Center of Veneto, Italy. Results showed poor parental preparedness and reluctance to use AAI despite a high/moderate self-rated knowledge (median total score of 23–min. 3, max. 30). Most parents (77%) declared they were carrying AAI but only 20% used it in case of a severe reaction. Most reported Fear/Fear of making mistakes (46 parents) and Concern about possible side effects as barriers (35), while Poor knowledge of the correct AAI use (1) and Lack of knowledge/ incorrect assessment of symptoms (2) were reported less frequently. Theoretical-practical courses for parents on AAI use (65), Psycho-education/Psychological support (3) for better dealing with the emotional aspects of anaphylaxis and Written instructions (1) have been suggested as main facilitators.ConclusionUnderstanding parents' experience and perspective on managing anaphylaxis is crucial to implement effective educational programs. A multidisciplinary approach should be considered.

Where Does Ascribed Privilege Get You in? Structural and Net Effects of Caste and Religious Belonging in India

Socio-economically advantaged upper castes tend to claim that Indian society is ‘post-caste’, suggesting that individuals from historically marginalized castes and religious groups do not face specific social barriers when attempting to move into white-collar positions. Alleged intergenerational mobility and the emergence of a ‘new middle class’ related to the growth of the private sector is widely used to counter affirmative action initiatives in higher education and public-sector recruitment. In this article, I test these claims by examining Brahmin, lower caste Dalit and Muslim patterns of intergenerational class and educational mobility of father–child pairs. I point to the strong role of caste and religion in shaping one’s destination, particularly when accessing top occupational positions in the private sector. These results question the meritocratic and casteless claims of the Indian ‘new middle class’ in post-liberalization India, and they call for more encompassing policies reducing origin-based inequality.

I Am Proud of My Father Ilsoo Joseph; Because He is Very Sympathetic and Simple! (Tcheonzamun 193rd-208th)

The French missionary, Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that there was same book for the children education for the Chinese character education both in ancient China and in ancient Korea, and he expressed it Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay). The author studied the translation of Tcheonzamun poem through the meaning of Chinese character and through Korean pronunciation of Chinese character. And one of the goal of this study is to know the history of ancient Korea. This translation, it is the poem from 193rd to 208th letters of Tcheonzamun (The thousand character essay). Here, the method was taken through the meaning of Chinese character on the translation. 193-196 墨(Mug) 悲(Bi) 絲(Sa) 染(Yeom) “In order to do the thing (絲) well done (染), we might do the sacrifice, for example, the grief or the sorrow (悲). And then, we can obtain the thing (墨) which we want.” This is my attitude as the father of my children in my family. 197-200詩 (Si) 讚(Tchan) 羔(Go) 羊(Yang) Differently, the next is the attitude of my wife Hyeonhi for the children education. And she often said to me as follows. "No, it is so! To do command to children is not good! In order to grow (羊) the children (羔), we might give them praise or speak good of them (讚) as we sing a song (詩).” 201-204 景(Kyeong) 行(Haeng) 維(Yu) 賢(Hyeon). “In order for other people (行) and myself also to keep continuously good and bright and in delight (景), I must have (維).the virtue (賢).” This expressed the method of children education which was recommended by the author of Tcheonzamun. 205-208 克(Keug) 念(Nyeom) 作(Zag) 聖(Seong) This is not attitude of me but of Hyeonhi. And it is the supposition of the author of Tcheonzamun. “It is not so difficult! In order to overcome (克) the false thought (念), you have the simple method (作); Let’s live in good manner for our lives (聖)!”

Factors affecting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children with Down Syndrome.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of overweight and obesity in children with Down syndrome. The study was conducted in a group of children with Down Syndrome under the care of the Genetic Clinic in Gdansk from May 2017 to December 2018. The study included 26 female patients and 22 male patients with Down Syndrome, aged 7 to 18 years. The children were divided into two groups: group 1, with normal body weight and underweight; and group 2, with obesity and overweight. Overweight and obesity were diagnosed in 19% of children with Down Syndrome. The BMI analysis of the parents showed that the fathers of children with obesity and overweight had a higher BMI (P=0.043). In the group of children with overweight and obesity, obesity was more common in siblings (P=0.029), and sucking disorders were less frequent in the infancy period (P=0.015). Children with obesity and overweight were more likely to eat white bread (P=0.039), milk and other dairy products (P=0.04), and eggs (P=0.029) and ate more often between meals (P=0.022). In families of children with Down Syndrome affected by overweight and obesity, nutritional disorders were more frequent in the other members of the family. More frequent unhealthy dietary choices were found in children with Down Syndrome affected by overweight and obesity than in children with a normal body weight and underweight. It is necessary to educate families about the principles of a healthy lifestyle, as it can improve the quality of life of patients with Down syndrome and the whole family.

PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP PENGABAIAN HAK ASUH ANAK AKIBAT PERCERAIAN

A child is a person who is under the age of 18, or who has not yet reached the age of 18, including a child in the womb. In a marriage, the child born from the marriage must get his rights without the child asking. This research aims to find out the protection against the neglect of child custody due to divorce. The type of research used in this writing is normative law. The approach used is the statute approach and the conceptual approach. Based on this research, it shows that from the breakup of a marriage, there are legal consequences that follow, one of which is about the custody of the child born from the marriage. Child custody due to divorce falls into the hands of the mother, because the child is still under 12 years old. If the biological father or mother of the child does not want to take care of him, then the most entitled person to obtain custody of the child is the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological mother). If the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological mother) is not present or dies, then the custody of the children is transferred to the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological father). If the grandmother (mother of the child's biological father) is not present or has passed away, then the custody of the child is transferred to the uncle (brother or younger brother of the child's biological mother). If the uncle (brother or younger sister of the child's biological mother) is not present or has passed away, then the custody of the child is transferred to the uncle (brother or younger sister of the child's biological father).