Fat Patterning Research Articles

Patterns of variation and relationships among fat, protein, and milk yield of individual dairy cattle in a Thai multibreed population.

This study systematically examines the patterns of milk yield (MY, kg), fat (FAT, %), and protein (PROT, %) in a diverse population of Thai multibreed dairy cattle, considering the tropical environment's impact on lactating cows. Using a dataset of 47,205 monthly test-day records from 4,440 first-lactation cows across 446 farms, we analyze variations and interrelationships through mathematical averaging and introduce the fat-to-protein ratio (FPR) to assess acidosis (FPR < 1.1) and ketosis (FPR > 1.5) risks during lactation. Pearson correlation analysis elucidated trait associations. The findings, aligned with established lactation norms, indicate peak production at 297 days in milk (DIM) for FAT (4.08%; SD = 0.96%), PROT (3.43%; SD = 0.47%), and 52 DIM for MY (18.09kg; SD = 4.91kg). Nadirs are observed at 72 DIM for FAT (3.27%; SD = 0.74%), 47 DIM for PROT (2.86%; SD = 0.36%), and 299 DIM for MY (9.05kg; SD = 2.95kg). FPR variations highlight acidosis (46.48%), normal (43.66%), and ketosis (9.86%), especially during early lactation (100 DIM). Significant negative correlations emerge between MY, FAT, and PROT (P < 0.05), while a positive correlation is identified between FAT and PROT (P < 0.01), with robust correlations during early lactation. This study contributes to understanding tailored nutritional strategies for dairy cows' holistic health and sustainability in tropical environments, guiding efficient production practices and mitigating health-related productivity impediments.

Influence of multigenerational and living-alone households on high fat, sugar or sodium (HFSS) food consumption pattern in aging population

ObjectivesTo investigate the correlation between household composition and consumption of different groups of high fat, sugar or sodium (HFSS) among older persons in Thailand. Study DesignThis study used cross-sectional data from the 2021 population-based survey called the Health Behavior of Population Survey. MethodsData from this study were drawn from 39,384 sampled Thai older persons age 60 years or over. A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information about frequency of HFSS food consumption, household composition, and socio-demographic characteristics. Binary logistic regression was performed to investigate correlations between household composition and food consumption. ResultsMore than three in five older Thais lived in a multigenerational home. The probabilities of consuming high-fat food, fast food, and snacks among older persons who lived with working-age person(s) and child(ren)/adolescents were much higher than for those living alone. Older persons who lived alone had the highest probability of consuming instant food, compared with other types of household composition. Participants who lived with child(ren)/adolescents only or with working-age person(s) only (p≤0.01) and child(ren)/adolescents only (p≤0.001) were more likely to consume sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). ConclusionsThe findings point to life course interventions to discourage HFSS consumption across generations. Social interventions and public policy aiming at increasing intergenerational interactions could be beneficial for healthier diets for not only older persons but also across generations.

Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression, macronutrients as response variables, and variation by economic status: NHANES 1999-2018.

Macronutrient intakes vary across people and economic status, leading to a disparity in diet-related metabolic diseases. This study aimed to provide insight into this by: (1) identifying dietary patterns in adults using reduced rank regression (RRR), with macronutrients as response variables, and (2) investigating the associations between economic status and macronutrient based dietary patterns, and between dietary patterns with central obesity (waist circumference) and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]). 41,849 US participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2018 were included. The percentages of energy from protein, carbohydrates, saturated fats, and unsaturated fats were used as response variables in RRR. Multivariable generalized linear models with Gaussian distribution were employed to investigate the associations. Four dietary patterns were identified. Economic status was positively associated with both the high fat, low carbohydrate [βHighVsLow = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.28] and high protein patterns [βHighVsLow = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11], and negatively associated with both the high saturated fat [βHighVsLow = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.03] and the low alcohol patterns [βHighVsLow = -0.08; 95% CI; -0.10, -0.06]. The high saturated fat pattern was positively associated with waist circumference [βQ5VsQ1 = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.44] and CRP [βQ5VsQ1 = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.47]. Macronutrient dietary patterns, which varied by economic status and were associated with metabolic health markers, may explain associations between economic status and health.

AI driven analysis of MRI to measure health and disease progression in FSHD

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) affects roughly 1 in 7500 individuals. While at the population level there is a general pattern of affected muscles, there is substantial heterogeneity in muscle expression across- and within-patients. There can also be substantial variation in the pattern of fat and water signal intensity within a single muscle. While quantifying individual muscles across their full length using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the optimal approach to follow disease progression and evaluate therapeutic response, the ability to automate this process has been limited. The goal of this work was to develop and optimize an artificial intelligence-based image segmentation approach to comprehensively measure muscle volume, fat fraction, fat fraction distribution, and elevated short-tau inversion recovery signal in the musculature of patients with FSHD. Intra-rater, inter-rater, and scan-rescan analyses demonstrated that the developed methods are robust and precise. Representative cases and derived metrics of volume, cross-sectional area, and 3D pixel-maps demonstrate unique intramuscular patterns of disease. Future work focuses on leveraging these AI methods to include upper body output and aggregating individual muscle data across studies to determine best-fit models for characterizing progression and monitoring therapeutic modulation of MRI biomarkers.

Dietary fat and carbohydrate-balancing the lactation performance and methane emissions in the dairy cow industry: A meta-analysis

For the agroecosystems of the dairy cow industry, dietary carbohydrate (starch, neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) and fat could directly affect rumen methane emissions and host energy utilization. However, the relationships among diet, lactation performance, and methane emissions need to be further determined to assist dairy farms to adjust diet formulations and feeding strategies for environmental and production management. A meta-analysis was conducted in the current study to explore quantitative patterns of dietary fat and carbohydrate at different levels in balancing lactation performance and environment sustainability of dairy cows, and to establish a methane emission prediction model using the artificial neural network (ANN) model. The results showed that the regression relationship between dietary fat, carbohydrate and methane emissions could be shown by the following models: methane = 106.78 + (14.86 × DMI), R2 = 0.80; methane = 443.17 – (46.41 × starch/NDF), R2 = 0.76; and methane = 388.91 + (31.40 × fat) – (5.42 × fat2), R2 = 0.80. The regression relationships between dietary fat, carbohydrate and lactation performance could be shown by the following models: milk fat yield = 1.08 + (0.43 × starch/NDF) – [0.34 × (starch/NDF)2], R2 = 0.79; milk protein yield = 0.68 + (0.15 × fat) – (0.016 × fat2), R2 = 0.82. In the structural equation model, we found that when formulating dietary carbohydrates and fats, it was necessary to balance the relationship between methane emissions and lactation performance. Specifically, dietary starch/NDF was lower than 0.63 (extremum point) and dietary fat was between 2.89% and 4.69% (extremum point), it could ensure that the aim of methane emission reduction (methane emissions decrease with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat) was achieved without losing lactation performance of dairy cows (lactation performance increase with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat). Finally, we established the ANN model to predict methane emissions (training set: R2 = 0.62; validation set: R2 = 0.61).

Imaging and characterization of optical emission from ex vivo tissue during conventional and UHDR PBS proton therapy

Objective. Imaging of optical photons emitted from tissue during radiotherapy is a promising technique for real-time visualization of treatment delivery, offering applications in dose verification, treatment monitoring, and retrospective treatment plan comparison. This research aims to explore the feasibility of intensified imaging of tissue luminescence during proton therapy (PT), under both conventional and ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) conditions. Approach. Conventional and UHDR pencil beam scanning (PBS) PT irradiation of fresh ex vivo porcine tissue and tissue-mimicking plastic phantom was imaged using intensified complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) cameras. The optical emission from tissue was characterized during conventional irradiation using both blue and red-sensitive intensifiers to ensure adequate spectral coverage. Spectral characterization was performed using bandpass filters between the lens and sensor. Imaging of conventional proton fields (240 MeV, 10 nA) was performed at 100 Hz frame rate, while UHDR PBS proton delivery (250 MeV, 99 nA) was recorded at 1 kHz frame rate. Dependence of optical emission yield on proton energy was studied using an optical tissue-mimicking plastic phantom and a range shifter. Finally, we demonstrated fast beam tracking capability of fast camera towards in vivo monitoring of FLASH PT. Main results. Under conventional treatment dose rates optical emission was imaged with single spot resolution. Spot profiles were found to agree with the treatment planning system calculation within >90% for all spectral bands and spot intensity was found to vary with spectral filtration. The resultant polychromatic emission presented a maximum intensity at 650 nm and decreasing signal at lower wavelengths, which is consistent with expected attenuation patterns of high fat and muscle tissue. For UHDR beam imaging, optical yield increased with higher proton energy. Imaging at 1 kHz allowed continuous monitoring of delivery during porcine tissue irradiation, with clear identification of individual dwell positions. The number of dwell positions matched the treatment plan in total and per row showing adequate temporal capability of iCMOS imaging. Significance. For the first time, this study characterizes optical emission from tissue during PT and demonstrates our capability of fast optical tracking of pencil proton beam on the tissue anatomy in both conventional and UHDR setting. Similar to the Cherenkov imaging in radiotherapy, this imaging modality could enable a seamless, independent validation of PT treatments.

Maternal determinants of dietary patterns in infancy and early childhood in the Growing up in New Zealand cohort

Given the importance of diet in early life, assessing children’s diet is crucial to guide interventions. Using data from a nationally generalizable New Zealand (NZ) birth cohort we examined children’s dietary patterns at 9- (n = 6259), 24- (n = 6292), and 54-months (n = 6131), and their association with maternal sociodemographic and health behaviours. At each time-point, children's dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis. We then used multivariate linear regression to examine associations between each pattern and maternal variables. At 9-, 24- and 54-months, two dietary patterns were identified, explaining 36.4%, 35.3% and 33.6% of children's intake variability, respectively. Refined high in sugar, salt and fat dietary pattern, at all time-points, was characterized by high positive loadings in white/refined breads and cereals, and items with high sugar, sodium, and fat content. At 24-months, Refined high in sugar, salt and fat also included a high positive loading with protein food groups. Fruit and vegetables dietary pattern, at all time-points, had high positive loadings for fruits and vegetables (with type varying across time-points). Fruit and vegetables also included high loading in whole grain options of breads and cereals at 24-months and the protein food group was part of this dietary pattern at 9- and 54-months. Children’s scores on the Refined high in sugar, salt and fat pattern had strong associations with maternal smoking habits, education level, ethnicity, and maternal scores in the “Junk” and “Traditional/White bread” dietary patterns (constructed from an antenatal interview). Children’s scores on the Fruit and vegetables pattern had strong associations with the maternal scores in the dietary pattern “Health Conscious”. Interventions to improve diet in early life in NZ need to be responsive to ethnicity and suitable for people of all education levels. Interventions that improve maternal health behaviours may also improve children’s diet.

Correlation between computed tomography and histological evaluation of nodal metastasis in dogs with mast cell tumours.

Early diagnosis of nodal metastasis has been shown to impact prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT). The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the correlation between computed tomographic characteristics of lymph nodes and histologic nodal metastasis using the HN classification system, in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT and regional lymph node(s) removal. Dogs that had removal of MCT and regional lymphadenectomy within 31 days of the initial staging computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Subjective lymph node characteristics used included margination, loss of fat at hilus, shape of margin, perinodal fat pattern, increase in number of nodes, and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. Enhancement, heterogeneity, and short-long axis ratio were calculated. Seventy-one lymph nodes from 37 dogs were included. Generalised linear mixed model of assessment of lymph node was performed twice, with binary outcome [non-metastatic (HN0/1) versus metastatic (HN2/3)] and 4-point scales (HN0-HN3). After blind assessment of 7 characteristics described above, a final subjective interpretation of each lymph node as non-metastatic or metastatic was assigned. A significant correlation was found between final interpretation and prediction of metastasis. Higher HN classification was also significantly correlated with the increased number of nodes and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. No correlation was found in short-long axis ratio, calculated heterogeneity, or degree of enhancement. Sensitivity of CT was 35.7%, specificity was 96.6%, and accuracy was 60.5% for nodal metastasis. CT alone cannot be recommended for assessment of metastasis. The use of multiple computed tomographic characteristics may increase accuracy of nodal metastasis detection.

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ZAT GIZI MAKRO DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR DI WILAYAH PESISIR KOTA MATARAM

Nutritional problems can be in the form of macronutrient problems and micronutrient problems. One group that requires attention in consuming food and nutrients is school-aged children. School age children are children aged 6-12 years where they experience the second growth spurt after toddlerhood. School-aged children on the coast are a group that is at high risk of experiencing nutritional status problems. Adequate nutritional intake is very influential for optimal growth, development and children's health. This study aims to determine the relationship between macronutrient intake and the nutritional status of elementary school children in the coastal area of Mataram City. The method used in this research is an analytical survey with a cross sectional design and using a total sampling method. The number of samples used was 140 students in grades IV and V at SDN 18 and 38 Ampenan. Nutritional intake data was obtained through the Recall questionnaire, while nutritional status data was obtained from BMI calculations obtained from measuring height and weight. Research data was processed using the Spearman correlation test with a value of α = 0.05. The test results show the p value = 0.000. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate consumption patterns and nutritional status.

Correlates of adherence to a posteriori derived dietary patterns of an Italian sample of adults

Abstract There is emerging evidence that the Italian population is switching away from the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards unhealthy eating habits. We derived adults’ dietary patterns (DP) using a principal component analysis (PCA) on food groups intake of a representative sample of the Italian population (INRAN-SCAI 2005-2006), and correlated diet adherence scores with sociodemographic characteristics through multivariable linear regressions. After PCA, “High-fat”, “Western”, “Health-conscious”, “Italian, traditional” and “Junk, out of meal” DPs were retained. Female gender (β = 0.5103; p &amp;lt; 0.001) showed an association with higher adherence scores on the Health conscious pattern. Conversely, being female was associated with lower Z-scores on the High fat (β=-0.1849; p = 0.024), Western (β= -0.0711;p= 0.004) and Italian traditional (β=-0.4799;p&amp;lt;0.001) patterns. Age (β per one year increase=-0.0077;p&amp;lt;0.001) was associated with lower adherence scores in the Western and in the Junk, out of meal (β=-0.0078;p&amp;lt;0.001) pattern. Having either a secondary (β=-0.1301;p=0.016) or tertiary (β=-0.2156;p= 0.001) education level were independently associated with lower dietary Z- scores in the Italian traditional” pattern. Finally, there was wide regional variation, coming from different regions predicted adherence to different DPs. A substantial share of our sample showed unhealthy eating habits, which is consistent with the latest Italian dietary trends. Key messages • Future policies to improve diet quality at the national level should promote food literacy interventions targeting the differences between women and man among different age groups. • This work will provide the basis to investigate the environmental impact of higher pattern adherence scores.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risks Linked with Indian Dietary Fat Consumption Patterns

Background: The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in India is lower than in America and Europe at 0.61 to 1.9%. Studies have shown that dietary patterns and consumption of certain food groups can influence the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in a given population. Aim: This study's goal was to evaluate the impact of dietary fat and food consumption patterns in Indians with ARMD and compare it to age-matched healthy individuals. Methodology: 90 patients from a Mumbai ophthalmology outpatient clinic who were above 50 years were recruited to participate in the research. The participants were divided into groups of those with and without ARMD based on the fundus assessment. For each of the meals, a food frequency questionnaire was utilized to record the common foods that all of the individuals ate. They were asked to remember the foods they had just ingested. Based on consumption patterns, some were grouped as vegetarians who had only plant-based foods and others as non-vegetarians who consumed meat, fish and eggs. Using a conversion table created for Indian meals, the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids was quantified. The information was then analyzed between those with and without ARMD. Results: 45/90 people were in the control group, and among the 45 cases. The amount of MUFA consumed was 44.29+26.00 and 40.53+17.18 and PUFA consumed was 35.57+26.34 and 43.61+ 27.27 by the cases and controls discretely. With regard to dietary fats, there was no statistically significant difference between them p=0.05. Further, the food types consumption was analysed and it showed that 13% of the cases were vegetarians whereas 47% of the controls were vegetarians. 12% of the servings consumed in the cases had meat whereas only 3% of the servings contained meat among the controls. The control group consumed 1.7% servings of fish whereas the cases consumed 0.59%. Conclusion: The present study results show that Indians consume foods rich in PUFA which could lower the risk of ARMD. The results further indicate that subjects who consumed more vegetarian foods and were lower on meat were at a reduced risk to develop ARMD.

Dietary patterns of Indian school-aged children and associations with markers of chronic disease risk.

There is an increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in India which may be related to changing dietary patterns. We aimed to assess dietary patterns in children since they have time to change unhealthy patterns before NCDs develop. Participants were 665 children, 9-12 years old, born with low birth weight and 77 similarly aged normal birth weight controls. We collected data on sociodemography, anthropometry, body composition, and markers of risk for NCDs: grip strength, long jump, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data from which dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis (PCA). Fourteen food groups were included in the PCA analysis, resulting in three components: 'fruits and vegetables', 'protein', and 'sugar and fat'. Higher socioeconomic status and maternal education were associated with lower adherence to the fruit and vegetable pattern and higher adherence to the protein and sugar and fat patterns. Adherence to the fruits and vegetables pattern was associated with lower height-for-age, whereas the fat and sugar pattern was associated with higher indicators of body fat. In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, religion, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and season of data collection, adherence to the 'fruits and vegetables' pattern was associated with lower grip strength, shorter long jump, and lower HbA1c. Adherence to the other patterns was not associated with NCD risk factors. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, achievable even by poorer families in the cohort, may lower HbA1c, a risk factor for diabetes.

Greater adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is associated with lower diet-related greenhouse gas emissions but higher costs.

Few studies have evaluated the sustainability of popular diet patterns in the US, which limits policy action and impedes consumer efficacy to make sustainable dietary changes. This study filled this gap by evaluating the relationship between diet quality, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), and diet cost for plant-based, restricted carbohydrate, low grain, low fat, and time restricted diet patterns. Dietary data were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018, n = 8,146) and linked with data on GHGE and food prices from publicly available databases. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015. The present study (1) compared the mean diet quality, GHGE, and diet cost between diet patterns, (2) evaluated the association of diet quality to GHGE and diet cost for each diet pattern, and (3) estimated the contribution of food sources to GHGE and diet cost for each diet pattern. Higher diet quality was associated with lower GHGE for the general population and for most diet patterns (p < 0.01) except for the plant-based and time restricted diet patterns (p > 0.05). Higher diet quality was associated with higher cost for the general population and for all dietary patterns (p < 0.01) except the time restricted diet pattern (p > 0.05). Protein foods, mostly beef, accounted for the largest share of GHGE (29-40%) and diet cost (28-47%) for all diet patterns except plant-based. Higher diet quality was associated with lower GHGE but was often accompanied by higher diet cost. These sustainability trade-offs can help inform major policy discussions in the US and shed light on further research needs in the area of food systems transformation.

Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles uncovered the age-induced dynamic development pattern of subcutaneous fat in Ningxiang pig

Enhancing meat production and quality is the eternal theme for pig breeding industries. Fat deposition has always been the focus of research in practical production because it is closely linked to pig production efficiency and pork quality. In the current study, multi-omics techniques were performed to explore the modulatory mechanisms of backfat (BF) accumulation at three core developmental stages for Ningxiang pigs. Our results identified that 15 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 9 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) contributed to the BF development via the cAMP signaling pathway, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Herein, we found a series of candidate genes such as adrenoceptor beta 1 (ADRB1), adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1 (ATP1B1), ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 3 (ATP2B3), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2), perilipin 1 (PLIN1), patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) and metabolites like epinephrine, cAMP, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid existed age-specificeffects and played important roles in lipolysis, fat accumulation, and fatty acid composition. Our findings provide a reference for molecular mechanisms in BF tissue development and the optimization of carcass quality.

Investigation of the Seasonal Variation in Fat Patterning of Ellisras Rural Children and Adolescents, in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.

An increase in childhood obesity has become a global concern since childhood obesity often leads to adulthood obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether there is seasonal variation in fat patterning, and whether fat patterning is associated with seasons among the Ellisras population aged 5-15 years. A total of 1986 children and adolescents (1034 boys and 952 girls) aged 5-15 enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Skinfold measurements were obtained using standard procedures. Obesity prevalence was determined using frequency analysis. The correlation between obesity and two seasons was tested using multinomial regression analysis. The results showed that girls aged 11-15 years had significantly (p ≤ 0.03) larger median fat variables (triceps, biceps, and suprailiac) in spring compared to autumn. The prevalence of obesity ranged from 3-11% with boys being more obese (4-11%) than girls (3-7%) aged 5-15. Regression analysis showed a negative significant (p ≤ 0.001) correlation between autumn and obesity by the subscapular/(subscapular+triceps) (SST) ratio, both unadjusted -2.991 (95%CI -3.233:-2.803) and adjusted -2.897 (95% CI -4.331:-1.629). The findings of the study showed that there was seasonal variation in fat patterning among boys and girls in the Ellisras population and that fat patterning is associated with seasons.

Factors associated with the CVD risk factors and body fat pattern of postmenopausal Hindu caste and Lodha tribal populations living in India: An exploratory study

BackgroundLoss in ovarian function during mid-life results in adverse changes in the cardiovascular profile of women. The association between CVD risk factors and menopause differ cross-culturally since several modifiable factors play significant roles in explaining CVD mortality in addition to differences in endogenous estrogen. Very few of the studies from the Indian subcontinent have been concerned with the menopause-specific CVD risk factors, particularly among the tribal groups. Thus, we intended to study the variations in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors between Hindu caste and Lodha tribal postmenopausal women and how these risk factors were associated with differential socio-economic, reproductive and menstrual characteristics and lifestyle variables. The Lodha tribal populations is considered a Particularly Vulnerable Group (PVTG) in this country.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among the Bengali Hindu caste and Lodha tribal populations of the State of West Bengal, India covering three districts namely Howrah, Jhargram and East Midnapure. A total of 197 postmenopausal participants were recruited for this study (urban caste 69, rural caste 65 and rural Lodha 63). Data on blood glucose and total cholesterol levels, blood pressure, muscle mass, body fat distribution and sociodemographic, reproductive and menstrual history and lifestyle variables were collected following standard protocols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare blood glucose, total cholesterol and blood pressure levels and body fat measures across the three populations. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find out the factors associated with CVD risk factors. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0(IBM corporation, 2011).ResultsThis cross-sectional comparison of women at midlife, though exploratory in nature showed significant differences in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors between caste and tribal groups owing to socioeconomic disparities and, differences in reproductive characteristics and lifestyle factors.ConclusionThe caste and tribal populations differed significantly in body fat pattern and CVD risk factors and in the factors associated with CVD risk suggesting interplay between menopause and modifiable factors in explaining CVD risk factors during mid-life.

Correlation of Family History, Patterns Of Nutrition Consumption (Fat and Sodium) and Physical Activity With The Incidence of Hypertension

Abstract: Hypertension is a common blood vessel disease suffered by the community, characterized by an increase in systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. Objective: This study aimed to found out the correlation between family history, consumption patterns of dietary fat and sodium and physical activity with the incidence of hypertension in the work area of ??the Lolo Health Center, Paser Regency. Methods: This research is an analytic observational with a cross sectional design. The population is the entire population aged 35-59 years. Samples were taken as many as 48 people with accidental sampling technique. Data collection was collected through interviews with questionnaires. Results: based on the results of the study showed that there was a relationship between family history (p=0.018), dietary fat consumption patterns (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.003) with the incidence of hypertension, and there was no relationship between consumption patterns of sodium with the incidence of hypertension (p=0.099). Conclusion: respondents are expected to check their blood pressure regularly, limit the consumption of foods that contain high fat and sodium by replacing increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and routinely doing physical activities.

Body fat patterning in lean Asian Indians with diabetes: Case-control study

AimTo perform body fat patterning in Asian-Indian individuals with T2D. MethodsA total of 53 patients with recent-onset diabetes and 106 non-diabetic controls were included from screened 261 individuals. Data was divided into 2 groups; overweight/obese [(BMI ≥23 kg/m2); 45 diabetic, 84 non-diabetic] and lean [(BMI <23 kg/m2); 8 diabetic, 22 non-diabetic]. Anthropometry (weight, height, BMI, waist, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio) and lipids, adiponectin and hsCRP were measured. Body composition (BC) was assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). We analyzed the association of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with anthropometric measures to identify predictors of diabetes. ResultsTotal body fat percentage was comparable between patients with T2D and non-diabetic controls in both, obese [35.0 ± 9.1% vs 36.8 ± 8.4%, p = 0.29 (BIA), 40.1 ± 6.7 vs 46.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.052 (DEXA) and lean [25.1 ± 5.6% vs 26.0 ± 6.7%, p = 0.74 (BIA), 35.3 ± 4.8% vs 34.1 ± 6.3%, p = 0.72 (DEXA) study group. Individuals of T2D (obese or lean) had significantly higher visceral fat rating (BIA), VAT area, volume, mass and VAT corrected for total body fat percentage (DEXA). Obese T2D had lower muscle mass (57.0 ± 6.4% vs 60.0 ± 5.5%, p = 0.03) than obese controls. Intra-abdominal visceral fat (IAVF) [(VFR, VAT (mass/area/volume) and VAT mass corrected for body fat)] had the best sensitivity (71%) for incident diabetes. ConclusionHigher Intra-abdominal visceral fat and not total body fat is associated with incident diabetes independent of BMI. IAVF estimation by either BIA or DEXA should be performed to predict diabetes especially in lean individuals.

Most Plant-Based Milk Alternatives in the USDA Branded Food Products Database Do Not Meet Proposed Nutrient Standards or Score Well on Nutrient Density Metrics.

Plant-based milk alternatives and plant-based waters are of variable nutritional value. The present objective was to assess nutrient density of all plant-based beverages in the US Department of Agriculture Branded Food Products Database and determine whether plant-based milk alternatives met the proposed nutrient standards. Plant-based milk alternatives (n = 1042) were identified as almond, soy, coconut, cashew, other tree nut, flax/hemp, pea, and oat, quinoa, and rice products. Plant-based waters (n = 550) were coconut, aloe, tree, fruit, and plain. Machine searches of ingredient lists identified products with added sugars, salt, vitamins, and minerals. Plant-based milk alternatives were tested for compliance with previously developed nutrient standards. The Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF5.3), two versions of Nutri-Score, and Choices International were the nutrient density metrics. Plant-based milk alternatives had mean energy density of 49 kcal/100 g, were low in protein (~1.1 g/100 g), often contained added sugars and salt, and tended to be fortified with calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Only 117 milk alternatives (11.2%) met nutrient standards and only 80 (7.7%) met the more stringent “best of class” standards for ≥2.8 g/100 g protein and <3.1 g/100 g added sugars. The latter were mostly soy milks. Nutri-Score grades varied depending on whether the beverages were treated as beverages or as solid foods, as is currently required. The highest NRF5.3 scores were given to soy, almond, and tree nut milk alternatives. Plant-based waters had low energy density (~23 kcal/100 g), contained added sugars (4.6 g/100 g), and some had added vitamin C. Applying nutrient standards to plant-based milk alternatives can aid new product development, promote more transparent labeling, and inform potential regulatory actions. Guidance on minimum protein content, maximum recommended amounts of fat, added sugars, and sodium, and consistent fortification patterns would be of value to regulatory agencies and to the food industry.

Investigating a role of orexin and ‘cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript’ in the nucleus accumbens shell in binge eating of male rats and the relationship with impulsivity

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder in the adult population. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrollable overconsumption of palatable food (PF). BED is connected to several comorbidities such as obesity, major depression, and substance use disorder, and was linked to heightened levels of impulsivity. The neurobiological basis of BED is however still vaguely known. Binge eating (BE) occurs without homeostatic needs, and therefore, relates to hedonic consumption of PF. A major brain structure in the control of hedonic feeding, and part of the network regulating impulsive action, is the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh). The present study in rats assessed the influence of trait impulsivity on the development of BE-like feeding and the role of the orexigenic neuropeptide orexin (OX) and the anorexigenic neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) within the NAcSh in a BE-model. The rats were initially ranked for their trait impulsivity based on a screening in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. They were subsequently introduced into a limited access-model to establish BE-like feeding with pure vegetable fat to examine a correlation between trait impulsivity and the development of BE-like feeding. The effect of bilateral infusions of the OX 1-receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867 (SB) and CART-antibodies (CART-ABs) into the NAcSh was examined in relation to trait impulsivity. Further, accumbal OX1R density was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in rats with normal and BE-like feeding behavior. We found that all animals developed stable BE-like PF intake, independent of trait impulsivity and without differences in the dynamics. The blockade of accumbal OX1Rs effectively reduced PF intake only in the control group that had daily access to PF, with impulsivity trait as a decisive factor, pointing towards alterations in orexinergic transmission in the NAcSh of rats bingeing on pure fat. This was corroborated by a lower density of OX1Rs in the NAcSh of rats with BE-like feeding behavior, precisely, in low-impulsive bingeing rats. Regardless of impulsivity trait, antagonizing CART in the NAcSh did not affect PF intake of control or bingeing animals. This suggests that endogenous accumbal CART does not influence consummatory behavior in ad libitum-fed rats with access to fat, under both normal and BE-like feeding patterns.