Measures Of Fat Mass Research Articles

Body mass index is not suitable for assessing body composition in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Purpose To measure body composition by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and body mass index (BMI) and to investigate the correlation and agreement between BMI and fat mass percentage in children with spastic Cerebral Palsy. Materials and methods BIA was used to assess fat mass percentage and BMI was determined from body weight and height. BMI and fat mass percentage were both categorized into five categories. The association between fat mass percentage and BMI was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Agreement between BMI and fat mass percentage was investigated with weighted Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Results One hundred and three children with CP across all Gross Motor Function Classification Levels (61% boys, mean age 9 years) were included. Mean BMI was 18.3 kg/m2 and mean fat mass was 24.9%. A large inter-subject variability was found with a weak correlation between BMI and fat mass percentage in children with a BMI < 20 kg/m2. Little agreement (k = 0.299, CI 0.16–0.44) between the categorization of children based on BMI and based on fat mass percentage was found. Interpretation The large inter-subject variability in fat mass percentage combined with little agreement between the BMI and BIA categories suggests that BMI is not a suitable measure of fat mass in children with CP. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Using body mass index (BMI) and instead of fat mass percentage increases the risk of misclassifying body composition in children with spastic Cerebral Palsy. Children with a BMI < 20 kg/m2 are more at risk to be misclassified for body composition.

A Systematic Review of the Prognostic Significance of the Body Mass Index in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers might enhance individualized management strategies in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although several patient characteristics are currently used to predict outcomes, the prognostic significance of the body mass index (BMI), a surrogate measure of excess fat mass, has not been specifically investigated until recently. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to July 2022, for studies investigating associations between the BMI and clinical endpoints in IPF. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. The PRISMA 2020 statement on the reporting of systematic reviews was followed. Thirty-six studies were identified (9958 IPF patients, low risk of bias in 20), of which 26 were published over the last five years. Significant associations between lower BMI values and adverse outcomes were reported in 10 out of 21 studies on mortality, four out of six studies on disease progression or hospitalization, and two out of three studies on nintedanib tolerability. In contrast, 10 out of 11 studies did not report any significant association between the BMI and disease exacerbation. Our systematic review suggests that the BMI might be useful to predict mortality, disease progression, hospitalization, and treatment-related toxicity in IPF (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022353363).

Association between Body Composition and Chronic Low Back Pain in Korean Adults Aged over 50 Years: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010–2011

Background: The relationship between overweight or obesity and low back pain (LBP) has previously been investigated. Several recent studies have focused on the relationship between other indicators of obesity, particularly indicators of fat, and the risk of LBP. However, the results of body composition and LBP have been inconsistent. Methods: All data for the present retrospective, cross-sectional study were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) versions V-1 and 2 conducted in 2010 and 2011 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In KNHANES V-1 (2010) and V-2 (2011), those over 50 years of age who completed the surveys on LBP, body weight, and body composition assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were included. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the presence of chronic LBP and body composition adjusting for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,579 persons who completed the question. In the multivariable analyses adjusting for age and sex, none of the variables, including fat mass and fat-free mass, remained positively or negatively associated with LBP. Additionally, when depression, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and fat or lean tissue mass were included in the multivariable logistic model, no significant associations were found between all measures of fat mass, fat-free mass, and LBP. Conclusion: The results of this study are contrary to previous studies which concluded that there is a correlation between obesity and fat mass and LBP. Our study shows that LBP is not associated with increased levels of obesity and fat mass.

Association between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and renal function in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study.

Central obesity as measured by waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) has been reported to be associated with renal hemodynamics and function. However, the adipose component of WHR, which is a composite measure of fat mass and fat-free mass, is small, particularly in nonobese subjects. Trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio as measured using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) is a more precise method for evaluating central fat distribution than WHR. The present study investigated the cross-sectional association between DXA-measured trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in community-dwelling elderly Japanese men. Participants were 575 men aged ≥65 years at the time of the baseline survey of the second Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) cohort study. Trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) was calculated as trunk fat divided by appendicular fat (sum of arm and leg fat), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) as trunk fat divided by leg fat. eGFR values significantly decreased from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR. After adjusting for potential confounding factors including whole-body fat, the highest quintile of both TAR and TLR showed statistically significant odds ratios for the risk of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, relative to the lowest quintile. In addition, a significant decreasing trend was observed for eGFR values from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR after adjusting for confounding factors including whole-body fat. Elderly men with a large trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio tended to have a lower eGFR. This association occurred independently of that between whole-body fat and eGFR.

Ajánlás a gyermekek tápláltsági állapotának otthoni becsléséhez – Az MTA-ELTE Egészégtudatos Gyermekekért Kutatócsoport által kidolgozott új módszer bemutatása

Regular monitoring of children’s nutritional status is essential to prevent micronutrient deficiencies, nutritional status abnormalities as stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Nutritional status assessment is usually performed by paediatricians by using anthropometry (body mass index, weight to height indices) and/or by body fat-mass measurement (bioimpedance analysis, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, computer tomography, etc.). Parents are also interested in but usually fail to accurately evaluate their child’s nutritional status. The main purpose of the study was to help the sufficient collaboration between the physicians and parents by developing a new nutritional status monitoring method for families. The new model – developed by the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University – requires age, sex, body mass, height, waist circumference and hand circumference as predictor (input) variables of nutritional status, while the centile values of the measured body dimensions, body fat percentage and the centile of body fat percentage, as well as the nutritional status category (undernutrition, normal nutritional status, overfat/obese) can be predicted (outcome variables) by the new method. The predictive accuracy of the model for nutritional status category was 94.9% in boys and 98.7% in girls. The new model was developed for nutritional status assessment in school-aged children and will be incorporated in the healthy lifestyle module of ‘Teenage Survival Guide’ educational package to be developed by the Health Promotion and Education Research Team.

Evaluation of anthropometric methods for fat mass measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. The obesity is a global problem, which is set to increase over time. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and diet appear to play roles in its pathophysiology (e.g., role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome). However, the effects of obesity on the respiratory system are often underappreciated. The objective of this study was to compare three anthropometric methods to evaluate of fat mass in COPD patients. Three anthropometric methods of evaluation fat mass in a group of 60 patients with COPD were compared. To the measurement of fat mass were used: (1) Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry method (DEXA), specifically by DEXA densitometer QDR Discovery Wi (S/N 80227) with additional software (Body Composition Analysis); (2) four-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (Bodystat Ltd, British Isles); (3) skin folds measurement (SFM) with caliper (Harpenden Lange Skinfold Caliper, Cambridge Scientific Industries, Inc. Cambridge, Maryland). The measured values were statistically processed and evaluated in a statistical program Statistica Cz. version 7.1 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Differences among anthropometric methods of measurement fat mass were tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEXA method, generally accepted for assessing body composition, showed an average value of 22.48 ±11.32 kg of fat mass, which corresponds in percentage terms to the value of 29.62±9.28. BIA method for the parameter fat mass in the monitored group of COPD patients was found the mean value 25.08±10.14 kg (in percentages 30.85±8.15). An average value 28.50±8.08% of fat mass, was determined from the skinfolds measurements (SFM) and subsequent calculations. When comparing these methods (DEXA, BIA and SFM) used to determine body composition, a statistically insignificant difference was found (P >0.05). In this study a good correlation between three anthropometric methods (DEXA, BIA, SFM) for measuringfat mass in patients with COPD and statistically insignificant differences between them were observed. To better definechanges in the nutritional status of patients with COPD using anthropometric methods over time, further studies areneeded that also monitor the consequences of clinical status, rehabilitation, and nutritional treatment.

Gait velocity and stability are correlated to muscle and bone mass loss in people with Parkinson’s disease: a preliminary study

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) exacerbates muscle and bone mass loss, which is associated with several negative outcomes such as falls and disability. Thus, muscle and bone mass loss may be one mechanism for the mediator role between gait impairments and PD. Aim: To verify the relationship between the spatial-temporal gait parameters and the body composition of the lower limbs in people with PD. Method: Thirteen people with PD were evaluated on two different days: i) clinical and gait evaluation; ii) body composition evaluation. The step length, width, duration and speed, the percentage in double support, and gait velocity during walking at self-selected velocity. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technique was used to measure fat mass, lean mass, bone mass, and the total mass, for whole body, and separately for each limb. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were applied between the spatial-temporal gait parameters and the variables of body composition of lower limbs. Results: Reduced lean and bone mass of both legs were related to faster gait velocity (r=0.6, p&lt;0.03 and r=0.7, p&lt;0.01, respectively) and step speed (r=0.5, p&lt;0.05 and r=0.65, p&lt;0.02, respectively). Also, narrower step width was related to the higher bone mass of both legs (r=0.6, p&lt;0.03). However, muscle and bone mass did not correlate with step length and duration, and percentage of double support. Interpretation:Our findings suggest that the muscle and bone mass of the lower limbs are important body characteristics for gait impairments in people with PD and should be monitored over the disease.

Effect of green cardamom on the expression of genes implicated in obesity and diabetes among obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double blind randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease in which related to obesity, metabolic disorders and is considered as one of the main causes of infertility in women. This trial was investigated the effects of green cardamom on the expression of genes implicated in obesity and diabetes among obese women with PCOS.MethodsOne hundred ninety-four PCOS women were randomly divided two groups: intervention (n = 99; 3 g/day green cardamom) and control groups (n = 95). All of them were given low calorie diet. Anthropometric, glycemic and androgen hormones were assessed before and after 16-week intervention. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to measure fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), peroxisome proliferative activating receptor- (PPAR-), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACAB), leptin receptor (LEPR), ghrelin, and lamin A/C (LAMIN) genes expression in each group.ResultsAnthropometric indices were significantly decreased after intervention in both two studied groups. Glycemic indices and androgen hormones were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control group. The expression levels of FTO, CPT1A, LEPR, and LAMIN were significantly downregulated compared to control group (P < 0.001), as well as, PPAR-y was significantly upregulated in the intervention group after intervention with green cardamom compared to control group (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis current study showed that the administration of green cardamom is a beneficial approach for improving anthropometric, glycemic, and androgen hormones, as well as obesity and diabetes genes expression in PCOS women under the low-calorie diet.Trial registrationThis trial was registered with the Iranian Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: IRCT20200608047697N1). 1 August, 2020; https://www.irct.ir/trial/48748

Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis in centenarians: a systematic review

BackgroundCentenarians often represent one of the best examples of aging successfully. However, the role of body composition or hydration status assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is poorly explored in this population. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to better understand the use and the role of BIA for evaluating body composition and hydration status in centenarians.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature up to the 1st of May, 2022 for published articles providing data on BIA to evaluate body composition parameters or hydration status in centenarians. Data were summarized descriptively because a meta-analysis was not possible due to the scarcity of available studies.ResultsAmong 2222 articles screened, four were eligible including 291 centenarians (mean age: 100.5 years) who were mainly women (88%). In one study, BIA overestimated fat-free mass and underestimated fat mass when compared to deuterium oxide dilution. Another study carried out in Italy including 14 centenarians found a significant correlation between BIA and fat-free mass evaluated using anthropometric tools. In one study, BIA showed a significant agreement with anthropometric measures of fat mass. In the same sample, sarcopenia and dehydration, evaluated with BIA, had a high prevalence.ConclusionBIA may be used for assessing body composition in centenarians, but research is limited to a few studies suggesting the need of future research in this area.

Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and childhood adiposity at 7 years of age

BackgroundAn increasing number of studies have reported that prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may increase childhood adiposity. However, limited data is available in China, and the overall effects of PFAS mixture remain unclear. ObjectiveTo examine the association of prenatal exposure to individual PFAS and their mixture with childhood adiposity at 7 years of age. MethodsA total of 206 mother-infant pairs were recruited from the Laizhou Wan (Bay) Birth Cohort in China between 2010 and 2013. Ten PFAS were measured in maternal serum. The measurements of fat mass, body fat percentage, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and overweight/obesity were used to assess adiposity in children aged 7. We fitted logistic regression, linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models to estimate the association of prenatal exposure to individual PFAS and their mixture with childhood adiposity. ResultsWe found negative associations of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) exposure with adiposity measurements in all children. The result from the WQS model consistently revealed that the PFAS mixture was inversely related to adiposity measurements. Each quartile increase of the PFAS mixture was associated with a 1.14 kg decrease (95% CI: −2.27, −0.02) in fat mass and a 2.32% decrease (95% CI: −4.51, −0.14) in body fat. Moreover, significant sex differences were found. PFAS mixture was negatively associated with five adiposity measurements in boys, but positively associated with all adiposity measurements except body fat percentage in girls. PFOSA, PFHpA and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) with weights >0.300 were the main contributors to the overall effects observed among all children, boys and girls, respectively. ConclusionThis study suggests potential sex-specific associations of prenatal exposure to individual PFAS and their mixture with childhood adiposity, with the observed relationship being negative for boys but positive for girls.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon excretion and regional body fat distribution: evidence from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2016

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that may contribute to the etiology of obesity. However, it is unclear whether PAHs from environmental sources are associated with regional body fat distribution, and whether the association varies across racial/ethnic groups who may have differential PAH exposure patterns.ObjectivesTo examine correlations between PAHs and body fat distribution, and potential racial/ethnic differences among U.S. adults.MethodsTen PAHs were measured in spot urine samples from 2691 non-smoking adults (age ≥ 20 years) in the NHANES 2001–2016. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat mass percent (FM%). Partial Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with multivariable adjustment were used to assess PAH-FM% associations.ResultsIn the total population, 1-naphthalene, 3-fluorene, and 1-pyrene were inversely correlated with total FM% or trunk FM% (adjusted r ranged: − 0.06 to − 0.08), while 2-naphthalene, 9-fluorene, and 4-phenanthrene were positively correlated with the FM% measurements (r: 0.07–0.11). PAH levels are highest among non-Hispanic Blacks, followed by Hispanics and Whites and some of the correlations were different by these races/ethnicities. Among non-Hispanic Whites, no PAH was correlated with FM%. In contrast, 9-fluorene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.20) and trunk FM% (r = 0.22) among Blacks, and 4-phenanthrene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.23) and trunk FM% (r = 0.24) among Hispanics (P-interaction: 0.010–0.025).DiscussionIn this US adult population, certain PAHs are significantly associated with higher body fat contents among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics but not non-Hispanic Whites, suggesting that minority groups might be particularly susceptible to PAH’s obesogenic effects or the effects of other factors that determine the PAH exposure levels. Alternatively, differences in body composition may contribute to differential PAH metabolism in minority groups. Future studies are warranted to explore the racial/ethnic disparity in PAH exposures, drivers of these exposure differences, and mechanisms through which PAHs may influence body composition by races/ethnicities.

Relationship of anthropometric measurements and percent body fat mass to cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with cerebral palsy.

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) face high morbidity from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of concern, classic screening parameters are inconsistent in identifying CVD risk in this population. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), which provides direct measurements of fat mass (FM), may be an alternative screening method. To evaluate whether FM measurement with DEXA is feasible in screening adults with CP and compare FM and anthropometric measures to CVD risk factors. Cross-sectional study. Outpatient rehabilitation hospital. Forty-seven adults with CP. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Blood pressure (BP), FM by DEXA, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid measurements were obtained. Logistic regression models investigated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between anthropometric measurements/FM and CVD risk factors; correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Elevated BP or hypertension diagnosis was present in 47.8%; HbA1c ≥5.7% in 22.2%; and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level below optimal for 33.3%. DEXA FM was obtained in 29 of 47 participants, as surgical metal and positioning limited many studies. Excess FM was noted in 75.9% versus 41.3% overweight/obese by BMI. WC correlated with HbA1c (r= 0.46, p= .002), HDL (r= -0.36, p= .018), and triglyceride (TG) levels (r= 0.30, p= .045); however at-risk WC values were associated only with odds of elevated HbA1c (OR 8.53, 95% CI 1.46-50.05; p= .018). HC correlated with HbA1c levels (r= 0.38, p= .011) and systolic BPs (r= 0.35, p= .019); similarly, ORs for elevated HC were weakly associated with elevated HbA1c and BPs (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16; p= .024 and OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14; p= .024, respectively). WHR correlated with TGs; however few TG levels were elevated. FM measures were not associated with at-risk lab values or BPs. DEXA FM measurements may not be feasible for CVD screening in many adults with CP. Although CVD risk factors are frequently present, anthropometric measurements commonly used for general population screening may not translate well to adults with CP.

The interaction of macronutrients and body composition among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.

Changes in body composition and dietary intake occur following spinal cord injury (SCI). The Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GFN) is a tool that allows the examination of the complex relationships between multiple nutrition factors and health parameters within a single model. This study aimed to utilize the GFN to examine the associations between self-reported macronutrient intakes and body composition in persons with chronic SCI. Forty-eight individuals with chronic SCI were recruited. Participants completed and returned 3- or 5-day self-reported dietary recall sheets. Dietary intake of macronutrients (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates) were analysed. Anthropometric measures (circumferences), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to assess whlole-body composition. Associations between all circumference measures and carbohydrates were observed. Among MRI measures, only significant associations between subcutaneous adipose tissue and protein x carbohydrate as well as carbohydrates alone were identified. Carbohydrates were negatively associated with several measures of fat mass as measured by DXA. Overall, carbohydrates appear to play an important role in body composition among individuals with SCI. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with lower fat mass. Additional research is needed to determine how carbohydrate intake influences body composition and cardiometabolic health after SCI.

Evaluation of different tools for body composition assessment in colorectal cancer - a systematic review.

The nutritional status of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) impacts on treatment response and morbidity. An effective evaluation of the body composition includes the measurements of fat and visceral fat-free mass and is currently being used in the diagnosis of the nutritional status. The better understanding regarding nutritional tools for body composition evaluation in CRC patients may impact on the outcome. Systematic review conducted according to Preferred Items of Reports for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed using the BVS (LILACS), PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. For the initial search, 97 studies were selected and 51 duplicate manuscripts were excluded. Thus, 46 were reviewed and seven studies included with a total of 4,549 patients. Among them were one clinical trial, one prospective study (cohort), two retrospective cohort and two cross-sectional studies. All studies included body composition evaluated by computed tomography, one with bioelectrical impedance, one with handgrip strength, and two employed mid-arm muscle circumference and body mass index. Current evidence suggests that computed tomography has better accuracy in the diagnosis of sarcopenia, visceral fat, and myopenia among individuals with CRC. Further studies are needed to identify cutoff points for these changes aggravated by CRC.

Wearable ring bioelectrical impedance analyzer for estimation and monitoring of body fat

The World Health Organization has declared obesity as one of the fastest growing global epidemics. People suffering from obesity are at an increased risk of serious health conditions including stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other chronic diseases caused by excess fat in the body. To study and control this obesity epidemic, precise measurement of the body fat mass is necessary. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a common yet effective method for body composition, especially fat mass, measurement in which the electrical impedance of a human body is measured. Here we report a novel wireless BIA device, in the form of a wearable ring, for estimating the body fat as well as a smartphone application for users to manage and track their health data. The wearable analyzer was compared with an off-the-shelf body fat monitor in terms of performance for 40 healthy volunteers. In addition, the small, dry electrodes used in the ring analyzer are compared with traditional gel-based electrodes. Although the dry electrodes impose a larger skin-electrode contact impedance (5.18 ± 0.655 kΩ) than gel-based electrodes (933.37 ± 40.06 Ω), the designed system provides critical compensation for the higher electrode impedance and the parasitic effects for the dry electrodes. With the compensation implemented, these two types of electrodes are highly correlated with correlation coefficients r = 0.96 for resistance and r = 0.93 for reactance. Body fat estimation equations proposed by four different groups are analyzed and compared using the results from the wearable ring device. Our ring analyzer and the reference monitor demonstrate a linear regression with a strong correlation (r = 0.90) for estimating fat mass. Furthermore, the Bland-Altman plot shows that only 2 out of 40 subjects lie outside the 95% limit of agreement. All these findings show that the ring BIA system is highly portable, easy to use, and with comparable performance to large reference analyzers.

Patterns of body composition and alteration after treatment in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

To define the pattern of body composition and alteration after treatment of patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) using DXA. DXA was used to obtain regional and whole-body measurements of fat mass and lean tissue mass (LTM) in 50 patients with newly diagnosed IIM and matched controls. The DXA indices of fat mass and LTM were calculated. The analyses included correlations between DXA indices and clinical parameters [manual muscle test (MMT), Myositis Damage Index (MDI), Myositis Intention-to-Treat Activities Index (MITAX), handgrip, percentage forced vital capacity (%FVC) and creatine kinase level], comparison between patients with IIM and controls, comparison between IIM subgroups, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and comparison of body composition before and after treatment. DXA LTM measurements were significantly correlated with MMT, MDI-muscle, handgrip strength, and %FVC. Patients with IIM had decreased LTM of the upper limbs and appendicular region. Male patients with IIM had significantly decreased LTM in the upper and lower limbs, whereas female patients with IIM had significantly decreased LTM in the upper limbs. Patients with IIM with anti-SRP seropositivity had lower LTM than patients with anti-SRP seronegativity. In ROC analysis, the DXA LTM indices presented good diagnostic values for distinguishing patients with newly diagnosed IIM from healthy controls. After treatment, the LTM of the upper limbs and appendicular region significantly increased. DXA is an attractive method for the evaluation of patients with newly diagnosed IIM as well as a new way of monitoring disease conditions.

Optimal cut-off points of fat mass index and visceral adiposity index associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BackgroundIndices, based on anthropometrics with or without non‐anthropometric components, are predictive of cardio‐metabolic outcomes. Fat mass index (FMI) is similar to BMI except measured fat mass replaces body weight. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) combines anthropometric measures with lipid measurements TG/HDL. The relationship of these indices to incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has not been established. Therefore, we have evaluated the predictive power and optimal cut‐off points of FMI, and VAI with T2DM in a cross‐sectional population study.MethodsThese population‐based cross‐sectional study comprised 8411 adults aged 35–65 years using data from the Ravansar Non‐Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort. VAI and FMI were defined as previously published. Optimal cut‐off points for association with incident T2DM were determined from receiver‐operating curves (ROC).ResultsThe optimal cut‐off point for VAI was 4.86 (AUC: 0.673; 95% CI: 0.65–0.69) and FMI 9.3 (AUC: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.55–0.59), and for T2DM in our study population. The odds ratios (OR) for T2DM were nearly identical, for VAI 1.098 (95% CI: 1.08–1.11) and for FMI 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05–1.10).ConclusionsIn the current population study, VAI and FMI were weakly associated with T2DM. Therefore, it seems that anthropometric measures are unlikely to be strong mediators of T2DM compared to historical and other factors in the population studied.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for evaluating body composition following cryolipolysis

Objectives: Cryolipolysis provides a nonsurgical treatment option for reducing excess subcutaneous fat. Although widely used, clinical outcomes such as photographs, patient questionnaires, and caliper measurements may be affected by subjectivity and operator- dependency. The current case series study evaluated changes in body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in patients who underwent cryolipolysis treatment. Methods: between 2019 and 2020, 5 patients underwent cryolipolysis at a dermatology practice in São Paulo, Brazil. Patients were treated in different body regions using a cryolipolysis medical device (CoolSculpting®; ZELTIQ Aesthetics, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA) with the CoolAdvantage™ or CoolAdvantage Plus™ vacuum applicators (ZELTIQ Aesthetics, Inc). Pre- and post-treatment, body weight and abdominal circumference were recorded. Fat and lean mass measurements were also obtained using a total body scanner. Results: five patients (4 females, 1 male; mean age, 34 years) were treated in a total of 8 areas (2 cases in the flank, 3 cases in the abdomen, and 3 cases in the back). Three months post-treatment, body weight was reduced in 3 out of 5 (60.0%) patients, and abdominal circumference was reduced in 2 out of 3 (66.7%) patients. Most patients showed reductions in total fat mass (80.0%) and lean mass (60.0%). The percentage change in body weight was also correlated with the percentage change in total fat mass (R=0.81). Region-specific alterations in fat content were also observed. Conclusions: most patients showed changes in body composition, including lower fat mass (5%-36% reductions) 3 months after cryolipolysis treatment. The results suggest that DEXA can be used to objectively visualize and quantify body composition changes following cryolipolysis treatment.

Estimating Fatty Pancreas-A Preoperative Bedside Assessment by Bioelectric Impedance Analysis: Implications for Pancreatic Surgery.

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether fatty pancreas could be estimated by fat mass measurement by preoperative bioelectric impedance analysis. Preoperative computed tomography scan and pathologic evaluation were used as validation methods. Moreover, the 3 methodologies were tested for their ability in predicting postoperative pancreatic fistula. Seventy-five patients who underwent pancreatic resection were analyzed. Preoperative computed tomography attenuation in Hounsfield unit (CT-HU) was used to assess fatty pancreas. Bioelectric impedance analysis was performed the day before surgery and fat mass index (FMI) was calculated. Pancreatic steatosis was assessed by pathologists at the line of surgical transection. The ability of the methods in predicting postoperative pancreatic fistula was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves. There was a strong correlation between CT-HU values and grade of pancreatic steatosis evaluated at histology ( r = -0.852, P < 0.001) and a moderate correlation between FMI and histologic pancreatic steatosis ( r = 0.612, P < 0.001) and between CT-HU value and FMI ( r = -0.659, P < 0.001) values. The area under the curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.942 (0.879-1) for histology, 0.924 (0.844-1) for CT-HU, and 0.884 (0.778-0.990) for FMI. Bioelectric impedance analysis represents a valid alternative to assess pancreatic steatosis.

Fitness, Food, and Biomarkers: Characterizing Body Composition in 19,634 Early Adolescents.

Adolescent obesity persists as a major concern, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, yet evidence gaps exist regarding the pivotal early adolescent years. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive picture using a holistic approach of measured anthropometry in early adolescence, including body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and reported lifestyle characteristics. We aimed to elucidate potential sex/gender differences throughout and associations to biomarkers of disease risk for obese adolescents. Methods: Trained nurses measured 19,634 early adolescents (12–14-year-olds), we collected parental reports, and, for obese adolescents, fasting blood samples in four major Polish cities using a cross-sectional developmental design. Results: 24.7% boys and 18.6% girls were overweight/obese, and 2886 had BMI ≥ 90th percentile. With increasing age, there was greater risk of obesity among boys (p for trend = 0.001) and a decreasing risk of thinness for girls (p for trend = 0.01). Contrary to debate, we found BMI (continuous) was a useful indicator of measured fat mass (FM). There were 38.6% with CRF in the range of poor/very poor and was accounted for primarily by FM in boys, rather than BMI, and systolic blood pressure in girls. Boys, in comparison to girls, engaged more in sports (t = 127.26, p < 0.0001) and consumed more fast food (t = 188.57, p < 0.0001) and sugar-sweetened beverages (167.46, p < 0.0001). Uric acid, a potential marker for prediabetes, was strongly related to BMI in the obese subsample for both boys and girls. Obese girls showed signs of undernutrition. Conclusion: these findings show that overweight/obesity is by far a larger public health problem than thinness in early adolescence and is characterized differentially by sex/gender. Moreover, poor CRF in this age, which may contribute to life course obesity and disease, highlights the need for integrated and personalized intervention strategies taking sex/gender into account.