Soft Tissue Fat Research Articles

Influence of maternal protein restriction in primiparous heifers during mid- and/or late-gestation on meat quality and fatty acid profile of progeny

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of metabolizable protein (MP) restriction in mid- and/or late-gestation on meat quality characteristics of progeny. Heifers were assigned to 2 levels of dietary protein (control [CON], 102% of MP requirements; or restricted [RES], 80% of MP requirements) at 2 stages of gestation (mid-gestation [MID] and late-gestation [LATE]) in a Balaam's Design crossover treatment structure resulting in 4 treatment combinations (CON-CON, CON-RES, RES-CON, RES-RES). A carryover effect of MID MP treatment on LATE CON indicated CON-CON steaks were more tender (P < .001) than RES CON. Mid-gestation restriction resulted in progeny with increased (P < .05) carcass water, soft tissue moisture, and decreased soft tissue fat percentage compared with progeny from dams receiving MID CON. Reduced maternal MP also differentially influenced the fatty acid profiles of progeny. Results suggest it is possible for progeny to overcome a moderate gestational MP restriction with minimal impacts on carcass composition or meat characteristics.

A Case of Pseudomonas Orbital Cellulitis Following Glaucoma Device Implantation

Orbital cellulitis is a rare complication of aqueous tube shunt surgery. Nine cases have been described in the literature, though the microbiologic etiology is rarely reported. Management with intravenous antibiotics and/or explantation has been described. This is a case report and literature review. A 64-year-old woman developed pain, periorbital swelling, limited extraocular motility, proptosis, and conjunctival injection 3 days following implantation of an Ahmed Glaucoma Valve. Computed tomography of the orbits with contrast showed soft tissue fat stranding consistent with orbital inflammation. Initial medical management with topical and intravenous ceftriaxone and vancomycin was unsuccessful. Surgical removal of the implant was performed and intraoperative cultures demonstrated florid Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. Antibiotic coverage was changed to Piperacillin-Tazobactam for 3 days, with eventual resolution of her orbital symptoms. We report the first case of orbital cellulitis after implantation of a glaucoma device associated with P. aeruginosa. Failure of intravenous and topical antibiotics led to explantation of the valve and targeted intravenous antibiotic therapy with subsequent clinical improvement.

Soft tissues volumes changing in malar and cheek area after fat grafting

To improve the predictability of facial soft tissues fat grafting results tissue thickness dynamics before and 1 year postoperatively was assessed by means of ultrasonic method in 58 patients under standardized position of the ultrasonic transducer, physical and technical scanning conditions. The study revealed direct correlation of soft tissues thickness increase after fat grafting with the initial thickness of recipient area tissues. One year after fat grafting 60-65% of additional thickness remained in the lower regions of malar-cheek area (with the greatest soft tissues thickness), and only 25-27% preserved in the upper regions with the minimal initial thickness of soft tissues. I.e. to achieve necessary correction volume in a zone with small initial soft tissues thickness it is necessary to increase the amount of fat grafting stages. As the rates of soft tissues thickness in correction area change during 3-4 months after fat grafting remaining stable after this period it is expedient to assess postoperative results and to carry out repeated fat grafting not earlier than 4 months after operation.

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Late gestation undernutrition can predispose for visceral adiposity by altering fat distribution patterns and increasing the preference for a high-fat diet in early postnatal life

We have developed a sheep model to facilitate studies of the fetal programming effects of mismatched perinatal and postnatal nutrition. During the last trimester of gestation, twenty-one twin-bearing ewes were fed a normal diet fulfilling norms for energy and protein (NORM) or 50% of a normal diet (LOW). From day 3 postpartum to 6 months (around puberty) of age, one twin lamb was fed a conventional (CONV) diet and the other a high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diet, resulting in four groups of offspring: NORM-CONV; NORMHCHF; LOW-CONV; LOW-HCHF. At 6 months of age, half of the lambs (all males and three females) were slaughtered for further examination and the other half (females only) were transferred to a moderate sheep diet until slaughtered at 24 months of age (adulthood). Maternal undernutrition during late gestation reduced the birth weight of LOW offspring (P<0·05), and its long-term effects were increased adrenal size in male lambs and adult females (P<0·05), increased neonatal appetite for fat-(P=0·004) rather than carbohydrate-rich feeds (P<0·001) and reduced deposition of subcutaneous fat in both sexes (P<0·05). Furthermore, LOW-HCHF female lambs had markedly higher visceral:subcutaneous fat ratios compared with the other groups (P<0·001). Postnatal overfeeding (HCHF) resulted in obesity (.30% fat in soft tissue) and widespread ectopic lipid deposition. In conclusion, our sheep model revealed strong pre- and postnatal impacts on growth, food preferences and fat deposition patterns. The present findings support a role for subcutaneous adipose tissue in the development of visceral adiposity, which in humans is known to precede the development of the metabolic syndrome in human adults.

Hypertension in type 1 diabetic patients-the influence of body composition and body mass index: an observational study

To estimate the influence of body composition and body mass index on blood pressure in type 1 diabetic patients. This cross-sectional, observational study included 45 type 1 diabetic patients and 30 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were done for all patients and controls. T-test, one way ANOVA and multiple regressions were used for statistical analyses. Twenty diabetic patients (44.4%) had hypertension. Hypertensive diabetic patients had the highest total fat mass %, soft tissue fat mass %, abdomen fat % and fat/lean ratio followed by non hypertensives and the least was the controls (p=0.0001). Abdominal fat % was the only parameter significantly associated with mean arterial blood pressure (β-5.8, 95% CI: 3.7-8.0, p=0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (β-8.6, 95% CI: 5.4-11.9, p=0.0001) by stepwise multiple regression analysis in the diabetic patients. In the contrary, abdominal fat % (β-2.7, 95% CI: 0.9-4.5, p=0.006), duration of diabetes (β-2.5, 95% CI: 1.4-3.5, p=0.0001) and fat/ lean ratio (β-11.7, 95% CI: 1.5-21.9, p=0.03) were related to diastolic blood pressure. Diabetes is associated with an increase in body fat especially abdominal, which leads to an increase in insulin resistance and decrease in lean mass. In type 1 diabetic patients, blood pressure depends on body mass index SDS and fat mass. Abdominal fat is the only factor related to mean arterial blood pressure and systolic blood pressure.

Intrathoracic lipoblastoma in a 15-month-old infant

Lipoblastoma is a rare tumor of infancy. It originates from the white fetal fat in soft tissue. The most common location of this rare tumor is extremity and to best of our knowledge less than 10 cases of intrathoracic and mediastinal lipoblastoma has been reported in the English literature. Herein we present our experience with a 15-month-old boy infant who presented with severe dyspnea. Imaging studies showed a mass in the thoracic cavity and mediastinum which was diagnosed as lipoblastoma after pathologic examination of the resected mass. Lipoblastoma has been considered as a tumor of soft tissue, but it should also be considered as a rare cause of intrathoracic masses of young children.

Bone density, body composition, and markers of bone remodeling in type 1 diabetic patients

Objective. To assess bone mineral density (BMD), body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and various biochemical markers of bone growth and resorption in a group of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Patients and methods. The study included 47 patients with T1DM and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers for bone formation, bone resorption and DXA were done for all patients and controls. Results. Of our diabetes patients, seven (16.7 %), three (7.3 %), and 17 (41.5%) met diagnostic criteria for osteopenia at the right femur, lumbar spine and total body, respectively. On the other hand, osteoporosis as defined by the WHO criteria was diagnosed in 21 patients (51.2%) at the total body by DXA. Lean body mass and lean fat ratio were lower, while, total fat mass, abdominal fat%, soft tissue fat mass%, and fat/lean ratio were higher in diabetics compared to controls. Also, our patients showed lower serum osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, procollagen type 1, and higher urinary deoxypyridinoline. Pubertal (diabetics and controls) have higher BMD and BMC than prepubertal. Conclusion. Diabetic patients had a low BMD after adjustment (Z score), low bone formation and high bone resorption markers. Diabetes control and increase in BMI leads to a decrease in the incidence of low bone mineral density. Diabetes causes an increase in body fat especially abdominal fat which leads to an increase in insulin resistance and decrease in lean mass.

Increased prevalence of sarcopenia in men taking androgen suppression treatment for prostate cancer

Introduction: Ageing is characterized by a gradual decrease in muscle mass (termed sarcopenia) and muscle strength which contributes to the decline in physical function, increased disability and loss of independence. Ageing is also associated with an increase in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa), the most frequent cancer in men. Due to the earlier detection of PCa through improved screening, patients are being prescribed androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the earlier stages of the disease and for longer periods of time. As a result, this form of treatment for PCa may accelerate the onset of sarcopenia, predisposing the patient to an array of adverse consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in men taking ADT for PCa.Methods: Two hundred and forty six men, ADT = 125 with a mean age of 72.4 years and non-PCa = 121 with a mean age of 71.0 years, underwent whole body scanning by dual X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic) and the relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI), defined as appendicular skeletal muscle/ht2, calculated. The mean time for ADT usage was 11.5 months with a range of 2n144 months. A RSMI of l7.26 kg/m2 was classed as sarcopenia using reference values from the Rosetta population aged 18n39 years. In addition, we used data from the 1999n2004 NHANES for normal weight non-Hispanic White men aged 20n39 years to classify severe sarcopenia (g2 standard deviations below young values: RSMI l 6.38 kg/m2) and moderate sarcopenia (1n2 standard deviations below young values: RSMI 6.38n7.05 kg/m2).Results: There was no difference between ADT and non-PCa men for age, height, or weight, however, ADT-treated men had lower (p l 0.01) whole body lean mass (55.2 p 6.7 kg vs. 58.0 p 7.3 kg) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (23.0 p 3.1 kg vs. 24.7 p 4.0 kg), and greater (p l 0.01) % soft tissue fat (29.1 p 4.8% vs. 27.1 p 5.6%) than non-PCa. The prevalence of sarcopenia (Rosetta reference base) was 27.0% in ADT-treated men and 14.2% in non-PCa men. Using the severe and moderate sarcopenia cut-off values, the prevalence was 9.6% and 8.8%, respectively for ADT men, and only 2.5% and 7.4% for non-PCa men.Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia in men with prostate cancer taking ADT is approximately two-fold that of non-prostate cancer men. The acceleration in the development of sarcopenia may predispose these individuals to an earlier onset and longer duration of disability.

Muscle fibers inside a fat tumor: A non-specific imaging finding of benignancy

Introduction The differential diagnosis between benign and low-grade well-differentiated malignant lipomatous tumors might be very difficult for both the radiologist and the pathologist, although it has practical consequences. Among the criteria, muscular fibers detected inside the lesion are considered radiologically and histologically as a reliable sign of a benign intramuscular lipoma. New genetic criteria are now available. We report two cases of fat tumors containing muscular fibers both radiologically and histologically, but which are definitely malignant, considering genetic criteria. Material and methods Two cases of soft tissue fat tumors, containing muscular fibers on imaging examinations as well as histologically, had an aggressive behaviour, suggesting malignancy. Genetic criteria were therefore used to confirm the clinical impression. Results MDM2 and CDK4 confirmed the malignancy in the two cases. Conclusion Intra lesional muscular fibers detected on imaging or histological examinations should not be considered as a completely reliable sign of a benign intramuscular lipoma. In case of atypical clinical behaviour, genetic criteria should be used to prove the aggressiveness of the tumor.

Neuropathic Arthropathy of the Foot with and without Superimposed Osteomyelitis: MR Imaging Characteristics

To determine retrospectively the magnetic resonance (MR) findings associated with pedal neuropathic arthropathy with and without superimposed osteomyelitis and to identify any useful discriminating features. Investigational review board approval was obtained and allowed review of records and images without informed consent. HIPAA compliance was observed. Contrast-enhanced MR images in patients with diabetic neuropathic arthropathy of the foot were examined by two reviewers in consensus. Affected joints were examined for marrow, articular, periarticular, and soft-tissue findings. Presence of superimposed osteomyelitis was documented. A subgroup that had undergone MR before infection was evaluated for comparison; chi(2) and t tests were used to evaluate the associations. Of 128 neuropathic joints in 63 patients (24 female, 39 male; aged 31-78 years), 43 had superimposed osteomyelitis. Effusion was common in all neuropathic joints, but thin rim enhancement was more common in noninfected joints (62% vs 21%, P < .001) and diffuse joint fluid enhancement was more common with infection (47% vs 26%, P = .052). Subluxation, bone proliferation, fragmentation, and erosion were seen in both groups, but intraarticular bodies were more common in noninfected joints (53% vs 12%, P < .001). In the periarticular soft tissues, edema, enhancement, and ulceration were common in both groups. Fluid collections in the soft tissues were more commonly associated with infected joints (95% vs 48%, P < .001) and, when present next to an infected joint, were larger than those next to noninfected neuropathic joints (2.6 cm(2) [range, 0.3-8.6 cm(2)] vs 1.6 cm(2) [range, 1.0-2.4 cm(2)]). Soft-tissue fat replacement (68% vs 36%, P = .002) and sinus tracts (84% vs 0%, P < .001) were also more common with infection. In the marrow, periarticular signal intensity abnormality was common in both groups, but the extent was greater with infection. Subchondral cysts were seen almost exclusively in noninfected joints (76% vs 2%, P < .001). Similar results were obtained in the subgroup of 21 joints (15 patients) with both pre- and postinfection MR images. Sinus tract, replacement of soft-tissue fat, fluid collection, and extensive marrow abnormality are MR imaging features indicating superimposed infection. Thin rim enhancement of effusion, presence of subchondral cysts, or intraarticular bodies indicate absence of infection.

Performance, carcass, and palatability traits for cull cows fed high-energy concentrate diets for 0, 14, 28, 42, or 56 days.

Cull cows, thin to moderate in initial condition scores, were randomly assigned within breed to slaughter groups and fed a high-concentrate diet for 0, 14, 28, 42 or 56 d (n = 40). Carcass data were collected, and one side of each carcass was fabricated into boneless subprimals, lean trimmings, fat, and bone. Live and carcass weights, ADG, and dressing percentage increased through 28 d of feeding (P < .05), and lean firmness increased (P < .05) through 42 d of feeding. Adjusted preliminary yield grades and final yield grades increased (P < .05) with feeding, but not to levels requiring knife trimming of fat. Fat color became whiter (P < .05) but marbling was not affected (P > .05) by feeding. Weights of fat-free lean, fat, and bone and percentages of fat in soft tissues of cow carcasses increased (P < .05) by 28 d on feed. Overall steak tenderness was higher (P < .05) for cows fed 56 d than for cows fed 0 or 14 d. Warner-Bratzler shear force was not affected by feeding. Amounts of soluble collagen increased (P < .05) in the longissimus muscle between 0 and 28 d on feed, and total collagen decreased (P < .05) in the biceps femoris muscle between 0 and 42 d on feed. Continental European cow carcasses yielded more fat-free lean and less fat (P < .05) and dairy cows generally provided the most tender product across all slaughter periods. In general, sensory tenderness and yields of cow carcass components increased without requiring excessive trimming of fat by feeding cull beef and dairy cows for periods up to 56 d.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition

Bone mineral density (BMD) and soft-tissue composition of the total body and major subregions were measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Total body scans were made in 12 young adults (6 male, 6 female) on five occasions at both a medium speed (20 min) and a fast speed (10 min). There were no significant differences in mean results or in precision errors between the two speeds. The precision errors (1 SD) for total body BMD, percent fat in soft tissue (% Fat), fat mass, and lean tissue mass were less than 0.01 g/cm2, 1.4%, 1.0 kg, and 0.8 kg, respectively. These results corresponded to a relative error of 0.8% for total body BMD and 1.5% for lean body mass. Regional BMD and soft-tissue values (arms, legs, trunk) were determined with slightly higher precision errors. Skeletal mineral was 5.8 +/- 0.5% of lean tissue mass (r = 0.96, p less than 0.001). DEXA provides precise composition analysis with a low radiation exposure (less than 0.1 microGy).

Relationships of empty-body composition and fat distribution to live animal and carcass measurements in Bos indicus-Bos taurus crossbred cows.

Empty-body composition and fat distribution were determined for 55 nonpregnant, mature Bos indicus-Bos taurus crossbred cows fed to achieve variation in fatness. Prior to slaughter, cows were condition and frame scored, weighed and measured for hook height, hook width, heart girth and lengths from point of shoulder to pin and hook to pin. Fat thickness at three locations and ribeye area were measured ultrasonically on the live animal and carcass. Quality and yield grades were determined after a 48-h postslaughter chill. Visceral fat was excised at slaughter and weighed. Kidney, heart and pelvic (KHP) fat was excised from one side and the remainder of the side was separated into bone and soft tissue. Soft tissue was subsampled and analyzed for ether extract. Proportions of fat in soft tissue, bone, viscera and KHP were calculated. Variations of percentage of empty-body fat in soft tissue, KHP and bone were explained (R2 greater than .64) by equations involving either live animal or carcass measurements. Both ultrasonic and subjective fat estimates were of importance (P less than .05) in equations predicting fatness, indicating the importance of variation in fat distribution. Factor analysis indicated that fat accretion is a complex entity composed of several distinct distribution patterns (anterior-posterior, internal-external, intramuscular-intermuscular).

The effect of fat on bone mineral measurements in normal subjects with recommended values of bone, muscle and fat attenuation coefficients.

Published data concerning the amount, distribution and composition of bone marrow and soft tissue fat in normal subjects are reviewed. Experimental studies of the effect of fat upon bone mineral measurement have been examined. Values of calculated and measured attenuation coefficients for bone, soft tissue and fat in the energy range of interest for bone mineral measurements have been collected and compared. For most measurement sites and in most normal subjects the thickness of fat within bone marrow is comparable with the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer, although in obese individuals subcutaneous fat thickness can be twice the marrow fat thicknesses. In specific measurement sites there is also a contribution from deep-seated soft tissue fat which is of a similar magnitude to marrow fat. The presence of bone marrow fat alters measured values to the greatest extent in CT measurements of lumbar spine mineral, partly because the incident photon energy is higher than in single and dual photon absorptiometry but also because the fraction occupied by fat in the volume of tissue examined is larger. For scattering techniques the measured value is reduced by the volume fraction occupied by fat. The normal changes in marrow and soft tissue fat observed with aging have little influence on either scattering or transmission measurement. The values of measured and calculated linear attenuation coefficients given by previous workers show reasonable agreement despite considerable differences between measurement techniques and calculation procedures.