Fat In Cattle Research Articles

Ultrastructural changes in the cochlea of the inner ear in guinea pigs with hypercholesterolemia

Although sensory neural hearing loss stemming from hypercholesterolemia has received attention in recent year, nothing has been made known about inner ear injuries resulting from this condition.In this study, we prepared guinea pig models with hypercholesterolemia and observed inner ear with a transmission electron microscope, and also investigated the effect of vitamin E therapy on injuries.Materials and Methods: Ninetyth white female Hartley guinea pigs weighing 250-300g each were divided into three groups. Group A consisted of the control animals, which were fed by a stock diet. Group B was fed by a hyperlipid diet (2.5% cholesterol, 0.25% bile acid, and 7.5% cattle fat). Group C was given a vitamin Eadded hyperlipid diet. All animals were sacrificed at either one, two or three months after treatment, and cochlear duct vasculature was observed with a transmission electron microscope. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and TBARS values were concurrently measured in serum.Results: In group B and C, cholesterol and triglyceride levels remainedon control levels. The TBARS level was elevated in group B but remained unchanged in groups A and C.

Management of land and livestock contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls.

Investigations were conducted on several small neighbouring beef cattle and sheep farms that were found to be contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The residues detected contained about 62% w/w chlorine and soil concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 1.9 mg/kg. Beef cattle and sheep grazing the contaminated land had PCB concentrations in their fat of 0.3 to 1.7 mg/kg and 0.19 to 0.45 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of PCBs in the caudal fat of cattle was 0.3 to 2 times the concentration of PCBs in the land they were grazing and was positively related to stocking rates. PCBs were present in milk fat from cattle at about the same concentration as in caudal fat, and lactation appeared to contribute to decontamination. Wool grease from sheep contained about 1 to 2 times the concentration of PCBs in subcutaneous fat. Calves of contaminated cows also became contaminated. The half-life for decontamination of PCBs in a group of 8 young female beef cattle was calculated at 13 months. PCBs were detected in pasture samples at concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 mg/kg to 0.12 mg/kg. However, PCBs were not detected in any sample of hay cut from these paddocks. In 4 sheep fed a sole ration of this hay, traces of PCBs were detected in their fat following 89 days of feeding. Grazing livestock for meat production on land contaminated with PCBs is not recommended because livestock readily acquire residues, and PCBs persist in soil and livestock for long periods. Grazing sheep for wool production on land contaminated with PCBs may be an option.

Estimating intramuscular fat in live cattle from statistical and visual features of ultrasound image texture

Estimating intramuscular fat in live cattle from statistical and visual features of ultrasound image texture

Carotenoid and retinol concentrations in serum, adipose tissue and liver and carotenoid transport in sheep, goats and cattle

Carotenoid and retinol concentrations were determined in various tissues of sheep, goats and cattle, ruminants known to have widely different levels of pigmentation of their adipose tissues. An objective assessment of fat colour confirmed the whiteness of sheep and goat fat compared with that of cattle. No G-carotene was detected in the serum or fat of sheep and goats, but it was the predominant carotenoid present in the serum and fat of cattle. The major pigment present in serum and fat of sheep and goat was lutein, although its concentration was only 5-10% of that found in cattle. G-carotene was present in the liver of all three species with the highest concentration in cattle. Although lutein was the only carotenoid found in the serum and fat of sheep and goats, it could not be detected in their livers. The concentrations of retinol in serum and fat were similar for each species, but the liver of sheep had about three times the retinol concentration of the liver of goats and cattle. The transport of carotenoids in plasma was investigated. In sheep and goats, the pigments were associated mainly with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas in cattle, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was the major lipoprotein fraction involved.

Pesticide residues in cattle and environmental samples from the northern Ivory Coast

Samples of cattle fat, soil and water from the northern Ivory Coast were analyzed for pesticide residues. Organophosphates and pyrethroids were not detected. The fat samples contained residues of dieldrin which often exceeded the maximum WHO residue level. In soil samples from plunge dips for the treatment of cattle against ticks considerable amounts of chlorinated compounds were found which are partially metabolized residues of toxaphene.

Absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of tritium-labeled ivermectin in cattle, sheep, and rat

Tritium-labeled ivermectin was studied in cattle, sheep, and rat for absorption, tissue residue distribution, and excretion at doses of 0.3 mg/kg of body weight. The drug was absorbed by various dosing routes. By intraruminal and subcutaneous dosing routes, highest tissue residues were present in fat and liver of cattle, with half-lives of 6-8 and 4-5 days, respectively. Shorter half-lives (1-2 days) were observed in sheep and rat. The tissue residue distribution pattern was essentially the same for all species studied and similar in male and female rats. With doses of tritium-labeled avermectin B{sub 1a} ranging from 0.06 to 7.5 mg/kg of body weight, plasma and tissue residue concentrations increased proportionally with the dose. When ivermectin was administered by various routes (ip, sc, iv, oral, and intraruminal), blood residue levels converged to 20-50 ppb 4 h after dosing and then depleted at similar rate regardless of the dosing route. Ivermectin was excreted primarily in the feces, with only less than 2% of the doses being eliminated in the urine in all three species studied.

Residues of DDT and dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat and butterfat of cattle

Technical DDT or dieldrin was added to crushed wheat and fed to steers and dairy cows. Subcutaneous fat collected by biopsy and butterfat were examined for residues of DDT, DDD, DDE and dieldrin. Steers fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 10 weeks had total DDT residues (mean � s.e.) in subcutaneous fat of 0.38� 0.01, 2.72�0.37 and 24.5�6.9 mg/kg respectively. DDD was the major residue, comprising 80% of the total. When DDT was withdrawn from the diet, residues declined. Half-life for DDT was 11 weeks (range 8-14), and for DDD was 5 weeks (range 3.5-7.4). Half-life could not be determined for DDE. Steers fed 36 mg dieldrin/day for 10 weeks had 17.3�4.9 mg/kg dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat. The half-life for dieldrin was 5 weeks (range 2.5-10.0). Dairy cows fed 6, 36 or 216 mg DDT/day for 6 weeks had total DDT residues in butterfat of 0.31�0.05, 2.5�0.60 and 20.8�1.2 mg/kg respectively. DDD was again the major residue, comprising 65% of total residues. Half-lives of DDT, DDD and DDE in butterfat were 7.2 (range 6.3-7.7), 3 (range 2.2-3.0) and 5 weeks (range 3.5-8.0) respectively. When 36 mg dieldrin was fed to dairy cows for 6 weeks, residues of 17.3�4.6 mg/kg were found in the butterfat. The half-life for dieldrin in butterfat was 9 weeks (range 6-11.5).

Assisted Distillation Cleanup of Pesticide Residues in Animal Fats: New Beadless Distillation Tube

A new assisted distillation tube has been developed which contains no glass beads or glass wool. The sample is injected into the top of the tube, and a septum is not required. Large ground-glass joints (10/19) are used at the gas inlet and at the Florisil trap connection for maximum strength. Existing assisted distillation apparatus was easily modified to accept the new tubes. Recoveries of 9 organochlorine pesticides from butter and cattle fat ranged from 87 to 104% at a tube temperature of 230 degrees C and a nitrogen flow rate of 250 mL/min. No significant change occurred in recoveries of 8 of the 9 pesticides after 85 uses of the beadless tube. Only the recovery of HCB from butter decreased, from 95 to 80%, after 51 runs. The new tube was compared with the Unitrex glass bead-packed concentric tube at flow rates of 230, 400, and 600 mL nitrogen/min. Recoveries from the Unitrex tube were similar to those of the beadless tube for all pesticides except DDT which was significantly lower, indicating incomplete distillation at 250 mL/min and possible partial breakdown at 400 and 600 mL/min. A procedure is introduced for pressurized solvent washing of distillation tubes. This procedure is more efficient than vacuum washing.

Residues in cattle grazed on land contaminated with heptachlor.

Heptachlor epoxide residues exceeding the maximum residue limit of 0.2 mg/kg have been found in fat of cattle grazed on land previously treated with heptachlor prior to planting potatoes or maize. To determine the residues accumulated in cattle exposed to contaminated land and the rate of decline on removal from the contamination, steers were grazed on a former potato paddock which had been treated the 2 previous years with heptachlor at 1.1 kg/ha. Soil residues in the paddock varied from a total of 0.42 mg/kg heptachlor and its epoxide at the beginning of the trial to 0.31 mg/kg after 16 months. Residues in the soil decreased only slightly down to a depth of 300 mm. Pasture residues were less than 0.02 mg/kg (wet basis). Heptachlor epoxide residues in the body fat of the steers increased during 19 months of exposure and reached a maximum of 0.72 mg/kg. In 4 steers removed after 14 weeks exposure, the heptachlor epoxide concentrations continued to increase from a mean of 0.24 mg/kg to a mean of 0.34 mg/kg after a further 4 weeks. Concentrations then fell progressively with a half life of 11 weeks in the body fat. There was an apparent relationship between pasture length and body fat residue, with residues increasing as pasture length decreased. The results of the experiments preclude the option of grazing cattle on pasture grown on soil treated with heptachlor for any extended period of time. It is possible that if short pastures and soft soil are avoided, and if cattle are not exposed to contaminated land for any more than 1 week in each month, then residues would remain below the maximum residue limit of 0.2mg/kg heptachlor.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARCASS COMPOSITION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MATURE DOUBLE MUSCLED CATTLE

Nineteen mature Double Muscled (DM) cattle consisting of 11 cows and eight bulls were slaughtered between 470 and 710 kg to determine the influence of sex on carcass composition and muscle, bone and fat in DM cattle. Expressed as a percentage of the total side weight, DM bull carcasses had 15% more muscle and 55% less total fat. When sides were compared DM bulls showed a 17% increase in the muscle:bone ratio compared with DM cows. In bull carcasses, there were shifts in muscle weight distribution towards the forequarter. The ratio of hindquarter muscle:forequarter muscle was greater in cows than in bulls. Expressed as a percentage of the total side muscle, significant differences between sexes were found in 48 of the 95 muscles. The most striking sexual dimorphism was found in the neck region, particularly among the muscles responsible for secondary sexual features and those which act to elevate and extend the head. Sexual dimorphism was less pronounced in the distal parts of the both limbs. The cervical vertebrae and scapula made up a greater proportion of total side bone in DM bulls than in DM cows. There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for the cows to have more of their bone caudally and less anteriorly compared with the bulls. Key words: Carcass composition, muscle distribution, bone distribution, mature Double Muscled cattle, double muscling

Radioimmunoassay of the anabolic agent zeranol. IV. The determination of zeranol concentrations in the edible tissues of cattle implanted with zeranol (Ralgro).

Rapid solvent extraction combined with a radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody raised against a derivative of zeranol has been used to measure the residues of the anabolic agent zeranol in the edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and fat) of cattle treated with Ralgro. Calibration curves, both with and without, tissue extracts exhibit good parallelism. Regression analysis for the extraction of zeranol from tissues dosed with standard amounts of zeranol have correlation coefficients of 0.979, 0.991, 0.986 and 0.985 for muscle, liver, kidney and fat, respectively. The limits of decision defined as the mean value + 3 SD for the concentrations apparently observed (noise) in tissues from animals not treated with Ralgro were 278, 121, 373 and 110 ng/kg for muscle, fat, liver and kidney, respectively. In the tissues of 4 cows implanted with Ralgro (36 mg), and sampled 70 days after implanting, the highest concentration of zeranol in each tissue was 232 ng/kg (muscle), 391 ng/kg (liver), 287 ng/kg (kidney) and 293 ng/kg (fat), and residues were detected in all samples of fat (4), 3 kidney samples and 1 liver sample.

高脂質血症と難聴に関する実験的研究

Some clinical datum concerning the relationship between hyperlipoproteinemia and sensori-neural hearing loss have been reported. However, definite histopathological evidence causing hearing loss has not yet been clarified.Using 80 guinea pigs administrated hyperlipid diet (cholesterol 2.5%, bile acid 0.25%, cattle fat 7.5%) for 3 months, auditory dysfunction and histopathological changes in the coch-leae were studied. The results obtained were as follows:1. Biochemical findings of the sera showed hyperlipoproteinemia and liver dysfunction (fatty liver). Diabetes and renal dysfunction were not observed. Phenotype of hyperlipoproteinemia was Type IIa or Type IIb in all the animals examined. This hyperlipoproteinemic condition returned to a normal level after 3 months of breeding with a normal standard diet.2. Auditory dysfunction, the threthold change of auditory brainstem response (ABR), was mild. Forty per cent of the experimental animals showed increased threthold of ABR from 10 to 20 dB.3. Phospholipid staining by snake venom hospholipase digestive method revealed deposits of phospholipid in Corti's organ and the stria vascularis. They were especially intensive along the each cell membrane of the outer hair cells, of Hensen's cells, and of the inner piller cells, and in the marginal cells of the vascular stria. poradic losses of the outer hair cells were observed by succinic dehydrogenase staining. Electron microscopically, there were many protrusions toward the endolymphatic space on the surface of Corti's organ and on the marginal cells of the stria vascularis. Furthermore, vacuolar degeneration was observed in the basement membrane of the capillary of the stria vascularis. These morphological changes seemed to begin initially from the stria vascularis.In conclusion, mild auditory dysfunction associated with hyperlipoproteinemia was proved by the experimental animals breeded with hyperlipid diet. It is necessary, however, for getting more severe auditory damage to impose other factors besides hyperlipoproteinemia.

Liquid paraffins in feed enhance fecal excretion of mirex and DDE from body stores of lactating goats and cows.

Contamination of livestock with halogenated hydrocarbons has caused large economic losses in the past; not so much because of acute toxicity to animals but mainly because their high lipid solubility is frequently accompanied by low biodegradation resulting in prolonged half-lives. Liquid paraffins administered in the feed were shown to promote removal of lipophilic pesticides to the diet enhanced fecal elimination of hexachlorobenzene from body stores in rats and rhesus monkeys by ehnancing excretion with feces. Addition of white mineral oil or n-hexadecane from body stores of growing lambs without adverse effects on feed intake or diet digestibility. This study examined effects of liquid paraffins added to the feed on the disposition of /sup 14/C-mirex in lactating goats under laboratory conditions and effects of white mineral oil in the feed on levels of DDE in body fat, milk and feces of dairy cattle in a field trail.

The relationship between ultrasonic point readings in live cattle and carcass fat cover

SummaryFour inexperienced operators used a Smith's Essem Metatest ultrasonic grader and a Philips Sonatest instrument to estimate the thickness of tissue overlying the M. longissimus dorsi at three sites over the tenth intercostal space of live steers. They also measured skin fold thickness over the central site using a micrometer. Suprafascial (selvedge) and total carcass fat were measured at corresponding sites on the chilled carcasses.The residual standard deviations from multiple and simple regressions of suprafascial and total carcass fat thickness on the ultrasonic readings of different operators, using both instruments over the three sites with and without a measurement of skin thickness were compared.The following conclusions were drawn. Use of a constant distance from the midline of the live animal to locate the site for ultrasonic point measurement would lead to errors in estimating fat thickness at a specific anatomical location. If the edge of the M. 1. dorsi is palpated to locate the measurement site, estimates of carcass fat thickness with a residual standard deviation of 2·5 mm are possible by relatively inexperienced operators using single point reading ultrasonic instruments. Fat deposition between the fascial sheath and the underlying M. 1. dorsi is a source of inaccuracy when estimating carcass fat cover particularly at sites closer to the midline and on fatter animals.Using the Metatest instrument, fat cover could bo estimated in the live animal with an accuracy similar to that reported by other workers using the Scanogram. Using the Sonatest instrument the estimates were generally slightly less accurate especially at the most lateral site. Inclusion of a measurement of skin thickness gave a very slight but consistent improvement in accuracy of estimation of carcass fat cover.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

THE USE OF UREA DILUTION AND ULTRASONIC BACKFAT THICKNESS TO PREDICT THE CARCASS COMPOSITION OF LIVE LAMBS AND CATTLE

Thirty-eight lambs (22 rams, 16 ewes), 25 Holstein cows and 30 steers were evaluated ultrasonically for subcutaneous fat thickness. Urea space was also estimated, using the dilution principle, by a single injection of a known amount of urea and taking a single blood sample 12 min later. All lambs and cattle were slaughtered within 2 days and the half-carcasses were separated into fat, lean and bone. Urea space (R2 = 0.10) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.18) in lambs were poorly related to the weight of half-carcass lean tissue. Neither urea space nor fat thickness improved the level of explained variation in half-carcass lean tissue weight over that explained by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.73). Urea space showed a larger association with half carcass lean weight in cows (R2 = 0.55) than in steers (R2 = 0.14), but again did not improve the relationship provided by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.60). Fat thickness provided nonsignificant regressions (P < 0.05) with half-carcass lean weight both in cows and in steers. Liveweight was the dominant independent variable (R2 = 0.33) for predicting total fat in lamb half-carcasses; urea space (R2 = 0.08) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.13) did not improve the prediction given by liveweight alone. Fat thickness was poorly related to total fatness both in steers (R2 = 0.12) and in cows (nonsignificant regression). A multiple regression equation combining fat thickness and liveweight provided the best prediction of half-carcass fat in cows, whereas a similar equation with the addition of urea space gave the best prediction of half-carcass fat in steers. The measurement of urea space and fat thickness to predict the weight of carcass tissues (lean, fat) in live lambs and cattle over the weight (41.9 + 9.7 kg(SD) lambs, 624 ± 62.8 kg cows and 466 ± 63.2 kg steers) and fatness (19.9 ± 3.27% (SD) lambs, 21.9 ± 2.18% cows and 20.9 ± 3.98% steers) ranges studied was of limited value. Key words: Urea dilution, ultrasound, live animal evaluation, carcass composition

Methoprene: Residues in Fat of Cattle Treated With Methoprene Boluses1

Residues of methoprene, an insect growth regulator, were determined in omental fat taken by biopsy from cattle at 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after either one or two boluses containing 1% methoprene had been placed into the reticulum. Residues of methoprene ranged from 0.02 to 0.159 ppm. At 90 days posttreatment, only two animals contained residues in fat above the lower limit of detection (0.02 ppm), and no residues were detected at 180 days posttreatment.

A note on the relationships between tissue depths over the 10th rib and cattle carcass composition

Abstract A series of fat and tissue depth measurements taken along the 10th rib were related to the carcass composition of 31 steers. Measurement of tissue depths at 2 and 18 cm from the lateral edge of the eye muscle improved the prediction of weight and percentage of carcass tnmmed fat above that from carcass weight alone. This improvement was similar to that achieved by measuring fat depth C. Tissue depths at 2 and 18 cm may provide a simple way of assessmg carcass fatness in cattle.

Biotransformation and deposition of residues of fenthion and oxidative metabolites in fat of cattle

Biotransformation and deposition of residues of fenthion and oxidative metabolites in fat of cattle

Residues of hexachlorobenzene in subcutaneous and butter fat of cattle

The effects of four dietary levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the accumulation and disappearance of subcutaneous fat residues of HCB were examined in steers. The rate of rise of HCB in the fat increased with dose rate, a level of 98.5 mg kg -1 being reached after ten weeks in steers fed 21 6 mg day -1. Animals fed 36 and 6 mg day -1 recorded average levels of 16.25 and 3.1 mg kg -1 respectively. The residues decreased exponentially; the average half life was 10.5 weeks. Animals maintained on starvation rations for a period of four weeks displayed a reduced rate of elimination of HCB residues from their fat than for animals fed normally. In an experiment with milking cows dosed with four levels of dietary HCB, the uptake of HCB in the butter fat was approximately linear, reaching levels of 0.36, 4.37 and 16.7 mg kg -1 for cows dosed with 1, 6 and 36 mg day -1 respectively. The degradation curves were exponential ; the half life ranged from 4 to 8 weeks with a mean of 6.4.