Arm Fat Research Articles

Longitudinal Anthropometry and Body Composition in Children With SARS-CoV-2-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.

Acute coronavirus disease 2019 infection has been shown to negatively affect body composition among adult and malnourished or obesity children. Our aim is to longitudinally evaluate body composition in children affected by the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C). In this cohort study, we recruited 40 patients affected by MIS-C, aged 2-18 years old, who were admitted in our clinic between December 2020 and February 2021. Physical examination for each participant included weight, height, body mass index (BMI) z score, circumferences, and skinfolds assessment. The same measurements were repeated during outpatient follow-up at 10 (T2), 30 (T3), 90 (T4), and 180 (T5) days after hospital discharge. Fat mass and fat free mass were calculated according to skinfolds predictive equations for children and adolescents. A control group was randomly selected among patients attending a pediatric nutritional outpatient clinic. BMI z score significantly decrease between preadmission and hospital discharge. Similarly, arm circumference z score, arm muscular area z score, and arm fat area z score significantly decreased, during hospital stay. Fat mass index (FMI) significantly increased over time, peaking at T3. Fat free mass index decreased during hospitalization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess body composition in a numerically large pediatric MIS-C population from acute infection to 6 months after triggering event. FMI and anthropometric parameters linked to fat deposits were significantly higher 6 months after acute event. Thus, limiting physical activity and having sedentary lifestyle may lead to an accumulation of adipose tissue even in healthy children who experienced MIS-C and long hospitalization.

Mendelian randomization investigation identified the causal relationship between body fat indexes and the risk of bladder cancer.

Observational studies have suggested that obesity is associated with the risk of bladder cancer (BCa). However, their causal relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to prove the causal relationship between obesity and the risk of BCa by using Mendelian randomization. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with body fat indexes were screened from several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with more than 300,000 individuals. Summary-level genetic data of BCa-related GWAS were obtained from a European cohort with a sample size of 218,792. An inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was used as the major MR analysis. The MR-Egger regression, IVW regression, leave-one-out test, and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier methods were used to test the reliability and stability of MR results. Genetically predicted per 1-SD increase in body fat indexes (whole body fat mass, and the right leg, left leg, right arm, left arm, and trunk fat mass) were associated with increased BCa risk with values of 51.8%, 77.9%, 75.1%, 67.2%, 59.7%, and 36.6%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the genetically determined risk effect of obesity on BCa was stable and reliable. Our study provided powerful evidence to support the causal hypothesis that the genetically predicted high body fat mass was associated with a risk increase for BCa. The finding is a new idea for drawing up prevention strategies for BCa.

Cryolipolysis of the Arms and Inner Thighs Shows Similar Treatment Outcomes in Chinese Individuals Compared to White Individuals Treated in a Prior Study: The XinCOOL Study.

Studies of predominantly White participants show that cryolipolysis reduces subcutaneous fat in the arms and inner thighs, but none have specifically tested for similar outcomes in participants of Chinese descent. This study assessed the safety and effectiveness of cryolipolysis treatment for noninvasive subcutaneous fat reduction of arms and inner thighs in participants of Chinese descent to assess equivalence to results seen in a prior study of White participants. Replicating a similar study design, participants of first- or second-generation Chinese descent underwent cryolipolysis treatment of arms and/or inner thighs. Effectiveness was assessed using pretreatment and posttreatment photographic review by blinded, independent experts, investigator-assessed caliper measurements, and participant satisfaction 12 weeks posttreatment. Safety was assessed throughout. Among 50 enrolled participants, 48 completed the study. The majority of participants (97.9%) were female, with a mean age of 36.0 years and mean BMI of 24.16 kg/m2 (range 19.3-29.9 kg/m2). Overall, 76.4% and 70.0% of pretreatment photographs of arms and pairs of inner thighs, respectively, were correctly identified by at least 2 of 3 reviewers. The mean reduction from baseline in caliper-measured fat thickness was 6.5 mm for arms and 6.6 mm for inner thighs, and the majority of participants (>60%) were satisfied with the treatment. No adverse events were reported. Cryolipolysis is a well-tolerated, effective means of noninvasive fat reduction of arms and inner thighs in participants of Chinese descent. The results from this study show similar effectiveness and safety in Chinese participants compared with White participants treated in a prior study.

Does Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake Associate With Bone Mineral Density and Limb Structural Changes in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that can result in bone erosion, lean mass lowering, and increase of fat mass without changes in body weight. The dietary consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been assessed in many studies due to their potential anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this research was to identify if dietary intake of PUFAs associates with bone mineral density (BMD) and limb structural changes in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) compared to a population-based control group. The study was conducted because previous results have been insufficient. The study group consisted of 83 ERA patients and 321 control subjects. A dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) machine was used to measure hip, lumbar spine, and radius BMD, as well as arm and leg fat, lean, and bone mass. Dietary habits and inflammatory markers were assessed to evaluate the effects to BMD and limb structural changes. In ERA subjects, higher dietary consumption of PUFAs was associated with a decrease in arm fat mass (b -28.17, P = .02) and possibly with higher lumbar BMD (b 0.008, P = .058). Limb bone and lean mass changes were not associated with dietary intake of PUFAs. Balanced nutrition is essential. Consuming PUFAs could be beneficial in ERA preventing structural changes to hands, but additional research is needed.

Association between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and renal function in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study.

Central obesity as measured by waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) has been reported to be associated with renal hemodynamics and function. However, the adipose component of WHR, which is a composite measure of fat mass and fat-free mass, is small, particularly in nonobese subjects. Trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio as measured using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) is a more precise method for evaluating central fat distribution than WHR. The present study investigated the cross-sectional association between DXA-measured trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in community-dwelling elderly Japanese men. Participants were 575 men aged ≥65 years at the time of the baseline survey of the second Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) cohort study. Trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) was calculated as trunk fat divided by appendicular fat (sum of arm and leg fat), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) as trunk fat divided by leg fat. eGFR values significantly decreased from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR. After adjusting for potential confounding factors including whole-body fat, the highest quintile of both TAR and TLR showed statistically significant odds ratios for the risk of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, relative to the lowest quintile. In addition, a significant decreasing trend was observed for eGFR values from the lowest to the highest quintile of TAR/TLR after adjusting for confounding factors including whole-body fat. Elderly men with a large trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio tended to have a lower eGFR. This association occurred independently of that between whole-body fat and eGFR.

IMPACTO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS E DAS HABILIDADES MOTORAS AO REALIZAR GYAKU TSUKI

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine the influence of morphology on karate characteristics and basic motor skills for the criterion variable counter-punch (gyako zuki) in boys, after a two-year training program. Methods A system of 25 variables (12 morphological, 12 motor, and one situational (gyako zuki)) was applied in a sample of 82 karatists, aged 10 to 14 years. Data were processed using regression analysis. Results Body weight had a statistically significant influence on the criterion variable in the initial measurement, as well as on the triceps and back skinfolds in the final measurement. In the motor space, semi-squat endurance had a significant impact on both initial and final measurements. In the reduced system, triple jump, half-squat endurance, and long jump impacted the initial measurement, while the 30-second torso lift, hyperextension on the bench, and semi-squat endurance impacted the final measurement. Conclusion From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the counter-punch (gyako zuki) performance results were better in participants with higher body weight, longer arms, less subcutaneous upper arm and back fat, greater static and explosive power in the lower limbs, and greater hamstring and spine flexibility. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.

PS-P06-13: THE IMPACT OF BODY COMPOSITION AND ADIPOSE DISTRIBUTION ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS

Background and Aims: Both body size and composition are related to BP elevation. Body adipose mass and lean/muscle mass are closely related, and thus the mutual adjustment is important when investigating the impact of one of them on BP. Besides, the proportionate contributions of various components of body composition on BP remains unknown. Thus, in the present study, by constructing models including body fat mass in various depots and body muscle mass simultaneously, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the impact of body composition and adiposity distribution on BP in young and middle-aged adults. Methods: 14412 participants with available data on whole-body DXA measurement derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Multiple stepwise linear regression models of BP on various components of body composition were built to evaluate the true determinants of BP in terms of body composition. Then, relative importance analysis was performed to quantify the contributions of various components of body composition and adipose distribution. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36 years and there were 50.7% women. Linear regression with mutual adjustment showed that total fat mass, total muscle mass, and trunk fat mass were significantly and positively associated with BP, respectively; however, arm and leg fat mass were significantly and negatively associated with BP. After adjusted for potential covariates, SBP were significantly determined by trunk fat mass (β; = 0.33, P &lt; 0.001), leg fat mass (β; = -0.12, P &lt; 0.001), and total muscle mass (β; = 0.10, P &lt; 0.001); DBP were significantly determined by trunk fat mass (β; = 0.52, P &lt; 0.001), leg fat mass (β; = -0.15, P &lt; 0.001), arm fat mass (β; = -0.23, P &lt; 0.001), and total muscle mass (β; = 0.06, P &lt; 0.001) in men. Similar results were observed in women. Relative importance analysis indicated that trunk fat mass was the major contribution to SBP and DBP in both men and women; meanwhile, total muscle mass also made relatively great contribution to SBP for men and women. Conclusions: Both fat mass and muscle mass were independently associated with and substantially contributed to SBP in both men and women. After adjustment for other measurements of body composition and potential covariates, trunk fat mass was positively associated with BP and was the most dominant contributor to BP; however, leg fat mass was negatively associated with BP.

Relationship Between Regional Adiposity Distribution and Incident Heart Failure in General Populations without Cardiovascular Disease

BackgroundObesity is associated with a high risk of heart failure. However, the contribution of regional fat distribution evaluated using bioimpedance analysis toward heart failure risk in the general population without cardiovascular disease has rarely been studied. MethodsThis study included 483,316 participants without heart failure and cardiovascular disease from the UK Biobank study. The regional fat mass was determined by bioimpedance analysis and calculated by dividing the square of height in meters (kg/m2). This study evaluated the association of regional fat mass (arm fat index [AFI], trunk fat index [TFI], and leg fat index [LFI]) with the risk of incident heart failure and whether regional fat mass adds a further prognostic value for heart failure besides body mass index (BMI) in a large prospective cohort study. ResultsDuring the median 12.1 years, 3134 incident heart failure cases occurred. After adjustment for BMI and other confounding factors, each 1-standard deviation increase in LFI was associated with a 21% lower heart failure risk even after adjusting for BMI and other confounding factors (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.85). However, we did not observe heart failure-associated risks with AFI and TFI (HR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09; HR 0.97, 95% CI, 0.91–1.04, respectively). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the protective role of LFI was more prominent in the elderly and female participants (P < .01). ConclusionRegional fat measurement other than BMI can improve heart failure risk stratification; leg fat plays a protective role, yet arm and trunk fat do not, in the general population without cardiovascular disease.

Anthropometric characteristics of young elite sailors based on performance level

Background/ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to analyse possible differences in anthropometric characteristics of elite sailors based on categories and performance level. MethodsA total of 42 young (aged 12–18 years) elite sailors (men = 31; women = 11) of the Monohull (n = 21) and Windsurfing (n = 21) categories composed the study sample. Testing was per-formed in one session the day before the start of an official and international competition. Body composition was measured using an octopolar and multi-frequency electrical bioimpedance analyser, and height was recorded using a telescopic measuring instrument. Cross-sectional study. The total sample was divided into two groups based on their performance level (ranking), 50th percentile (P1), and 100th percentile (P2). ResultsP1 presented a lower BMI, total body fat mass, and body fat mass in the trunk, arms, and legs (p < 0.05). Similarly, P1 reported a higher total body muscle mass and body muscle mass on the trunk, arms, and legs compared to the less level performance group (p < 0.05). In addition, P2 sailors were taller and heavier (p < 0.05). Regarding categories, the Windsurf sailors presented statistically significantly lower arm fat mass than the Monohull (p < 0.05). The Windsurf sailors showed differences between the two performance-level groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, comparing the high-level performance group in both categories, higher arm muscle mass on the Windsurfing sailors was detected (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThese findings could help to differentiate the anthropometric variables that determine sport performance in young elite sailors and could be used to differentiate the anthropometric variables in each category.

The negative association of lower body fat mass with cardiometabolic disease risk factors is partially mediated by adiponectin.

Gluteofemoral fat correlates negatively with a number of cardiometabolic disease risk factors, but the mechanisms involved in these relationships are unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gluteofemoral fat attenuates the risk of cardiometabolic disease by increasing blood adiponectin levels. This was a cross-sectional study in which arm, leg, gluteofemoral, abdominal s.c. and visceral fat levels were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 648 African females. Fasting serum adiponectin, lipid, insulin and plasma glucose levels and blood pressure were measured. Relationships between variables were analysed using multivariable linear regression and structural equation modelling. Adiponectin correlated positively (β = 0.45, P < 0.0001) with gluteofemoral fat in a multivariable regression model that included age, height, and arm, s.c. and visceral fat levels. In further regression models, there was a negative correlation of gluteofemoral fat with fasting glucose (β = -0.28; P < 0.0001) and triglyceride levels (β = -0.29; P < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (HOMA; β = -0.26; P < 0.0001). Structural equation modelling demonstrated that adiponectin mediated 20.7% (P < 0.01) of the association of gluteofemoral fat with insulin resistance and 16.1% (P < 0.01) of the association with triglyceride levels but only 6.67% (P = 0.31) of the association with glucose levels. These results demonstrate that gluteofemoral and leg fat are positively associated with adiponectin levels and that the negative association of lower body fat with insulin resistance and triglyceride levels may partially be mediated by this adipokine. Further studies are required to determine other factors that mediate the effect of lower body fat on cardiometabolic disease risk factors.

Maternal insulin resistance in pregnancy is associated with fetal fat deposition: findings from a longitudinal study

Newborns exhibit substantial variation in fat mass accretion over gestation. These individual differences in newborn adiposity extend into infancy and childhood and relate to subsequent risk of obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Maternal glucose homeostasis in pregnancy has been proposed as an underlying mechanism; however, the timing in gestation when maternal glucose regulation influences the progression of fetal fat deposition remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of maternal insulin resistance in early, mid, and late pregnancy with fetal fat deposition in uncomplicated pregnancies. We hypothesized that maternal insulin resistance at early, mid, and late gestation is positively associated with fetal fat deposition, and that the magnitude of the association is greater for the mid and late gestation measures than for the early gestation measure. In a longitudinal study of 137 low-risk pregnancies, a fasting maternal blood sample was obtained and fetal ultrasonography was performed at ≈ 12, 20, and 30 weeks' gestation. Maternal insulin resistance was quantified using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (fasting insulin×fasting glucose/405). Estimated fetal adiposity was calculated by integrating measurements of cross-sectional arm and thigh percentage fat area and anterior abdominal wall thickness. The associations between maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and estimated fetal adiposity and estimated fetal weight were determined by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors including maternal age, parity, race and ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain per week, fetal sex, and gestational age at assessments. Maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at ≈ 12, 20, and 30 weeks was 2.79±1.79 (±standard deviation), 2.78±1.54, and 3.76±2.30, respectively. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at 20 weeks was positively associated with estimated fetal adiposity at 20 weeks (r=0.261; P=.005). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at 20 weeks (r=0.215; P=.011) and 30 weeks (r=0.285; P=.001) were also positively associated with estimated fetal adiposity at 30 weeks. These relationships remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors. There was no significant correlation between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and estimated fetal weight at 20 and 30 weeks' gestation. In low-risk pregnancies, maternal insulin resistance at mid and late but not early pregnancy is significantly associated with fetal adiposity but not with fetal weight. Maternal insulin resistance in mid-gestation could provide a basis for risk identification and interventions that target child adiposity.

Higher Particulate Matter Deposition in Alveolar Region Could Accelerate Body Fat Accumulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate associations of particulate matter (PM) of less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and PM deposition with nocturnal changes in body composition in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. A bioelectric impedance analysis was used to measure the pre- and postsleep body composition of 185 OSA patients. Annual exposure to PM2.5 was estimated by the hybrid kriging/land-use regression model. A multiple-path particle dosimetry model was employed to estimate PM deposition in lung regions. We observed that an increase in the interquartile range (IQR) (1 μg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a 20.1% increase in right arm fat percentage and a 0.012 kg increase in right arm fat mass in OSA (p < 0.05). We observed that a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM deposition in lung regions (i.e., total lung region, head and nasal region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region) was associated with increases in changes of fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm (β coefficient) (p < 0.05). The β coefficients decreased as follows: alveolar region > head and nasal region > tracheobronchial region > total lung region (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that an increase in PM deposition in lung regions, especially in the alveolar region, could be associated with nocturnal changes in the fat percentage and fat mass of the right arm. PM deposition in the alveolar region could accelerate the body fat accumulation in OSA.

Triponderal mass index is as strong as body mass index in the determination of obesity and adiposity

ObjectiveIn determining obesity and body adiposity, triponderal mass index (TMI) is as strong an anthropometric measurement as body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to develop TMI reference values for Turkish children and adolescents and compare TMI with BMI according to body adiposity and obesity indices. MethodsData from the DAMTCA-II (Determination of Anthropometric Measurements of Turkish Children and Adolescents II) study were used in this cross-sectional study. Data from 4330 children (1931 boys, 2399 girls) ages 6 to 17 y were evaluated, and the TMI percentile values were produced. The predictive power of TMI and BMI for obesity and overweight were done for waist circumference, waist/height ratio, body fat percentage, and upper arm fat area, which are different parameters used to determine body adiposity. ResultsThe 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 97th TMI percentiles and mean values were calculated for all children's age and sex. TMI cutoff values were calculated by receiver operating characteristic analysis regarding waist/height ratio 0.5, waist circumference ≥90 percentile, arm fat area ≥85 percentile, and body fat percentage ≥85. TMI and BMI area under the curve values were similar for each of these four measurements. TMI was as robust an index as BMI in demonstrating obesity and adiposity for all age groups in boys and girls. It was concluded that the values >90th percentile (median 15.8 kg/m3) in girls aged ≤10 y, 95th percentile (median 16.2 kg/m3) in girls aged >10 y, >85th percentile (median 14.9 kg/m3) in boys aged ≤12 y and 75th percentile (median value 14.5 kg/m3) in boys aged >12 y are critical values for TMI when evaluating adiposity and obesity. ConclusionsWe considered that TMI is as effective as BMI in terms of waist/height ratio, waist circumference, arm fat area, and body fat percentage in determining overweight and obesity in children. The ages at which TMI showed distinct variation were determined for both sexes.

Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation training on upper limb muscles strength and body composition in moderately trained males: A randomized controlled study.

Resistance training has been known to have a positive effect on muscle performance in exercisers. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is advertised as a smooth, time-efficient, and highly individualized resistance training technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of WB-EMS training on maximum isometric elbow muscle strength and body composition in moderately trained males in comparison to traditional resistance training. The study was a randomized controlled single-blind trial. Twenty, moderately trained, male participants (25.15 ± 3.84, years) were randomly assigned to the following groups: a WB-EMS training group (n = 11) and a traditional resistance training group (the control group [CG]: n = 9). Both training intervention programs consisted of 18 training sessions for six consecutive weeks. All subjects performed dynamic movements with the WB-EMS or external weights (CG). The primary outcome variables included maximum isometric elbow flexor strength (MIEFS), maximum isometric elbow extensor strength (MIEES) and surface electromyography amplitude (sEMGRMS). Secondary outcomes involved lean body mass, body fat content, arm fat mass, and arm lean mass. ANOVAs, Friedman test and post hoc t-tests were used (P = 0.05) to analyze the variables development after the 6-week intervention between the groups. Significant time × group interactions for MIEFS (η2 = 0.296, PBonferroni = 0.013) were observed, the increase in the WB-EMS group were significantly superior to the CG [23.49 ± 6.48% vs. 17.01 ± 4.36%; MD (95% CI) = 6.48 (1.16, 11.80); d = 1.173, P = 0.020]. There were no significant differences were observed between interventions regarding MIEES, sEMGRMS and body composition. These findings indicate that in moderately trained males the effects of WB-EMS were similar to a traditional resistance training, with the only exception of a significantly greater increase in elbow flexor strength. WB-EMS can be considered as an effective exercise addition for moderately trained males.

Association between regional fat mass and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight/obese adults

To explore the relationship between fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver(NAFLD) in overweight/obese adults. This cross-sectional study included 736(190 men and 546 women) 19-56 years old overweight/obese people in Beijing were selected by convenient sampling. Their age and body mass index(BMI) distribution were 36(31-46) years old and 28.0(26.2-30.7), respectively. The body fat mass and regional fat mass were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA), and Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between regional fat mass and the risk of NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD was 70.0%(515/736) in overweight/obese population. In the multivariate Logistic model, after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, hypertension and body fat mass, waist circumference(WC), thigh fat mass and android fat mass were significantly association with NAFLD risk(P&lt;0.05), but no association was found between arms, trunk and gynoid fat mass and NAFLD risk. There were interactions between thigh fat mass and age(P_(interaction)&lt;0.001) and BMI group(P_(interaction)=0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that thigh fat mass and NAFLD risk were significantly associated in ≤36-year-old(OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.48-0.81), male(OR=0.32, 95%CI 0.16-0.64) and overweight(OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.36-0.64) groups, but in the &gt;36-year-old, female and the obesity group this association was not statistically significant. There was an interaction between trunk fat mass and age group(P_(interaction)=0.009). There was a positive correlation between trunk fat mass and NAFLD risk in &gt;36-year-old group(OR=1.63, 95%CI 1.35-1.97), but no association was found in ≤36-year-old group. In addition, we also found that a significant interaction between gynoid fat mass and BMI group on NAFLD(P_(interaction)&lt;0.001). In overweight, gynoid fat mass was negatively correlated with the risk of NAFLD(OR=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.25), but in the obesity group, the association was not statistically significant. There were no statistically significant interactions between WC, arms fat mass and android mass and age, sex and BMI groups. WC, android fat mass and thigh fat mass are associated with the risk of NAFLD. Thigh fat mass has a significant interaction with age and BMI group on the risk of NAFLD(only in ≤36-year-old group, male and overweight group a significant protective effect of thigh fat on NAFLD was found, but not in &gt;36-year-old group, female and obesity group). Trunk fat mass had an interaction with age(the association between trunk fat mass and NAFLD was significant in &gt;36-year-old group). Gynoid fat mass and BMI group also have a significant interaction on NAFLD(the detrimental effect of gynoid fat on NAFLD is much more profound in the obesity group).

Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to identify high blood pressure in adolescents-systematic review.

BackgroundAnthropometric indicators of obesity have been associated with blood pressure in adolescents. However, the accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity for screening for high blood pressure (HBP) in adolescents is not known. Thus, the aim of the present study was to summarize the set of evidence regarding the predictive ability of anthropometric indicators of obesity to identify HBP in adolescents.MethodsSearches were performed in five databases: MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Electronic online (SciELO) and SportDiscus. The inclusion criteria for studies were: adolescents aged 10–19 years or mean age included in this range, observational and intervention studies, studies that proposed cutoff points for anthropometric indicators of obesity, and studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 instrument.ResultsTen studies met the inclusion criteria and had their information summarized. Based on the information described in these studies, the anthropometric indicators body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), triceps skinfold thickness, body adiposity index, C index, body mass, waist-to-arm span ratio, arm fat area, average arm perimeter, fat percentage and arm span were likely to be used in high blood pressure (HBP) screening among adolescents. However, only one study showed acceptable values (moderate to high precision) in relation to the accuracy measurements of described cutoffs.ConclusionCaution is suggested in the use of anthropometric indicators of obesity for HBP screening in adolescents, in which a greater number of studies with accurate diagnostic tools are necessary.

Associations between potential causal factors and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies.

To summarize the associations between potential causal factors and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk based on existing Mendelian randomization studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis involved a literature search in Embase and Medline. All published articles using Mendelian randomization to explore potential causal factors of CRC were included. Studies that reported Mendelian randomization estimates of standard deviation changes in exposures were included in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses based on sex and anatomical sites were performed. One hundred and ninety studies presented in 51 articles were included in systematic review, and 114 studies conducted in 32 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Adult body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body height, body fat percentage, arm fat ratio, childhood obesity, lifetime cigarette consumption, short sleep, coffee consumption, and blood levels of vitamin B12 , arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 were positively associated with CRC risk. Conversely, acceleration-vector-magnitude physical activity, milk consumption, and blood levels of adiponectin, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, interleukin-6 receptor subunit-α, and tumor necrosis factor were inversely associated with CRC risk. Most obesity-related anthropometric characteristics, several unhealthy lifestyles, and blood levels of some micronutrients, fatty acids, and diabetes-related biomarkers were positively associated with CRC risk. In contrast, some lifestyles and blood levels of some fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers were inversely associated with CRC risk. Future studies with more valid genetic variants are needed for factors with discrepancies between Mendelian randomization and epidemiological studies.

A Comparative and Sex-Specific Study of Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Estimating Whole-Body and Segmental Body Composition in Healthy Young Adults

Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are methods to estimate human body composition. This study aimed to compare sex-specific outcomes for estimating segmental and whole-body composition in 83 healthy participants (21.9 ± 1.5 years, 56% men) using Inbody S10 BIA and Norland Elite DXA devices. One-way repeated measures ANOVAs showed significantly lower whole-body fat% and whole-body fat mass values alongside higher whole-body lean mass values resulting from BIA when compared to DXA (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001). In men, whole-body bone mineral content was significantly higher using BIA against DXA (p &lt; 0.001). Regardless of sex, no significant BIA versus DXA difference was found in arm fat mass (men: p = 0.180, women: p = 0.233), whereas significantly lower leg fat mass values were found with BIA versus DXA (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher arm lean mass (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001) and leg lean mass (only women: p &lt; 0.001) were found in BIA versus DXA. Moderate to very strong positive associations (p &lt; 0.05) between BIA and DXA outcome measures were found, except for arm fat mass (men: p = 0.904, women: p = 0.130) and leg fat mass (only men: p = 0.845). This study highlights (sex-dependent) differences in corresponding test outcomes between BIA and DXA both at the segmental and whole-body level.

Body fat distribution and insulin resistance among Korean middle-aged women: a Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

ObjectiveTo evaluate menopause-related changes in body fat distribution and their relationship with insulin resistance in middle-aged Korean women.MethodsWe analyzed women aged 40–60 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2011. Body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).ResultsAmong 3,468 participants, menopausal women (n=1,489) had a higher body mass index (BMI) and higher trunk, arm, and head fat percentages than premenopausal women (n=1,979). However, no significant difference was found in the leg fat percentage according to menopausal status. Multivariable regression analysis for HOMA-IR showed that trunk fat percentage, BMI, and waist circumference positively correlated with insulin resistance and leg fat percentage negatively correlated after adjusting for several confounding factors, whereas menopausal status was not associated with HOMA-IR.ConclusionMiddle-aged women not only have different body weights and BMI but also have different body fat distributions according to menopausal status. Each fat percentage change in the trunk and leg is differently associated with metabolic health, particularly insulin resistance. To evaluate the metabolic health of middle-aged women, BMI is generally noted; however, body fat distribution, which can be easily assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, should also be considered.

Reduced gluteofemoral (subcutaneous) fat mass in young Japanese women with family history of type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis

Limited expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue may be characteristics of first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that family history of type 2 diabetes (FHD) may be associated with reduced peripheral fat mass. Body composition and metabolic variables were compared between 18 and 111 Japanese female collegiate athletes, and between 55 and 148 nonathletes with positive (FHD +) and negative FHD (FHD-), respectively. We had multivariate logistic regression analyses for FHD + as dependent variable in a total population.BMI averaged < 21 kg/m2 and did not differ between FHD + and FHD- nonathletes. Despite comparable BMI, body fat percentage and serum leptin were lower in FHD + nonathletes. This was due to lower arm and gluteofemoral fat percentage (both p = 0.02) whereas the difference in trunk fat percentage was not significant (p = 0.08). These differences were not found between two groups of athletes. FHD + women had lower HDL cholesterol despite lower BMI in a total population. Fasting insulin, serum adiponectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not differ between FHD + and FHD- athletes or nonathletes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed independent associations of FHD + with BMI (odds ratio, 0.869; 95% confidential interval, 0.768–0.984; p = 0.02) and HDL cholesterol (odds ratio, 0.977; 95% confidential interval, 0.957–0.997, p = 0.02). In conclusion, FHD may be associated with reduced subcutaneous fat mass in young Japanese women, suggesting impaired adipose tissue expandability.