Arm Fat Research Articles

Associations of linear growth with body composition of perinatally HIV-infected African adolescents.

The prevalence of poor linear growth among African children with perinatally acquired HIV remains high. There is concern that poor linear growth may to lead to later total and central fat deposition and associated non-communicable disease risks. We investigated associations between height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and total and regional fat and lean mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, expressed as internal population Z scores, among 839 Zimbabwean and Zambian perinatally HIV-infected male and female adolescents aged 11-19 years. Stunting (HAZ < -2) was present in 37 % of males and 23 % of females. HAZ was strongly positively associated with total, trunk, arm and leg fat mass and lean mass Z scores, in analyses controlling for pubertal stage, socio-economic status and HIV viral load. Associations of linear growth with lean mass were stronger than those with fat outcomes; associations with total and regional fat were similar, indicating no preferential central fat deposition. There was no evidence that age of starting antiretroviral therapy was associated with HAZ or body composition. Non-suppressed HIV viral load was associated with lower lean but not fat mass. The results do not support the hypothesis that poor linear growth or stunting are risk factors for later total or central fat deposition. Rather, increased linear growth primarily benefits lean mass but also promotes fat mass, both consistent with larger body size. Nutritional and/or HIV infection control programmes need to address the high prevalence of stunting among perinatally HIV-infected children in order to mitigate constraints on the accretion of lean and fat mass.

Maternal Glycemic Status and Longitudinal Fetal Body Composition and Organ Volumes Based on Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of fetal overgrowth as measured by two-dimensional ultrasonography. Whether fetal three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue and organ volumes provide additional insight into fetal overgrowth is unknown. We prospectively evaluated longitudinal 3D fetal body composition and organ volumes in a diverse US singleton pregnancy cohort (2015-2019). Women were diagnosed with GDM, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Up to five 3D ultrasound scans measured fetal body composition and organ volumes; trajectories were modeled using linear mixed models. Overall and weekly mean differences in fetal 3D trajectories were tested across glycemic status, adjusted for covariates. In this sample (n = 2,427), 5.2% of women had GDM, and 3.0% had IGT. Fetuses of women who developed GDM compared with NGT had larger fractional arm and fractional fat arm volumes from 26 to 35 weeks, smaller fractional lean arm volume from 17 to 22 weeks, and larger abdominal area from 24 to 40 weeks. Fetuses of women with IGT had similar growth patterns, which manifested later in gestation and with larger magnitudes, and had larger fractional lean arm volume. No overall differences were observed among thigh or organ volumes across glycemic status. Body composition differed in fetuses of GDM-complicated pregnancies, including larger arm and abdominal measures across the second and third trimesters. Patterns were similar in IGT-complicated pregnancies except that they occurred later in gestation and with larger magnitudes. Future research should explore how lifestyle and medication may alter fetal fat accumulation trajectories among hyperglycemic pregnancies.

Efficacy of Liposuction of the Posterior Arm Fat Pad in Axillobrachioplasty after Massive Weigh Loss: A Pilot Study.

The topographic anatomical changes of the upper arms and axilla after massive weight loss (MWL) seem ill-described in the literature. The importance of the axilla in MWL brachioplasty and how the procedure differs from the postmenopausal "batwing" deformity of the upper arms is also unclear. Consideration of the underlying pathology seems imperative for a successful reconstruction. We aim to test a procedure specifically designed to mend the underlying pathology of obesity and MWL, liposuction-assisted axillobrachioplasty (LAAB). A prospective pilot study was designed to test the effect of LAAB on the axilla and evaluate the results comparative to patient's preoperative complaints and well-being and allow for adjustments for future trials. We measured the diameter of the arm and axilla at three specific points, A, B and C, and applied the arm module of BODY-Q regarding body perception and psychosocial well-being. Fifteen women, for a total of 30 arms, were included. Age average was 48 years (29-59) and showed a significant improvement in all measurements A-C, most significantly at point A in the axilla, where the reduction was associated with relief of preoperative ailments and great improvement on BODY-Q ratings. The procedure was uncomplicated, with high patient satisfaction. LAAB significantly improves the axilla and upper arm contour after MWL and correlates strongly with improvement of preoperative ailments. The study furthermore supports the clinical relevance of a posterior arm fat pad. The presented procedure seems to be uncomplicated and reproducible with a high patient satisfaction warranting a long-term clinical trial.

Differential impacts of fat and muscle mass on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The distribution of fat and muscle mass in different regions of the body can reflect different pathways to mortality in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, we investigated the associations between whole-body and regional body fat and muscle mass with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD mortality in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006, 1417 adults aged ≥50years with T2D were selected. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to derive whole-body, trunk, arm, and leg fat mass and muscle mass indices (FMI and MMI). Mortality data until 31 December 2019 were retrieved from the National Death Index. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 1417 participants were included in this study (weighted mean age [standard error]: 63.7 [0.3] years; 50.5% female). Over a median follow-up of 13.6years, 797 deaths were recorded (371 CVD-related and 426 non-CVD deaths). Higher FMI in the arm was associated with increased risk of non-CVD mortality (fourth quartile [Q4] vs. first quartile [Q1]: HR 1.82 [95% CI 1.13-2.94]), whereas higher FMI in the trunk or leg was not significantly associated with CVD or non-CVD mortality. Conversely, higher arm MMI was associated with a lower risk of both CVD (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 0.51 [95% CI 0.33-0.81]) and non-CVD (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 0.56 [95% CI 0.33-0.94]) mortality. There was a significant interaction between smoking status and arm FMI on non-CVD mortality (P for interaction=0.007). Higher arm FMI was associated with a higher risk of non-CVD mortality among current or former smokers (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 2.67 [95% CI 1.46-4.88]) but not non-smokers (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 0.85 [95% CI 0.49-1.47]). Fat mass and muscle mass, especially in the arm, are differently associated with CVD and non-CVD mortality in people with T2D. Our findings underscore the predictive value of body compositions in the arm in forecasting mortality among older adults with T2D.

Oral nutritional supplementation with dietary counseling improves linear catch-up growth and health outcomes in children with or at risk of undernutrition: a randomized controlled trial.

Childhood undernutrition is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and a high socio-economic burden. Supporting Pediatric GRowth and Health OUTcomes (SPROUT) is a randomized, controlled trial evaluating the effects of an oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with dietary counseling (DC; n = 164) compared to a DC-only group who continued consuming their habitual milk (n = 166; NCT05239208). Children aged 24-60 months who were at risk or with undernutrition, as defined by weight-for-age [WAZ] < -1 and height-for-age [HAZ] < -1 according to the WHO Growth Standards, and who also met the criterion of weight-for-height [WHZ] < 0, were enrolled in Vietnam. ONS + DC had a larger WAZ increase at day 120 (primary endpoint) vs. DC (least squares mean, LSM (SE): 0.30 (0.02) vs. 0.13 (0.02); p < 0.001), and larger improvements in all weight, BMI and weight-for-height indices at day 30 and 120 (all p < 0.01). Height gain was larger in ONS + DC in all indices, including height-for-age difference [HAD; cm: 0.56 (0.07) vs. 0.10 (0.07); p < 0.001], at day 120. ONS + DC had larger arm muscle but not arm fat indices, higher parent-rated appetite, physical activity and energy levels, longer night sleep, fewer and shorter awakenings, and better sleep quality than DC. Adding ONS to DC, compared to DC-alone, improves growth in weight and height, linear catch-up growth, and health outcomes in children with or at risk of undernutrition.

Causal relationships of lifestyle behaviours and body fat distribution on diabetic microvascular complications: a Mendelian randomization study.

To determine the causal correlations of lifestyle behaviours and body fat distribution on diabetic microvascular complications through a Mendelian Randomization (MR). Genetic variants significantly associated with lifestyle behaviours, abdominal obesity, generalized obesity and diabetic microvascular complications were extracted from the UK Biobank (UKB) and FinnGen. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was regarded as the primary method. The main results were presented in odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase, and a series of sensitivity analyses were also conducted to validate the stability of the results. There was a positive causal correlation between smoking and the development of diabetic retinopathy (OR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.04-1.30; p = 0.01). All of the indicators representing abdominal obesity had a statistically significant causal association with diabetic microvascular complications. Concerning generalized obesity, there were significant causal associations of body mass index (BMI) on diabetic nephropathy (OR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.58-2.33; p < 0.001), diabetic retinopathy (OR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.15-1.40; p < 0.001), and diabetic neuropathy (OR = 2.60; 95%CI: 1.95-3.45; p < 0.001). Other indicators including leg fat mass (left), and arm fat mass (left) also had a significant positive causality with diabetic microvascular complications. Our findings suggested that smoking has a genetically causal association with the development of diabetic retinopathy rather than diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy. In addition, both abdominal obesity and generalized obesity are risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications. To note, abdominal obesity represented by waist circumference (WC) is the most significant risk factor.

Estimating the Total and Regional Body Fat of Physically Active Men Is Not Appropriate for Sedentary Men

Objectives. The reliability of predictive body fat equations remains unclear due to their inappropriate use across different subject cohorts and conditions. The objective of this study was to validate and cross-validate equations to predict total and regional body fat in young physically active males. Material and methods. Three hundred and five young male participants were divided into the following groups: active validation (n=165), active cross-validation (n=70), or sedentary cross-validation ones (n=70). The study used a stratified random sampling based on weekly physical activity level. The total and regional body fat mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) after an overnight fast. Simultaneous measurements of height, body mass, skinfold thickness, body mass index, and body circumferences were taken. The total and regional body fat predictive equations were generated using multiple linear stepwise regression models. The coefficient of determination (R²) and standard error of estimation (SEE) were calculated to examine the accuracy of the predictive equations. Furthermore, cross-validation groups were analysed. Results. The percentage of total body fat, trunk fat, legs fat, arms fat, and body mass index of active cross-validation were found to be significantly lower than in the sedentary cross-validation groups. The total body fat percentage was highly associated with abdominal skinfold thickness (R=0.68-0.74, P&lt;0.001), body mass index (R=0.55, P&lt;0.001), and suprailiac skinfold thickness (R=0.67-0.71, P&lt;0.001) in the active validation group. The predictive total and regional body fat equations of physically active men showed adjusted R² values ranging from 0.35 to 0.66, with standard error of estimation values between 2.74 to 4.35%. The standard error of estimation for the predictive percentage of total and regional body fat in the active cross-validation group was lower than in the sedentary cross-validation group. Conclusions. The findings demonstrate that new predictive total and regional body fat equations can be used to accurately estimate body fat in healthy young active males under fast conditions.

Validity of "Mid-Upper Arm Circumference" as a Parameter to Identify Undernourished Children in Rural Gujarat.

Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measures the arm muscle and fat area. The use of MUAC as a screening measure for assessing undernutrition has the following advantages; it makes use of a simple equipment, is easy to carry at the field sites, and requires minimal training. In India, "mid-upper arm circumference" is widely used and accepted in many nutritional programs. This study was conducted with the primary objective to compare different anthropometric parameters of children and to validate the usefulness and limitations of MUAC to screen out undernourished children. Anthropometric measurements were recorded for all the anganwadi centers of the selected sub-center that comes under the field practice area of our department. The measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done according to the standard guidelines as per WHO, and further, calculations were done with the help of "Anthro software 3.2.2." Comparisons were done between categorization of MUAC tape and Weight-for-Height Z-scores (WHZ), and hence, the sensitivity and specificity of the MUAC tape to screen the malnourished child were found out. Sensitivity of MUAC to categorize a child in red/yellow was only 9.03%, negative predictive value (NPV) was 40.75%, specificity came 95.10%, and positive predictive value was 73.68% on taking WHZ as the gold standard. MUAC has a limited role in screening out an undernourished child (red/yellow category), whereas it has a good role in screening healthy children (green category).

Estimation of Arm Fat Percentage: from Segmental Bioimpedance to Anthropometry

Introduction: Currently, there are no formulas to estimate the percentage of fat by segments of the body from anthropometric measurements. The objective of this work was to correlate the percentage of arm fat mass (obtained through segmental bioimpedance) with anthropometric measurements, to generate a prediction formula valid for both genders. Methods: A sample of 100 individuals (50 women and 50 men) from 18 to 70 years old was analyzed in this observational study. A bioimpedance analysis was performed along with anthropometric determinations according to ISAK standards. Results: The percentage of arm fat mass estimated by bioimpedance strongly and positively correlated with the triceps and biceps skin folds, the arm fat area, and its percentage of fat area, in both sexes. In women, the percentage of arm fat mass also correlated with body mass index, arm circumference, and arm muscle area. Conclusion: Through a linear regression formula applicable to both sexes, the percentage of arm fat can be estimated from three anthropometric measurements.

Adiposity indicators exhibit depot- and sex-specific associations with multimorbidity onset: A cohort study of the UK Biobank.

This study investigated the depot- and sex-specific associations of adiposity indicators with incident multimorbidity and comorbidity pairs. We selected 382 678 adults without multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases) at baseline from the UK Biobank. General obesity, abdominal obesity and body fat percentage indices were measured. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses of general obesity indices revealed that for every one-unit increase in body mass index, the risk of incident multimorbidity increased by 5.2% (95% confidence interval 5.0%-5.4%). A dose-response relationship was observed between general obesity degrees and incident multimorbidity. The analysis of abdominal obesity indices showed that for every 0.1 increment in waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio, the risk of incident multimorbidity increased by 42.0% (37.9%-46.2%) and 27.9% (25.7%-30.0%), respectively. Central obesity, as defined by waist circumference, contributed to a 23.2% increased risk of incident multimorbidity. Hip circumference and hip-to-height ratio had protective effects on multimorbidity onset. Consistent findings were observed for males and females. Body fat percentage elevated 3% (0.2%-5.9%) and 5.3% (1.1%-9.7%) risks of incident multimorbidity in all adults and females, respectively. Arm fat percentages elevated 5.3% (0.8%-9.9%) and 19.4% (11.0%-28.5%) risks of incident multimorbidity in all adults and males, respectively. The general obesity indices, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio and central obesity increased the onset of comorbidity pairs, whereas hip circumference and hip-to-height ratio decreased the onset of comorbidity pairs. These adiposity indicators mainly affect diabetes mellitus-related comorbidity onset in males and hypertensive-related comorbidity onset in females. Adiposity indicators are predictors of multimorbidity and comorbidity pairs and represent a promising approach for intervention.

Reference percentiles for mid-upper arm circumference, upper arm muscle and fat areas of Nigerian children and adolescent population aged 0 – 19 years

Reference percentiles for mid-upper arm circumference, upper arm muscle and fat areas of Nigerian children and adolescent population aged 0 – 19 years

Association between body fat distribution and age at menarche: a two sample Mendelian randomization study.

Numerous studies have examined the association between obesity and age at menarche (AAM), with most focusing on traditional obesity indicators such as body mass index. However, there are limited studies that explored the connection between body fat distribution and AAM, as well as a scarcity of Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. In this study, we conducted a two-sample MR study to evaluate the causal effects of eight body fat distribution indicators on AAM. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used for primary analysis, while supplementary approaches such as MR-Egger and weighted median were also utilized. Considering that the eight exposures were highly correlated, we performed an MR Bayesian model averaging (MR-BMA) analysis to prioritize the effect of major exposure on AAM. A series of sensitivity analyses were also performed. From a range of 82-105 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were utilized as genetic instrumental variables for each of the exposure factors. After Bonferroni correction, we found that whole body fat mass (β: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.11), left leg fat percentage (β: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.21, -0.07), left leg fat mass (β: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.12), left arm fat percentage (β: -0.18; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.11) and left arm fat mass (β: -0.18; 95%CI: -0.26, -0.10) were associated with decreased AAM using random effects IVW method. And the beta coefficients for all MR evaluation methods exhibited consistent trends. MR-BMA method validated that left arm fat percentage plays a dominant role in AAM. Our MR study suggested that body fat has broad impacts on AAM. Obtaining more information on body measurements would greatly enhance our comprehension of pubertal development.

Associations of Regional Body Fat with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

We aimed to prospectively examine the association between regional body fat and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), who often exhibit changes in relative fat distribution and have increased CVD risk. The main analysis included 21,472 participants with T2D from the UK Biobank. Regional body fat was measured by bioelectric impedance assessment. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Over a median of 7.7 years of follow-up, 3,976 CVD events occurred. After multivariable adjustment, upper and lower body fat were independently and oppositely associated with CVD risk among patients with T2D. Higher arm fat percentage was linearly associated with increased CVD risk (P nonlinear >0.05), while higher trunk fat percentage was nonlinearly associated with increased CVD risk (P nonlinear <0.05). In contrast, higher leg fat percentage was nonlinearly associated with lower CVD risk (P nonlinear <0.05). When comparing extreme quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) of CVD was 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) for leg fat percentage, 1.63 (1.29, 2.05) for arm fat percentage, and 1.27 (1.06, 1.52) for trunk fat percentage. Similar patterns of associations were observed for all-cause and CVD mortality. In addition, leg fat percentage, but not other regional fat percentage, was associated with CVD risk independently of traditional measures of obesity. Among people with T2D, arm fat and trunk fat were positively, whereas leg fat was inversely, associated with the risk of CVD and mortality. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the amount and the location of body fat when assessing CVD and mortality risk among individuals with T2D.

Exploring the association between regional fat distribution and atrial fibrillation risks: a comprehensive cohort study.

The contribution of total fat mass and regional fat distribution to the risk of AF has rarely been studied. This prospective cohort study(N=494,063) evaluated the association of total fat mass measured by fat percentage (FP) and regional fat measured by arm fat percentage (AFP), trunk fat percentage (TFP), and leg fat percentage (LFP) with incident AF. A subgroup (N = 25,581) underwent MRI, which allowed us to further assess whether visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) of the trunk fat exert different effects on AF incidence. Over, a median 12.9 ± 1.86 years of follow-up, 29,658 participants (cumulative rate: 6.0%) developed AF. Each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in LFP was associated with a 16% lower risk of AF (HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.85). The association between FP and AF was weaker than that between LFP and AF (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.92). AFP and TFP only had a marginal association with a lower incidence of AF. Both the VAT and ASAT showed a U-shaped relationship with incident AF. Fat mass, mainly leg fat mass, was associated with a lower risk of AF. ASAT did not exert protective effects.

Nutrition therapy in colorectal cancer patient with severe malnutrition: A case report

Background: Malnutrition in cancer patients generally, and in gastrointestinal cancer specifically, is common, that could be from the cancer itself or the treatment. Thus, it is necessary to follow special nutrition rules in patients with colorectal cancer. This study aims to see the progress of the nutritional status of cancer patients treated with special nutrition rules. Case Description: A 72-year-old man was brought to the ER with the chief complaint of weakness, felt since 1 week ago. Other complaints are loss of appetite and liquid stool. History of weight loss is 12 kg in the last 6 months. He was diagnosed with colorectal cancer 6 months ago. The patient looks pale, with conjunctiva pallor, loss of subcutaneous fat in arms, trunk, and feet, and loss of muscle in the face, ribs, and shoulder. He was then admitted to the ward with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer with severe malnutrition. Nutrition therapy has been given since the beginning. The total energy was 2,100 kkal, with 80gr protein, 280gr carbohydrate, and 70gr fat. The patient was treated for 10 days. Clinically improved: the conjunctiva was no more pallor, arm circumference increased to 19cm, he had gained his appetite, was no longer dripping with norepinephrine, and no longer needed O2 supplementation (SaO2 in room air: 98%). Conclusion: Cancer treatment causes side effects on nutrition status. It is essential to give special nutrition rules to patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer patients also suffer from inadequate food intake, reduced ability to digest food, and disturbed body homeostasis. Malnutrition, especially in cancer patients, could result in general weakening, lower immunity, prolonged recovery period, and lower tolerance to the side effects of cancer therapy. Early nutrition therapy has a good impact on the nutritional status of the cancer patient.

Short-term effects of Mediterranean diet on nutritional status in adults affected by Osteogenesis Imperfecta: a pilot study

BackgroundOsteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders, characterized by varying degrees of skeletal fragility. Patients experience a range of comorbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal complications, especially in adulthood. All aspects that could benefit from dietary intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-months restricted Mediterranean Diet (rMD) on nutritional status in adult patients affected by OI.We carried out a 6-months longitudinal pilot study. 14 adults (median age: 35 years; 7 women; 7 OI type III) where recruited in 2019 among the members of As.It.O.I., the Italian Association of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. As.It.O.I. All the evaluations were performed at the University of Milan, Italy. The rMD provided a reduction of 30% from daily total energy expenditure. 45% of calories derived from carbohydrates, 35% from fat and 0.7–1.0 g/kg of body weight from proteins. Comparisons of continuous variables after 6 months of intervention were performed by the paired t-test. All P-values were two-tailed, and p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsPatients showed significant improvement in anthropometric measurements (BMI = 30.5 vs 28.1 kg/cm2, p < 0.001; Body Fat % = 32.9 vs 29.9, p = 0.006; Waist circumferences = 83.6 vs 79.6 cm; p < 0.001; Arm Fat Area = 29.8 vs 23.07 cm2; p < 0.011) and energy expenditure (REE/kg = 27.2 vs 29.2 kcal/kg, p < 0.001). Glucose and lipid profiles improved (Δglycemia = − 8.6 ± 7.3 mg/dL, p = 0.003; ΔTC = − 14.6 ± 20.1 mg/dL, p = 0.036; ΔLDL = − 12.0 ± 12.1 mg/dL, p = 0.009). Adherence to the MD significantly increased, moving from a moderate to a strong adherence and reporting an increased consumption of white meat, legumes, fish, nuts, fruits and vegetables.ConclusionA rMD was effective in improving nutritional status and dietary quality in adults with OI. These results underscores the need to raise awareness of nutrition as part of the multidisciplinary treatment of this disease.

Seasonal variation of lean arm fat and fat arm area among Ellisras population from childhood to young adulthood

Seasonal variation of lean arm fat and fat arm area among Ellisras population from childhood to young adulthood

The causal association between body fat distribution and risk of abdominal wall hernia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Obesity and a high body mass index (BMI) are considered as risk factors for abdominal wall hernia (AWH). However, anthropometric measures of body fat distribution (BFD) seem to be better indicators in the hernia field. This Mendelian randomization analysis aimed to generate more robust evidence for the impact of waist circumstance (WC), body, trunk, arm, and leg fat percentages (BFP, TFP, AFP, LFP) on AWH. A univariable MR design was employed and the summary statistics allowing for assessment were obtained from the genome-wide association studies (GWASs). An inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was applied as the primary analysis, and the odds ratio value was used to evaluate the causal relationship between BFD and AWH. None of the MR-Egger regression intercepts deviated from null, indicating no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (p > 0.05). The Cochran Q test showed heterogeneity between the genetic IVs for WC (p = 0.005; p = 0.005), TFP (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), AFP-L (p = 0.016; p = 0.015), LFP-R (p = 0.012; p = 0.009), and LFP-L (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Taking the IVW random-effects model as gold standard, each standard deviation increment in genetically determined WC, BFP, TFP, AFP-R, AFP-L, LFP-R, and LFP-L raised the risk of AWH by 70.9%, 70.7%, 56.5%, 69.7%, 78.3%, 87.7%, and 72.5%, respectively. This study proves the causal relationship between AWH and BFD, attracting more attention from BMI to BFD. It provides evidence-based medical evidence that healthy figure management can prevent AWH.

2019 Association of Bradykinin receptor 2 variants with physical performance and muscle mass: findings from the LACE sarcopenia trial

Abstract Introduction The kinin-kallikrein system has been implicated in muscle performance: bradykinin promotes glucose uptake and blood flow in muscle through bradykinin receptor 2 (BDKRB2). BDKRB2 variants include rs1799722 and rs5810761, where the T and -9 alleles respectively have associated with increased transcriptional rates and were overrepresented in endurance athletes. However, these variants have rarely been studied among older people or those with sarcopenia. Methods The Leucine and ACE inhibitor (ACE) trial enrolled 145 participants aged ≥70 years with low grip strength and low gait speed. Participants’ blood samples had DNA extracted and were genotyped for rs179972 using TaqMan and rs5810761 by amplification through Hotstar Taq (and visualised through 4% agarose gel electrophoresis). The differences in genotypes for each variant against physical performance measures (e.g. six-minute walk distance [6MWD]) was calculated using t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests where appropriate. Genotypes were also tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) using Chi-squared test. Results Data from 136 individuals were included in the analysis. For rs1799722, the genotype frequency (TT: 17, CC: 48, CT: 71) remained in HWE (p=0.248). No difference between TT and CC/CT group was seen for 6MWD, grip strength or SPPB. Among men, the TT genotype had greater 6MWD compared to CC/CT (400m vs 312m, p=0.007), and also greater leg muscle mass (17.6kg vs 15.3kg, p =0.005), but no difference was noted in women. For rs5810761, the genotype frequency (-9-9: 31, +9+9: 43, -9+9: 60) also remained in HWE (p=0.269). No difference between -9-9 and +9+9/+9-9 was seen for 6MWD, grip strength or SPPB. In men, but not women, -9-9 genotype had reduced arm fat baseline (1.85kg vs 2.72kg; p=0.005). Conclusion Among men, the TT genotype was associated with longer 6MW distance and higher leg muscle mass. The -9-9 genotype was associated with lower regional fat mass in men.

Pressão arterial sistólica e circunferência do braço são os melhores preditores da pressão de oclusão arterial em adultos jovens

Abstract Introduction Low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction has shown to be effective in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. The appropriate arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) to induce partial blood flow restriction has been suggested through regression equations. Objective This study sough to investigate whether limb fat-free mass and fat mass can be used as predictors of AOP in the upper limbs in young adults. Methods Vascular Doppler ultrasound was performed in the proximal right arm of 49 healthy individuals of both sexes (aged 18-30 years) to determine AOP in the brachial artery. Segmental fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance. The best fit model to predict AOP was tested by including the independent variables one by one in a hierarchical regression analysis. Results Systolic blood pressure (SBP) alone explained 54.6% of the variation in AOP. Included in different models in combination with SBP, arm circumference (8.1%), body mass index (7.9%), and arm fat-free mass (7.1%) composed similar models in terms of goodness of fit. Arm fat mass (1.7%), in turn, did not add predictive strength to the model. Conclusion SBP and arm circumference may be used to estimate the cuff pressure to induce blood flow restriction in blood flow restriction therapy.