Fat-free Weight Research Articles

Differences in the coordination of gait based on body mass index in sedentary young adults

Purpose: Obesity is a known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (kOA), yet there is a paucity of research investigating movement in obese individuals prior to the development of kOA. Previous studies have found very few differences in gait when comparing normal and obese young adults, yet likely differences in physical activity levels of participants have not been accounted for. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess knee health, gait and physical function in normal and obese sedentary young adults. Methods: Eighteen (9 normal weight (N): 21.9 ± 2.9 years, BMI 21.9 ± 1.4, 24.2 ± 4.8% body fat; and 9 obese (Ob): 24.2 ± 3.2, BMI 31.9 ± 1.2, 40.8 ± 4.8% body fat) sedentary, otherwise healthy college-aged individuals were recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed measures of physical function and knee health, including the six-minute walk test and KOOS questionnaire. Additionally, participants completed a biomechanical gait analysis at both a preferred walking velocity and a “fast” walking velocity. For this investigation, key lower extremity variables were selected for group comparison: peak external knee adduction moment (normalized to participants’ fat-free weight and height); sagittal plane knee and ankle range of motion; and sagittal plane movement coordination between the thigh and shank, and the shank and foot. A modified vector coding technique was used to assess sagittal plane movement coordination for the ankle and knee, providing a metric of segmental contribution to overall motion. Coordination was categorized into different patterns (exclusive distal segment, exclusive proximal segment, in-phase, or anti-phase motion) and the percentage of stance spent with each coordination pattern was compared across groups. A 2 × 2 (group × velocity) ANOVA statistically assessed each variable. Results: Groups were similar (P > 0.05) in preferred walking velocity (N: 1.26 m/s, Ob: 1.27 m/s), 6MW (N: 554 m, Ob: 529 m) and KOOS (N: 474.1, Ob: 478.6). There was no interaction between group and velocity, or group differences, for ankle range of motion, knee flexion excursion or peak knee adduction moment (P > 0.05, Table1). All gait variables significantly increased from preferred to fast walking (Table 1). There were no differences in sagittal plane movement coordination of the thigh and shank (P > 0.05). At the fast walking velocity, N spent a greater portion of stance with exclusive shank motion (N: 33.4%, Ob: 20.1%; P = 0.006) and significantly less time with exclusive foot motion (N: 14.8%, Ob: 33.7%; P < 0.001). Conclusions: In line with previous research, we saw an increase in range of motion at the ankle and knee joints and an increase in joint loading from preferred to fast walking velocity. Contrary to previous findings, our groups did not differ in performance on physical function tests, yet both groups were similar to obese participants in the literature. This depressed physical function is likely related to the inclusion criteria to that of sedentary individuals. Despite overall group similarities, we observed differences in the coordination of movement at the ankle, especially during fast walking. Ob walked with a greater reliance on motion of the foot to achieve ankle motion than N. This difference in coordination demonstrates that regardless of similarities in typical measures, the groups are organizing movement differently. Our findings suggest that coordination may be influenced by body mass index, not activity level. In these young healthy adults, overall movement and function do not appear to be influenced by body mass. These findings suggest a sedentary lifestyle may importantly influence research findings on kOA risk. Therefore, it is important to consider physical activity levels of participants for future studies. Furthermore, observed differences in coordination may elucidate group differences that could go unnoticed using traditional measures.Tabled 1Preferred velocityFastNormalObeseNormalObeseAnkle ROM (°)*12.18 ± 2.6211.26 ± 5.029.87 ± 3.479.19 ± 5.24Knee ROM (°)*18.63 ± 3.9219.92 ± 4.1222.30 ± 4.9024.25 ± 3.70Knee adduction moment (Nm/ffw*ht)*0.042 ± 0.0090.042 ± 0.0140.046 ± 0.0090.049 ± 0.015*There was not a significant interaction of goup and velocity, nor a significant group effect for any variable (p > 0.05). There was a significant velocity effect for each variable (p < 0.05). Open table in a new tab *There was not a significant interaction of goup and velocity, nor a significant group effect for any variable (p > 0.05). There was a significant velocity effect for each variable (p < 0.05).

&lt;b&gt;Body composition and socioeconomic factors in patients with hepatic steatosis

The study aimed to evaluate the association of the components of body composition (body mass index – BMI, waist circumference, basal metabolism, body fat percentage, fat weight, fat free percentage and lean weight) with gender, age, income and schooling in patients with hepatic steatosis. Descriptive and survey study, with quantitative analytical approach. Data were collected through ultrasound and bioimpedance tests. The significance was p &lt; 0.05 and software used was SPSS 22.0. A sample of 114 patients with hepatic steatosis, 70.1% were women. The mean age was 46.2, only 11.4% had normal BMI. The mean BMI was 30.4, waist circumference 100.2 cm, fat percentage 37.97%, basal metabolism 1451.9 kcal, fat weight 31.0 kg. Statistical differences in several variables in relation to gender and age were found. However, no statistically significant differences were found regarding schooling and income. Changes in body composition were obvious in patients with hepatic steatosis.

Does increased glucose exposure lead to increased body fat and reduced lean body mass in anuric peritoneal dialysis patients?

Residual renal function has been reported to be a major determinant of peritoneal dialysis (PD) technique survival for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Anuria leads to increases in PD prescriptions designed to maintain small solute clearances and ultrafiltration volumes, resulting in greater exposure to hypertonic glucose dialysates. We reviewed the effect of developing anuria in a cohort of 136 PD patients followed for a median of 12 months, to determine whether increasing exposure to higher glucose dialysates affected body composition by increasing body fat and reducing muscle mass. Despite increasing prescription of 22.7 and 38.6 g/l glucose dialysates there was no increase in body fat (31.1±15.4 vs 30.9±16.3 kg) or loss of fat-free weight (36.4±12.1 vs 35.8±12.3 kg). Changing PD prescriptions to maintain small solute clearances and ultrafiltration volumes did not lead to detrimental changes in body composition in the short term.

Reference Values for Cardiorespiratory Response and Fitness on the Treadmill in a 20- to 85-Year-Old Population

Existing reference values for clinical exercise testing have been derived from small nonrandom samples, lacking women and older individuals and some with poor or no maximal end criteria. The objective was to study the cardiorespiratory response during maximal exercise in a representative predominantly Caucasian sample of men and women. Nine hundred four randomly sampled men and women, 20 to 85 years old, exercised on a treadmill to exhaustion. Oxygen uptake (V.O2), heart rate (HR), BP, blood lactate concentration, and ventilatory variables were measured. Seven hundred fifty-nine participants met the criteria for an acceptable maximal V.O2 (V.O2max) based on a respiratory exchange ratio≥1.10 or a Borg score≥17. In the 20- to 29-year-old age group, V.O2max (mL/kg/min) was 40.3 (±7.1) in women and 48.6 (±9.6) in men. A linear decline (8% per decade) was observed after age 30 years in both sexes. Maximal HR decreased with age by ±6.3 beats/min per decade. The maximal oxygen pulse was 33% lower in women and decreased significantly with age in both sexes by 5% and 3% per decade for women and men, respectively. Women's maximal ventilation was 66% that of men and decreased with age after 40 to 49 years in both sexes. Breathing reserve was higher and blood lactate was lower in women than in men. This study establishes reference values for V.O2max (absolute, relative to body weight and fat-free weight), maximal HR, oxygen pulse, BP, ventilation, breathing reserve, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate concentration during maximal exercise on treadmill in a large population.

Sa1725 A Novel Rat Cachexia Model With Possible Ghrelin Resistance Made by Inoculation of a Gastric 85as2 Cancer Cell Line: A Traditional Japanese Medicine Rikkunshito Ameliorates Cachexia Symptoms by Potentiation of Ghrelin Receptor-Mediated Signaling

Aims: Gastric cancer patients have high frequency of weight loss and anorexia, causing highest tendency of cachexia. Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by anorexia, low fat-free mass (FFM) and weight loss. We established a novel rat CC model by inoculation of a gastric cancer 85AS2 cell line. To improve gastrointestinal-related anorexia and weight loss, treatment with an orexygenic peptide ghrelin has been tested in clinical trials. However, plasma ghrelin levels in CC patients are relatively high possibly due to compensatory mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of ghrelin or a traditional Japanese medicine rikkunshito (RKT), effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, on the CC symptoms. We postulate that RKT has other mechanisms in addition to elevate ghrelin concentrations (Takeda et al., Gastroenterology (2008)). Accordingly we further investigated the effects of RKT on the ghrelin-mediated cellular signaling. Methods: To establish CC models, 85As2 cell lines derived from gastric MKN-45 cancer cells was inoculated subcutaneously into nude rats. We evaluated the effects of single intraperitoneal ghrelin or oral RKT administration for 7 days after the onset of CC rats. Further, the effects of RKT on ghrelin receptor activity was investigated with cells stably expressing ghrelin receptors; ghrelininduced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) was measured with Ca2+ imaging asssay. Ghrelin receptor binding assay was also performed with radiolabelled ghrelin in the ghrelin receptor-expressing cells. Results: 85As2-inoculated rats showed significant weight loss, anorexia, low FFM (including loss of skeletal muscle) and fat mass were observed with 100% efficacy. Increased acute phase proteins and decreased albumin levels were observed in the plasma of all CC rats. Ghrelin administration significantly increased food intake in non-tumor-bearing rats but not in 85As2-induced CC rats; higher plasma ghrelin levels were detected in all CC rats. Although ghrelin failed to improve the CC symptoms, RKT significantly ameliorated anorexia, weight loss and decreased FFM. In ghrelin receptorexpressed cells, RKT enhanced ghrelin-induced [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. We screened 43 compounds contained in RKT, and 2 (atractylodin and atractylodinol) showed marked increases in ghrelin receptor binding capacity. We finally found atractylodin potentiated the ghrelin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i as well as RKT. Conclusions: We established the novel CC model by using 85As2 cells and this model showed ghrelin resistance. The ameliorative effects of CC symptoms by RKT may be due to enhanced ghrelin receptor activity. RKT as well as atractylodin may contribute to the development of novel therapeutics for CC patients even ghrelin concentrations in plasma were higher.

Formant Frequency in Relation to Body Mass Composition

This study examines the relationship between total body mass composition and vowel formant frequency and formant dispersion in men. A total of 60 healthy male volunteers were recruited. Formant frequencies and dispersions of F1, F2, F3, and F4 for the vowels /ɑː/ and /iː/ were determined using spectrographic analysis. The mean height and weight were 179.17 cm and 80.53 kg, respectively, with fat-free weight averaging to 67.02 kg (65.5% in the extremities vs 16.7% in the trunk). The body mass index (BMI) was 25.5 ± 3.34 kg/m(2). For the vowel /ɑː/, F1 and F4 correlated poorly with weight and trunk fat-free mass. There was also a poor negative correlation between F4 and muscle mass and body fat-free mass (r < 0.36). For the /iː/ vowel, there was a weak negative correlation between F2, F3, and F4 and height (r = -0.260, -0.299, and -0.320, respectively). Similarly, there was a negative correlation between F2 and muscle mass, trunk fat-free mass, and body fat-free mass (r = -0.291, -0.276, and -0.272, respectively). For the vowel /ɑː/, F1-F2 interspace correlated positively with fat weight, fat mass in the extremities, and trunk (r = 0.313, 0.350, and 0.264, respectively), whereas F2-F3 negatively correlated with weight (r = -0.255). For the /iː/ vowel, only F1-F2 negatively correlated with weight and BMI (r = -0.297 and -0.281). There is no significant correlation between body mass composition, formant frequencies, and dispersions. All the correlations were poor with r values less than 0.36.

Age and isokinetic peak torque at the elbow in young girl swimmers

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study examined the relationships between age and absolute peak torque (PT) as well as PT covaried for body weight (BW), height (HT), and/or fat-free weight (FFW) in young girl swimmers. METHODS: Twenty-nine girl swimmers (age = 12.4 ± 1.9 yr) were measured for isokinetic elbow flexion and extension PT at 30, 180, 300 ◦ · s −1 , as well as BW, HT, and FFW. Zero-order correlations as well as first, second, and third-order partial correlations were used to determine the relationships for age versus PT and age versus PT covaried for BW, HT, and/or FFW. RESULTS:There were age-related increases for all absolute PT measures (r = 0.47 to 0.77), except elbow flexion at 300 ◦ · s −1 . For all but one of the measures (forearm extension at 30 ◦ · s −1 ; r = 0.42 to 0.56), the increases in PT were accounted for by changes in BW, HT, and/or FFW. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that agef-related increases in PT for four of the six measures were accounted for by BW, HT, and/or FFW. The age-related increases in PT for elbow flexion at 30 ◦ · s −1 independent of BW, HT, and/or FFW,

The influence of body mass index and velocity on knee biomechanics during walking

Obesity has been associated with both the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Being overweight or obese from a young age is likely to decrease the age of onset for co-morbidities of obesity such as osteoarthritis. However, research on osteoarthritis has thus far focused on older adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether young adults who are overweight or obese exhibit biomechanical risk factors for knee osteoarthritis at either their preferred walking velocity or at 1m/s, which was slower than the preferred velocity. Thirty healthy young adults formed three equal groups according to body mass index. Three dimensional kinetics and kinematics were collected while participants walked overground at both velocities. Joint moments were normalized to fat free weight and height. The preferred walking velocity of obese participants was slower than that of normal weight individuals. There were no differences in knee flexion excursion, peak knee flexion angle, normalized peak knee flexion moment or normalized peak knee adduction moment among groups. Obese participants walked with lower peak knee adduction angle than both overweight and normal body mass index participants and several shifted towards knee abduction. All groups had smaller knee flexion excursion, peak knee flexion angle, peak knee flexion moment and peak knee adduction moment at 1m/s compared to preferred walking velocity. Overall, young and otherwise healthy overweight and obese participants have knee biomechanics during gait at preferred and slow walking velocities that are comparable to normal weight adults.

Drug Dosing Based on Weight and Body Surface Area: Mathematical Assumptions and Limitations in Obese Adults

The average weight of adults in the United States has increased by 25 pounds (11 kg) over the past 50 years, with a marginal change in height. Drugs are generally dosed according to one of three approaches: fixed dosing, weight-based dosing, or body surface area-based dosing. Dosing based on body weight or body surface area assumes that drug pharmacokinetic parameters increase in proportion with increasing body size. In contrast, dosing drugs on a fixed basis assumes that drug pharmacokinetic parameters do not increase with body size. Unfortunately, early stages of clinical drug development tend to include adults within a narrow range of body size. This study population does not reflect the current U.S. population distribution and does not permit evaluation of the correct relationship between body size and drug clearance. As a consequence, a weight-based or body surface area-based dosing regimen defined during drug development may not be applicable to U.S. patient populations. These dosing strategies are more likely to result in drug overexposure (weight-based approach) or underexposure (body surface area-based approach) among obese patients. Alternate weight descriptors such as ideal body weight, adjusted body weight, fat-free weight, and lean body weight are used to prevent drug overexposure with weight-based dosing, but their benefits and limitations must be understood. Reappraisal of the drug dosing paradigm is needed in this era of rising obesity; however, until drug-specific reviews can be performed, clinical studies must include patients at the extremes of the weight continuum to ensure applicable dose extrapolation for body size.

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis: Comparison of Two Isocaloric Meal-Replacement Shakes. A pilot study

Kumstat M, Hrazdira L. Diet-Induced Thermogenesis: Comparison of Two Isocaloric Meal-Replacement Shakes. A pilot study. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7, No. Proc1, pp. S140-S146, 2012. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) between two liquid meal-replacement shakes of different macronutrient compositions: high protein (HP) and high carbohydrate (HC) meal. Five male subjects (26 ± 3.7 y, body mass index 24.6 ± 1.7 kg·m -2 ) completed the crossover, single-blind study. During two separate occasions (non-consecutive days) indirect calorimetry measurement was taken. Production of CO2, consumption of O2 and respiratory exchange ratio were monitored before and after ingestion of two isocaloric liquid meals with energy content of 7 kcal/kg per fat free weight. The postprandial period measurement lasted 180 min. Nonparametric statistics was used and value of 0.05 was accepted as the limit of significance. An immediate and persistent thermic effect was caused by the test meals. The total DIT calculated in HP and HC meals was: 51.8 ± 17.2 kcal/180 min and 32.13 ± 13.4 kcal/180 min, respectively (where p = 0.14). No statistically significant difference in postprandial energy expenditure between HP (0.29 ± 0.10 kcal·min -1 ) and HC (0.18 ± 0.07 kcal·min -1 ) meals was observed (where p = 0.14). Elevated values of energy expenditure did not return to the baseline after 3 hours. The DIT, expressed as percentage of energy consumed, averaged 8.7 ± 2.9 % for the HP meal, compared to 5.4 ± 2.3 % for the HC meal (where p = 0.14). Results indicate that the macronutrient composition plays a significant role in metabolic responses. It was concluded that an increment in the energy expenditure above

Enhancements of Free-Fall Landing on the Trabecular Bone Structure in Tibiae of Growing Female Rats: A Time Course Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of one- and four-week mechanical loading on the bones in young female rats. Seven-week-old female SD rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned into four groups, which were the 1WCON, 1WLAND, 4WCON, and 4WLAND groups (n = 10 for each). Animals of the 1WLAND and 4WLAND groups were respectively subjected to 1- and 4-week free-fall landing program, in which animals were free-fallen from a height of 40 cm for 10 times per day; 5 days per week. The 1WCON and 4WCON groups served as the time-matched control groups. Methods of histomorphometry, tissue geometry, and tissue weight were performed on the animals' femora and tibiae. Two-way (landing × time) ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (α = .05). In the histomorphometric analysis, the landing animals showed significantly higher bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th, μm). The effect of time was also evident in the bone tissue wet weight (WW) and fat-free dry weight (FFDW), while the landing showed no effects on the WW and the FFDW. Our study preliminarily showed that 1- and 4-week landing training was beneficial on the trabecular structure of the proximal tibia in female rats. Further study would be valuable to investigate related cellular response as well as tissue material properties of the spongy bone in free-fall landing rats.

Fat-free weight prediction in morbidly obese females

PurposePrecise estimation of creatinine clearance in obese individuals relies on the appropriate assessment of lean body weight (LBW). Anthropometric methods of predicting LBW have not been validated in morbidly obese populations.Patients and methodsUsing an existing dataset of anthropometric data for a female cohort with morbid obesity who had undergone measured FFW with dual energy absorptiometry, we evaluated the performance of five previously reported estimating equations for the prediction of LBW. Linear regression was used to derive a new LBW prediction formula and was then compared with the other formulae.ResultsSeventy females (mean [standard deviation] age, weight, and body mass index 43.0 [11.0] years, 128.1 [13.8] kg, and 48.3 [4.8] kg/m2, respectively) were identified. LBW as estimated by the method of Garrow and Webster correlated well (r = 0.87) with measured mass while demonstrating the highest accuracy, best precision, and smallest bias (93%, 2.1 kg, and 2.9 kg, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). The derived formula further improved bias, precision, and accuracy.ConclusionAmong females with morbid obesity, most previously reported estimating equations for LBW predicted FFW poorly. These findings have important clinical implications for the assessment of kidney function and for safe and effective drug dosing.

Effect of a Combination of Jumping Exercise and Honey Supplementation on the Mass, Strength and Physical Dimensions of Bones in Young Female Rats

Summary The study investigated the effects of combined jumping exercise and honey supplementation on bone properties in young female rats. Forty eight 12- week old female rats were divided into four groups: control group (C), honey supplementation group (H), jumping group (J), and combined jumping and honey supplementation group (JH). Jumping exercise consisted of 40 jumps per day for 5 days per week at a height of 40 cm. Honey was supplemented to the rats at a dosage of 1g / kg body mass / rat / day via force feeding for 7 days per week. After 8 weeks of experimental period, right hind leg tibial and femoral wet and fat free day weights (bone mass), maximal load (bone strength), mid shaft maximum and minimum diameters were measured. Tibial wet and fat free dry weights (583.33 ± 29.82, P<0.01; 412.50 ± 24.89 P<0.05), tibial and femoral maximal load (101.55 ± 9.88; 133.97 ± 23.78, P<0.05), tibial mid-shaft minimum diameter (2.35 ± 0.13, P<0.05) and femoral mid-shaft maximum diameter (4.00 ± 0.16, P<0.05) were significantly increased in the combined jumping exercise and honey supplementation group. However, these discernable improvements in bone were not observed in the group with jumping exercise alone or the honey supplementation only group. The results of the present study suggest that a combination of jumping exercise and honey supplementation elicited more discernable beneficial effects on tibia and femur bone generally when compared to either jumping exercise or honey supplementation alone in young female rats.

Gender Comparisons of Anthropometric Characteristics of Young Sprint Swimmers

The purpose of this study was to compare the body composition, body build, and anthropometric characteristics of boy and girl sprint swimmers. Two groups (boys, n = 38 and girls, n = 31) of sprint swimmers (mean age ± SD = 11.03 ± 2.29 and 10.45 ± 2.29 years, respectively) volunteered for this study. The subjects were members of local swimming clubs who competed in sprint swimming events (≤ 200 m). Gender comparisons were made for age, body weight (BW), height (HT), fat-free weight (FFW), percent body fat (%fat), endomorphic rating, mesomorphic rating, ectomorphic rating, sum of 12 diameters, sum of 11 circumferences, biacromial diameter/biiliac diameter, and FFW/HT. The results of the independent t-tests indicated that the only mean differences between the boy and girl sprint swimmers were for % fat (boys = 9.40 ± 5.35% fat; girls = 12.73 ± 6.19% fat) and endomorphic rating (boys = 2.87 ± 0.96; girls = 4.29 ± 1.22). For the current age group of sprint swimmers the only gender differences were for measures associated with body fatness, and there were no differences for body build measures associated with musculoskeletal size, muscularity, skeletal size, total body mass, or body breadth dimensions. These findings suggest that the swimming performance for girls may be improved through training programs designed to reduce body fatness.

Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype differences of Iranian elite female basketball and handball players

The aims of the this study were: (A) to determine the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of female basketball (B), and handball (H) players, (B) to compare the mean scores among H and B and (C) to detect possible differences in relation to competition level. A total of 28 female athletes (B=15, H=13), all members of the Iranian national teams, participated in this study. Anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition indexes and somatotype components were obtained according to the established literature. These measurements were height, weight, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and calf skinfolds, bi-epicondylar diameter of femur and humerus, and flexed biceps and calf girths. All skinfold measurements were taken on the right side of the body with the Yagamy skinfold caliper. Measurements were taken during the peak of the competition season. Subjects' somatotypes were determined by using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Somatotype was calculated using the Heath-Carter method.1 Data were analysed using t test with significance accepted at p&lt;0.05. There was no significant difference of body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fat weight, fat per cent, fat-free weight, waist to hip ratio and stature, weight and triceps skinfold thickness among B and H group. Although B and H group had homogeneity in somatotype characteristics (p&lt;0.05). There was a difference somatotype characteristics among B and H group (p&lt;0.001). Somatotype characterised as mesoendomorph in B group (3.6, 3.5, 2.4) and H athletes' somatotype was mesoendomorph (3.6, 4.7, 1.7). Anthropometric and body composition variables of elite female basketball and handball players were same, but they had different somatotype characteristics. Selection criteria, hours of training and sport-specific physiological demands during the game could explain the observed differences.

Influences of Body-Size Variables on Age-Related Increases in Isokinetic Peak Torque in Young Wrestlers

The purposes of the present study were to determine the patterns of age-related changes in 1) height (HT), body weight (BW), fat-free weight (FFW), and absolute isokinetic peak torque (PT); and 2) isokinetic PT covaried separately for HT, BW, FFW, and HT and BW combined in young wrestlers. One hundred twenty-five male wrestlers (mean age +/- SD = 14.3 +/- 2.4 yr; range = 11.1-18.2 yr) volunteered to perform concentric, isokinetic leg extension and flexion at 180 degrees xs-1 on a Cybex II dynamometer to measure PT as well as underwater weighing to determine FFW. The polynomial regression analyses indicated there were significant quadratic increases across age for HT (R = 0.62), BW (R = 0.56), and FFW (R = 0.47). For leg extension, there were significant increases across age for absolute PT (quadratic, R = 0.66), PT covaried for HT (linear, r = 0.10), PT covaried for BW (linear, r = 0.12), PT covaried for FFW (quadratic, R = 0.32), and PT covaried for HT and BW combined (quadratic, R = 0.11). For leg flexion, there were significant increases across age for absolute PT (linear, r = 0.59), PT covaried for HT (linear, r = 0.07), PT covaried for BW (linear, r = 0.08), PT covaried for FFW (quadratic, R = 0.23), and PT covaried for BW and HT combined (linear, r = 0.03). The results of this study indicated that age-related increases in leg-extension and flexion PT for the current sample of young wrestlers could not be accounted for by changes in HT, BW, FFW, or HT and BW combined. These findings suggested that neural maturation may contribute to increases in leg strength across age in young wrestlers.

Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype differences of Iranian elite female basketball and handball players

The aims of the present study were: (1) to determine the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of female basketball (B) and handball (H) players, (2) to compare the mean...

Gender Comparisons Of Anthropometric Characteristics Of Young Sprint Swimmers

Physical and anthropometric characteristics have been associated with differences between levels of swimming performance, swimming events, training status, gender, and age. It has been suggested that the greater body fatness observed in girl swimmers than boy swimmers could explain the gender differences in performance. Few studies, however, have examined gender differences in the physical and anthropometric characteristics of young swimmers. The purpose of this study was to compare the body composition, body build, and anthropometric characteristics of boy and girl sprint swimmers. Two groups (boys, n = 38 and girls, n = 31) of sprint swimmers (mean age ± SD = 11.03 ± 2.29 and 10.45 ± 2.29, years, respectively) volunteered for this study. The subjects were members of local swimming clubs who competed in sprint swimming events (≤ 200 m). Gender comparisons were made for age, body weight (BW), height (HT), fat-free weight (FFW), percent body fat (%fat), endomorphic rating, mesomorphic rating, ectomorphic rating, sum of 12 diameters, sum of 11circumferences, biacromial diameter/biiliac diameter, and FFW/HT. The results of the independent t-tests indicated that the only mean differences between the boy and girl sprint swimmers were for % fat (boys = 9.40 ± 5.35 % fat; girls = 12.73 ± 6.19 % fat) and endomorphic rating (boys = 2.87 ± 0.96; girls = 4.29 ± 1.22). For the current age group of sprint swimmers, the only gender differences were for measures associated with body fatness and there were no differences for body build measures associated with musculoskeletal size, muscularity, skeletal size, total body mass, or body breadth dimensions. Further studies are needed to examine gender differences in the body composition and body build of distance swimmers, older sprint and distance swimmers, and athletes in sports other than swimming. These findings suggest that gender differences in sprint swimming performance may be reduced through training programs for girls designed to reduce body fatness.

Fresh Weight, Dry Weight, and Fat Content of Adult African Butterflies Bicyclus anynana

INTRODUCTIONFor many biological processes, such as metabolic rate, starvation resistance, and fecundity, knowledge of body composition is important. This protocol describes how to measure fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and fat-free dry weight (FFDW) of African butterfly Bicyclus anynana adults. From this, the weight of water and fat can be calculated, as well as water and fat fractions.

Exchangeable potassium and the prediction of fat free body weight.

Journal Article Exchangeable Potassium and the Prediction of Fat Free Body Weight Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 30, Issue 6, June 1972, Pages 135–137, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1972.tb04017.x Published: 01 June 1972