Fat Digestion Research Articles

RNA-seq and whole-genome re-sequencing reveal Micropterus salmoides growth-linked gene and selection signatures under carbohydrate-rich diet and varying temperature

This study was performed on Micropterus salmoides to determine growth-linked gene and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers under carbohydrate diet and varying temperature through RNA-seq and whole-genome re-sequencing. The results showed that growth-related genes were primarily enriched in the fat digestion and absorption signaling pathway, playing a role in lipid transport and metabolism. Fatty acid binding protein 6, bile salt-activated lipase-like, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2, phospholipase A2, minor isoenzyme-like, and phospholipase A2, group IB (pancreas) were identified as the crucial genes. The differentially expressed genes between high and low temperatures were enriched in the pentose phosphate pathway, with carbohydrate transport and metabolism were most affected by temperature. Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 10, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1a, and spinster homolog 3 transcript variant X1(spns3) were the shared genes affected by temperature. From all the common genes, 10 growth-associated SNP markers were identified. The TT genotype at rs7781 was associated with lower body weight, while AA genotype at rs31434173 and CC genotype at rs31435313 showed positive correlation with body weight. Analogously, the GG genotype at rs31436887 and AA genotype at rs31438769 also found to characterize better growth performance. At low temperature, individuals with the AA genotype at rs11506587 and rs31435313 exhibited the slowest growth. For the genotypes labeled with rs11510589, the GG individual grew faster than the AA individual, whereas the opposite phenomenon occurred in these genotypes when labeled with rs11511314. The genotypes at rs32970704 and rs32967921 showed no growth correlation. The AA genotype at rs31435313 in spns3 had the slowest growth under a carbohydrate-rich diet regardless of the temperature. Our study presents candidate genes and SNP markers associated with growth influenced by carbohydrate and temperature, providing basis for the development of M. salmoides strain that better accepts carbohydrate diets at varying temperature.

Effect of temperature on the digestibility of non-starch polysaccharide-rich ingredients in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect of NSP-rich ingredient and rearing temperature on nutrient digestibility of the ingredients in Nile tilapia. Seven NSP-rich ingredients were tested: insect meal, wheat bran, palm kernel meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) from corn, and rice bran. A balanced control diet was formulated followed by the formulation of seven test diets by mixing 30 % of each test ingredient with 70 % of the control diet and fed to fish reared at 24 or 32 °C. At each temperature, 35 all male Nile tilapia with an initial mean weight of 45.0 g at 24 °C and 43.8 g at 32 °C were housed in each of 24 glass-tanks, each containing 60 L of water. The diets were administered to the fish groups in triplicate over 42 d in a recirculating aquaculture system. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed alongside the diets to determine nutrient digestibility. Digestibility of all nutrients differed between ingredients (P < 0.001) at both temperatures. Wheat bran had the lowest NSP digestibility at both 24 (1.9 %) and 32 °C (9.7 %). At 24 °C, DDGS showed the highest NSP and protein digestibility (41.4 and 90.3 %), while at 32 °C insect meal showed the highest NSP and fat digestibility (59.8 and 97.5 %). Insect meal showed the highest fat digestibility (97.4 %) also at 24 °C. An interaction effect between ingredient and temperature was observed for the digestibility of NSP, carbohydrate, protein, amino acids, magnesium, and dry matter (P ≤ 0.035). Some nutrients showed reduced digestibility for some ingredients at the higher temperature, but in most of the cases temperature increased nutrient digestibility, with insect meal exhibiting a 20 % increase in NSP digestibility. In conclusion, water temperature affect nutrient digestibility, but the extend of the temperature effect differs between ingredients.

Silicon-Enriched Meat Ameliorates Diabetic Dyslipidemia by Improving Cholesterol, Bile Acid Metabolism and Ileal Barrier Integrity in Rats with Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes

Silicon as a functional ingredient of restructured meat (RM) shows antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic effects in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model. The present paper investigated the mechanisms involved in this cholesterol-lowering effect by studying the impact of silicon-RM consumption on bile acid (BA) and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the main effects of cecal BA and short-chain fatty acids derived from the microbiota on intestinal barrier integrity were also tested. Rats were fed an RM high-saturated-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HSFHCD) combined with a low dose of streptozotocin plus nicotinamide injection (LD group) and for an 8 wk. period. Silicon-RM was included in the HSFHCD as a functional food (LD-Si group). An early-stage T2DM group fed a high-saturated-fat diet (ED group) was used as a reference. Silicon decreased the BA pool with a higher hydrophilic BA profile and a lower ability to digest fat and decreased the damaging effects, increasing the occludin levels and the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The ileal BA uptake and hepatic BA synthesis through CYP7A1 were reduced by FXR/FGF15 signaling activation. The silicon up-regulated the hepatic and ileal FXR and LXRα/β, improving transintestinal cholesterol (TICE), biliary BA and cholesterol effluxes. The inclusion of silicon in meat products could be used as a new therapeutic nutritional tool in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia.

An emerging role of ferulic acid on sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Increasing protein digestion and regulating amino acid and oligopeptide transporters expression

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplement ferulic acid on growth performance, digestive ability and transport function of amino acids and oligopeptides in the intestine of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The experiment was divided into two parts: a. Digestion experiment: healthy grass carp (678.83±1.00 g) were divided into two groups: control group (0 mg/kg FA) and ferulic acid group (100 mg/kg FA) for 2 weeks; b. Growth experiment: healthy grass carp (678.83±1.00 g) were divided into five treatment groups, the control group (FA0) with no ferulic acid and the experimental group supplemented with ferulic acid 50 (FA50), 100 (FA100), 150 (FA150) and 200 (FA200) mg/kg feed for 9 weeks. The results showed that a. Ferulic acid supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in grass carp. b. Ferulic acid supplementation improved the growth performance and feed efficiency (FE) of grass carp; increased the activities of trypsin and Na+/K+-ATPase; and up-regulated the levels of mRNAs of some neutral and cationic (non-anionic) amino acid transporter proteins (Solute Carrier Family7member1 (SLC7A7), SLC7A8, etc.) and H+/oligopeptide transporter protein 1 (PepT1) gene and protein levels. In addition, ferulic acid promoted the gene expression levels of protein kinase B (Akt), target of rapamycin (TOR); up-regulated the mRNA levels of tail-side-associated homologous frame transcription factor 2 (Cdx2), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and transcriptional co-activator-specific protein 1 (Sp1), and down-regulated the gene and protein levels of protein kinase CβII (PKCβII). In a word, dietary ferulic acid promoted growth performance, digestion, as well as amino acid and oligopeptide transport capacities. Finally, based on regression analyses of percentage weight gain (PWG), FE, specific growth rate (SGR), intestine fold height, trypsin activity, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity, we recommend optimal supplementation levels of ferulic acid in sub-adult grass carp of 92.18–120.60 mg/kg diet.

Effect of Moniezia Benedeni infection on ileal transcriptome profile characteristics of sheep

BackgroundThe intestinal mucosal immune system, renowned for its precise and sensitive regulation, can provide comprehensive and effective protection for the body, among which the ileum is a critical induction site for regulating mucosal immune homeostasis. Moniezia benedeni parasitizes the small intestine of sheep and can cause serious pathological damage or even death to the host when the infection is severe. In this study, 5 sheep infected with Moniezia benedeni were selected as the infected group, and 5 uninfected sheep were selected as the control group. The ileal transcriptome profile characteristics of Moniezia benedeni infection were analyzed based on RNA-seq sequencing technology, aiming to lay a foundation for further exploring the perception mechanism of sheep intestines to Moniezia benedeni infection and formulating effective prevention and control strategies.ResultsThe results showed that a total of 3,891 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the ileum tissues of sheep between the infected and control groups with 2,429 up-regulated genes and 1,462 down-regulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential genes, as well as Clue GO analysis showed that differential genes were significantly enriched in immune and metabolic-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Particularly, in immune-related signaling pathways, the B cell receptor signaling pathway was significantly down-regulated, while in metabolic regulation related signaling pathways, Bile secretion, Fat digestion and absorption and Vitamin digestion and absorption were notably up-regulated. On this basis, the differential core genes related to immune metabolism were verified by qRT-PCR method. The results showed that OVAR, CD3E, CD8A, CD4 and CD28 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), while CIITA, BLNK, BCL6 and CD79A were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05), which were consistent with transcriptome sequencing data.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that Moniezia benedeni infection significantly affected the immune and metabolic processes in sheep ileum, particularly, it significantly inhibited the activation process of host B cells, and also led to an overactive function of bile acid metabolism. This finding provides a solid foundation for further elucidating the response mechanism of Peyer's patches in sheep ileum to Moniezia tapeworm infection.

Comparative analysis of intestinal structure, enzyme activity, intestinal microbiota and gene expression in different segments of pufferfish (Takifugu Obscurus)

The structure of fish intestines does not have a clear regional division, while the function of the intestines may be related to their structure. Therefore, in this study, the delimitation of intestinal segments in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) was achieved by morphological analysis. Subsequently, enzyme activity, intestinal microbiota, and gene expression were examined to compare the differences among the pufferfish various segments. According to four morphological parameters: height of mucosa folds (HF), width of mucosa folds (WF), thickness of muscularis (TM), and cross-sectional area (CSA), the pufferfish's intestine was divided into anterior intestine (AI), middle intestine (MI), and posterior intestine (PI). The activity levels of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in the AI and MI were significantly higher than these in the PI. According to the analysis of 16S rDNA, the dominant microbiota at the phylum level in the different segments were Epsilonbacteraeota, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, there were variations observed in the relative abundance of Brevinema, Mycobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Microvirga. α diversity analysis revealed that the richness indexes (Ace and Chao1) were the lowest in the MI, while β diversity analysis revealed significant difference in intestinal microbial community composition among the three intestinal segments. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was used to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) and biological pathways among the different intestinal segments. The DEGs between the AI and MI were enriched in pancreatic secretion and protein digestion and absorption, those between AI and PI were involved in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and glutathione metabolism, and those between MI and PI were involved in steroid biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption, vitamin digestion and absorption, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. In conclusion, the presented results compare and analyze the differences in various intestinal segments of pufferfish, which will be conductive to future exploration of the functions of these different segments.

The Role of Bile Acids in Pancreatic Cancer.

Bile acids are well known to promote the digestion and absorption of fat, and at the same time, they play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. More studies have found that bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid also have anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating effects. Bile acids have been extensively studied in biliary and intestinal tumors but less in pancreatic cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic head cancer, are often accompanied by biliary obstruction and elevated bile acids caused by tumors. Elevated total bile acid levels in pancreatic cancer patients usually have a poor prognosis. There has been controversy over whether elevated bile acids are harmful or beneficial to pancreatic cancer. Still, there is no doubt that bile acids are important for the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. This article summarizes the research on bile acid as a biomarker and regulation of the occurrence, development and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer, hoping to provide some inspiration for future research.

The molecular regulated mechanism of METTL3 and FTO in lipid metabolism of Hu sheep

BackgroundBalanced lipid metabolism can improve the growth performance and meat quality of livestock. The m6A methylation-related genes METTL3 and FTO play important roles in animal lipid metabolism; however, the mechanism through which they regulate lipid metabolism in sheep is unclear. ResultsWe established lipid deposition models of hepatocytes and preadipocytes in Hu sheep. In the hepatocyte lipid deposition model, the genes expression levels of FABP4, Accα, ATGL and METTL3, METTL14, and FTO—were significantly up-regulated after lipid deposition (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that lipid deposition had a significant effect on MAPK, steroid biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway in hepatocytes. The m6A methylation level decreased but the difference was not significant after METTL3 interference, and the expression levels of FABP4 and ATGL increased significantly (P < 0.05); the m6A methylation level significantly increased following METTL3 overexpression, and LPL and ATGL expression levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05), indicating that overexpression of METTL3 inhibited the expression of lipid deposition-related genes in a m6A-dependent manner. The m6A methylation level was significantly increased, ATGL expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and LPL, FABP4, and Accα expression was not significantly changed following FTO interference (P > 0.05); the m6A methylation level was significantly decreased after FTO overexpression, and LPL, FABP4, and ATGL expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05), indicating that FTO overexpression increased the expression of lipid deposition-related genes in a m6A-dependent manner. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that m6A methylation modification mainly regulated lipid metabolism through triglyceride metabolism, adipocytokine signaling, MAPK signaling, and fat digestion and absorption in hepatocytes. In the lipid deposition model of preadipocytes, the regulation of gene expression is the same as that in hepatocytes. ConclusionsMETTL3 significantly inhibited the expression of lipid deposition-related genes, whereas FTO overexpression promoted lipid deposition. Our study provides a theoretical basis and reference for accurately regulating animal lipid deposition by mastering METTL3 and FTO genes to promote high-quality animal husbandry.

Effects of Different Processed Diets on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, Hair Quality and Fecal Microbiota in Ragdoll Cats.

In recent years, there has been ongoing debate about the dietary choices for pet cats, particularly regarding three options: extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat. Determining which diet is most suitable for a cat's healthy growth still requires substantial empirical support. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding Ragdoll cats (n = 5/group) extruded dry food (ED), cooked meat (CM), and raw meat (RM) on their growth performance, apparent digestibility, fur condition, blood parameters, fecal scores, and gut microbiota composition. However, our results indicate that different types of diets did not significantly affect the daily weight gain of Ragdoll cats. The CM group showed a significant improvement in the digestibility of dry matter, fat and protein compared to the ED group (p < 0.05) but no improvement in that of fat compared to the RM group. Compared to the ED group, both the CM and RM groups showed significant improvements in fur condition while exhibiting a significant decrease in fecal scores (p < 0.05). The CM and RM groups exhibited enhanced serum antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and increased immunity in the cats (p < 0.05). Immunity enhancement in the CM group was significantly higher than that in the RM group(p < 0.05). The ED group showed an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in Ragdoll cat intestines, while the CM and RM groups showed enhancements in the innate microbiota of feline animals. These data, to some extent, suggest that CM is the most suitable diet for Ragdoll cats, but further research on intestine microbiota is still needed. These study findings provide a reference for purebred pet breeding purposes.

Response of YPM x Ross 708 male broilers to diets containing varying inclusions of phytase, calcium butyrate, and bacitracin methylene disalicylate from 1 to 42 d of age–part 1: performance, processing yields, and nutrient digestibility

This 42-d study evaluated the effects of phytase, calcium butyrate (CB), and bacitracin methylene disalicylate 50 (BMD) on broiler performance, processing yields, and nutrient digestibility. Ross YPM x 708 male broilers (2,880 total) were distributed in 72 floor pens and assigned to 1 of 9 treatments (8 replicates/treatment) on d of hatch. This experiment was a 2 × 4 + 1 factorial arrangement, including 2 phytase concentrations (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg), 4 microbiota modulating feed additive groups (MMFA; none, CB (0.5 g/kg of diet), BMD (55 mg/kg of diet), or both CB and BMD), and a negative control without feed additives. Broiler performance (d 14, 28, and 42), apparent ileal nutrient digestibility (d 28 and 42), and processing yields (d 43) were determined. Day 14 BW increased with BMD inclusion compared to CB and no MMFA in the 1,500 FTU/kg group but BW were similar between all MMFA combined with 500 FTU/kg (P ≤ 0.05). Supplementing BMD increased d 28 BW and reduced d 1 to 28 feed conversion ratio compared to CB and no MMFA (main effect, P ≤ 0.05). Day 42 BW varied depending on dietary phytase concentrations. When diets contained 500 FTU/kg, broilers fed both CB and BMD had a higher BW than broilers fed only CB. Whereas when the inclusion of phytase was increased to 1,500 FTU/kg, broilers fed diets with only BMD or both CB and BMD had higher BW than broilers fed diets with no MMFA (P ≤ 0.05). Phytase concentrations at 1,500 FTU/kg increased (P ≤ 0.05) digestibility of fat (main effect, d 42), phosphorus (d 28 and 42), and apparent ileal digestible energy (main effect, d 42) compared to 500 FTU/kg. In this study, dietary BMD improved broiler growth compared to CB and no MMFA. However, these observed differences between CB and BMD were dependent on dietary phytase concentrations.

Dietary nicotinamide improves growth performance and ameliorates liver lipid profiles by alleviating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipids metabolism in swamp eel (Monopterus albus)

The effect of dietary niacinamide (NAM) on the growth performance and liver lipid metabolism of swamp eel have been poorly investigated. Therefore, a 120-day feeding trial was conducted to provide different levels of NAM in diet and an untargeted lipidome analysis was performed to address this subject. We found that dietary NAM improved the growth performance of swamp eel. It also decreased the contents of glucose and lipids, including glucose, glycogen, TG, and NEFA, as well as fat accumulation in liver, but increased HDL-C content. We speculated that NAM inhibited lipid accumulation in liver by decreasing the key enzyme activity of LPL, HL and LPS. Fatty acid profile analysis showed that the contents of MUFA and PUFA, such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were significantly increased, while the contents of SFA, such as myristic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid were decreased in liver by dietary NAM. Lipidome analysis also indicated that the majority of differential lipid metabolites belonged to glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, which were enriched in the pathways of insulin resistance, adipocytokine signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, fat digestion and absorption, lipid and atherosclerosis, and lipid cell lipolysis regulation. These findings gave scientific evidences and novel insights into the metabolic responses to dietary NAM in swamp eel, and provided basic knowledge for using NAM as a feed additive in swamp eel production.

Characterization and comparison of metabolites in colostrum from yaks, buffaloes, and cows based on UPLC-QTRAP-MS metabolomics

Colostrum from yaks and buffaloes possesses substantial nutritional value, yet the complete array of metabolites within remains insufficiently elucidated. This study scrutinizes the metabolite profiles of yak, buffalo, and cow colostrum utilizing targeted metabolomics paired with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS). The analysis detected 362 metabolites across all samples. Furthermore, 63, 77, and 46 differential metabolites were selected between yak and buffalo colostrum, yak and cow colostrum, and buffalo and cow colostrum, respectively. Yak colostrum notably contained higher concentrations of inositol, glycine, and carnitine, whereas buffalo colostrum was distinguished by a substantial presence of primary bile acids, which facilitate fat digestion. These findings offer profound insights into yak and buffalo colostrum, providing critical data to propel advancements in the dairy industry.

Impact of hydrophobically modified cellulose nanofiber on the stability of Pickering emulsion containing insect protein.

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is an ideal Pickering emulsion stabilizer because of its high aspect ratio and flexibility. CNF was hydrophobically modified by dodecenyl succinic anhydride and used to stabilize the simulated food emulsion system containing insect protein. The prepared dodecenyl succinate nanofiber (D-CNFs) was characterized by contact angle and laser particle size analyzer. The stability of the emulsion system under different conditions was characterized by zeta potential and appearance observation. Lastly, in vitro digestion simulation experiments were carried out to investigate whether the addition of D-CNFs had an effect on the digestion and absorption of oil. The modification process for dodecenyl succinic anhydride to CNFs was that the system temperature was 40 °C, the system pH value was 8.5 and the reaction time was 6 h. The water contact angle of the modified CNFs increased to 83.2 ± 0.9°. D-CNFs were introduced into the simulated food emulsion system containing insect protein. The increase in the concentration of D-CNFs in the aqueous phase promoted the stability of the simulated emulsion system. Increasing the ratio of insect protein was not conducive to the stability of the emulsion. The final fat digestibility of the emulsion with D-CNFs was lower than that of the emulsion without D-CNFs. Overall, the analysis and characterization results show the potential of the modified CNF as a food simulant emulsion stabilizer containing insect protein, which can be used for the development of specific functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

PSLBI-7 Coating extruded kibble with increasing levels of free fatty acids does not decrease palatability or impact e-nose odor profiles

Abstract Complete uncoated extruded kibble was coated with 5% by weight premium poultry fat (5,000 ppm Naturox, 0.57% FFA; Tyson, Springdale, AR) spiked with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 percent free fatty acids (Oleic acid, Millipore Sigma. Burlington, MA), and 3% liquid chicken-based palatant (Tyson, Springdale, AR). Kibbles were then utilized in oral palatability (n = 20 dogs; 10 male, 10 female), aromatic palatability (n = 20 dogs; 10 male, 10 female), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTG; n = 36 dogs; 18 male, 18 female). Kibble odors were by ultra-fast gas chromatography e-nose (AlphaMOS, Toulouse, France), and SPME GC-MS (MUMC, Columbia, MO). In the aromatic palatability trials, there were no significant differences in first approach (P ≥ 0.21), percent interaction time (P ≥ 0.16), or interaction ratio (P ≥ 0.94). In the oral palatability trials, there were no significant differences in first approach (P ≥ 0.26), first bite (P ≥ 0.50), percent consumed (P ≥ 0.15), or intake ratio (P ≥ 0.59). There was a significant increase in fat digestibility among diets coated with 20% FFA compared with the uncoated diet (P = 0.02), with intermediate diets showing a slight numerical increase but no significant difference. However, there was no significant difference in protein, carbohydrate, or dry matter digestibility (P ≥ 0.06). Principle component analysis of e-nose peaks showed minimal odor changes between samples (DI = -3). SPME GC-MS analysis identified 16 compounds correlated with FFA percentage (r2 ≥ 0.50). When used to coat kibble, poultry fat with up to 20% FFA did not appear to negatively impact palatability or overall odor profile, though it did modify specific volatile compounds.

The Influence of Feeding Type on Quality and Nutritional Characteristics of Pork Fat

The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of feeding type on selected quality parameters and the nutritional characteristics of pork fat. Fats were extracted by using the modified Folch method from the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder of pigs fed two types of diets: liquid and dry. The peroxide values and fatty acid profiles, as well as their distribution, in the triacylglycerol molecules were determined. Additionally, nutritional indexes and thermal properties, including the oxidative stability of pork fat, were assessed. Among the tested fats, the groin fat was characterized by the best oxidative stability which did not depend on the diet type used. In the case of jowl and trimming shoulder, a higher share of monounsaturated fatty acids was determined in fats of pigs fed a liquid diet, whereas in the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder fats of pigs fed dry feed, a higher share of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found. Fats extracted from the groin, jowl and trimming shoulder of pigs fed a liquid diet showed a more favorable ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids. Despite the different feeding systems used, tested fats were characterized by a similar distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules with a positive effect on fat digestibility. It is worth emphasizing that especially in the case of trimming shoulder fat, the influence of a diet used in pigs’ nutrition on quality parameters was noticeable. The trimming shoulder fat of pigs fed a liquid diet was characterized by a longer induction time of oxidation, contained less saturated fatty acids and presented a more favorable fatty acid profile with a beneficial distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerol molecules.

PSIX-5 Performance of black soldier fly larvae meal as secondary protein sources in extruded dog diets

Abstract Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) has gained market exposure with ties to sustainability and novelty. Graded inclusions of BSFL were assessed for nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability in adult dogs. The BSFL was included at 0%, 5% and 10% in chicken-based extruded dog diets (formulated to 22% crude protein, 13% crude fat, 3% crude fiber). The study was approved by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A standard 2-bowl palatability test over a 2-d period was executed (n = 30 dogs each) to determine intake ratios between diets (0% vs. 5%, 0% vs. 10%, and 5% vs. 10%). Total tract nutrient digestibility was evaluated (n = 6 dogs per diet) with 5 d acclimation followed by 5 d total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale. Palatability data were analyzed using paired t-test. To test for mean differences in digestibility and stool quality outcomes between 0%, 5%, and 10% BSFL dogs, we applied the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at 5% type 1 error rate. Dry matter, protein, fat, and energy digestibility, and stool quality were similar between all diets (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Palatability was improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with inclusion of BSFL (i.e., preference for 5% and 10% vs. 0% inclusion) and improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at 10% vs. 5% inclusion. The BSFL tested showed merit as a palatable ingredient source that maintains stool quality and digestibility in adult dogs.

307 Use of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as an alternative and functional ingredient in canine nutrition

Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) is an alternative, sustainable, and nutrient-rich ingredient for pet foods. However, limited information is available on optimal inclusion levels and its functional properties. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of incremental levels of BSFLM (15% or 30%) as a partial or full substitute for chicken by-product meal (CM) in extruded diets. Three complete and balanced diets were formulated and extruded: Control, 15% BSFLM, and 30% BSFLM. The effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites and microbiota, and serum oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in adult dogs were examined. A complete randomized design was used with adult Beagles (n = 10/treatment). The experimental period lasted 70 d, consisting of a 14-d adaptation to the control diet followed by 56-d test period. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed 9.4 with P ≤ 0.05 significance. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs; food intake and fecal output were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05) by treatment. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and fat did not differ among treatments, whereas ATTD of organic matter (81.2%) and total dietary fiber (18.9%) was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM in contrast with the Control group (83.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and total phenols were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM relative to dogs fed Control. No treatment effect was observed for serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Fecal microbial diversity differed between Control and 30% BSFLM groups. Overall, extruded diets containing 15% or 30% were well-digested by dogs as demonstrated by similar ATTD coefficients compared with Control. Intrinsic presence of chitin in BSFLM, and other insect-derived ingredients, can behave like insoluble dietary fiber in a food matrix, which would explain the decreased ATTD for organic matter and total dietary fiber, as well as less fecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids. The inclusion of 30% BSFLM may have decreased protein hindgut fermentation due to less fecal concentration of total phenols. Altogether, the inclusion of 15% BSFLM resulted in similar physiological responses in comparison with dogs fed the Control diet. Greater inclusion levels of BSFLM may impact ATTD, however, it also has the potential to modulate fecal metabolites and microbiota, without negatively affecting fecal microbial richness.

In Vitro Efficacy of Formulated Protected Fat from Used Cooking Oil (UCO) on Gas Production, Nutrient Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation

This study was designed to determine in vitro gas production, nutrients digestibility, and rumen fermentation products of supplementary formulated dietary protected fat (PF) from used cooking oil (UCO). The dietary fat treatment was formulated from used cooking oil protected fat (UCOPF) and compared with other four dietary fat treatment were used cooking oil (UCO) and palm olein (PO which are active fat; palm olein protected fat (POPF) and commercial protected fat (CPF) which are inert fat added at 12 mg of dry matter (DM) in the 200 mg of basal diet (70:30 roughage to concentrate ratio). Control group contain basal diet without dietary fat supplement. Supplementation of dietary fat had no effect on gas production, pH, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and volatile fatty acid volatile fatty acids (VFA). The addition of fat in the form of oil and protected fat to in vitro setups up to 12 mg did not adversely affect the characteristics of rumen fermentation suggests that fat has a smaller impact on production of gas, digestibility of nutrients, and rumen fermentation products.

Comparative effect of exogenous protease and phytobiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ileal histology and bone strength in broilers

ABSTRACT A total of 540 d-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated into five groups: a control group receiving only the basal die (control), and experimental groups supplemented with exogenous protease (30,000 IU/kg) and crushed seeds of Bunium persicum, Coriandrum sativum, and Carum copticum (10 mg/kg each) for a period of 35 days. The results demonstrated that growth performance parameters, including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with protease compared to those receiving the selected herbs. Additionally, the digestibility of crude protein and crude fat showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in broilers that received protease compared to the Bunium persicum. Tibia bone weight significantly improved (P = 0.01) in birds supplemented with protease, Coriandrum sativum and Carum copticum. In addition, the robusticity index decreased (P < 0.05) in protease supplemented group. In terms of ileal histological features increased (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with protease compared to the control. In summary, the results indicate that protease supplementation yielded superior outcomes in terms of improving growth, ileal digestibility, bone quality, and villus dimensions in broilers compared to the herbal plant supplements used in this study.

Bile acid modulation by gut microbiota: a bridge to understanding cognitive health.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating the body's physiological system, and more recently its impact on bile acid metabolism and cognitive function has been investigated by many studies. In addition to their conventional function in fat digestion and absorption, bile acids are now considered crucial signaling molecules that control several metabolic processes and immunological responses. For this purpose, the authors conducted comprehensive research using relevant terms in an attempt to understand more about the gut microbiota and its impact on bile acid metabolism and cognitive health. The gut-brain axis refers to the network of routes through which gut bacteria communicate with the brain. Through its capacity to bio-transform primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, the gut microbiota plays a significant role in bile acid metabolism. Bile acids function as signaling molecules and act on the brain through nuclear and membrane-bound receptors, influencing neurotransmitter production, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity to modify this communication. Any dysregulation in this axis can result in cognitive dysfunction. The link between gut microbiota, bile acids, and cognitive health cannot be ignored. It is imperative to explore this link further by conducting large-scale trials to improve the cognitive health of patients with multiple comorbidities, especially those involving the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system.