Dairy Fat Research Articles

Gas chromatographic separation of the fatty acid methyl esters prepared from dairy products, partially hydrogenated oils, and refined vegetable oils applying a negative temperature gradient

AbstractTo date no single gas chromatographic method can simultaneously measure all fatty acids (FA), including trans‐FA (TFA), that are contained in dairy products, partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), and refined vegetable oils. Using 100% poly(biscyanopropyl siloxane) capillary columns, ruminant and dairy fats are preferentially analyzed by applying temperature programs that separate short chain FA, but not trans‐18:3 from 20:1. Refined vegetable oils and PHO are preferentially analyzed by applying isothermal elutions that provide quantification of all 18 carbon TFA including trans‐18:3 FA, but not of all short chain FA. In this short communication, we propose a temperature program method capable of simultaneously measuring short chain FA and all 18 carbon TFA including trans‐18:3 by applying a negative temperature gradient after the elution of trans‐18:1. A simplified version of the method is also described for equipment not able to perform negative temperature gradients.

Abstract MP25: Circulating Odd-Chain Fatty Acids and Mortality Risk After Myocardial Infarction in the Alpha Omega Cohort

Background: Circulating odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) 15:0 and 17:0, potential biomarkers of dairy (fat) intake, have been associated with cardiometabolic outcomes in population-based studies. Whether circulating OCFAs are related to mortality risk in patients who experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) is not yet clear. Methods: We included 4,741 Dutch patients aged 60-80 y (78% males) from the Alpha Omega Cohort, who experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) up to 10 years prior to study enrolment. At baseline (2002-2006), data were obtained on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), medication, lifestyle factors and dietary intakes (203-item FFQ). Fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters (CE) were assessed using gas chromatography. Multivariable Cox models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for total and CVD mortality in relation to 15:0 and 17:0 in CE (per 10 th to 90 th percentile range, P 10-90 ). HRs were adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, diabetes, other CVD risk factors, medication, circulating linoleic acid, circulating EPA+DHA, and dietary factors. Missing data imputation was performed for confounders. Findings: Most patients used cardiovascular drugs (statins: 85%) and 979 patients (21%) had diabetes. During a median follow-up period of 12.4 years (total of 52,625 person-years), 2,233 patients died, of whom 984 from CVD. Circulating levels (% of total fatty acids) were low for 15:0 (median: 0.16; P 10-90 : 0.11-0.21) and 17:0 (median: 0.08; P 10-90 : 0.00-0.11). For 15:0, age and sex adjusted HRs per P 10-90 were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.95; P =0.001) for total mortality and 0.94 (0.83-1.06) for CVD mortality. In the most adjusted model, HRs for 15:0 were 0.92 (0.84-1.00; P =0.042) and 0.97 (0.85-1.11), respectively. For 17:0, HRs were 0.94 (0.85-1.05) for total mortality and 0.97 (0.83-1.13) for CVD mortality. Stratified analyses by sex showed inverse associations for 15:0 mainly in men (total mortality: HR of 0.90 [0.82-1.00]; P =0.047). For 17:0, inverse but non-significant associations were mainly observed in women (total mortality: HR of 0.85 [0.68-1.05]). Associations for 17:0, but not for 15:0, were stronger in diabetic patients (total mortality: HR of 0.78 [0.64-0.96]; P =0.019). Conclusions: Higher circulating OCFA levels may be related to a lower mortality risk after MI, which needs confirmation in other cohorts of CVD patients. The role of dairy fat intake in this relationship warrants further investigation.

Abstract MP62: Fatty Acid Biomarkers of 15:0, 17:0 and Trans 16:1n-7 and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: A Pooling Project of 15 Prospective Cohorts in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium

Introduction: Previous studies have reported inverse associations of circulating and tissue levels of pentadecanoic acid (15:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0) and trans -palmitoleic acid ( trans 16:1n-7), which have been proposed as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with risk of type-2 diabetes and certain cardiovascular outcomes. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0, trans 16:1n-7 are inversely associated with risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in a global consortium of prospective studies. Methods: We used data from 15 prospective cohorts in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium. We included adults (age≥18 years) who were free of cardiovascular diseases and had blood or adipose tissue measurements of 15:0, 17:0 or trans 16:1n-7. We used a harmonized analysis protocol with each exposure standardized to the interquintile range (IQR): difference between the 10 th and 90 th percentiles of each fatty acid to conduct new individual participant-level analyses. We harmonized covariate definitions across studies to include demographic, lifestyle and health variables, and levels of other fatty acids associated with CHD or stroke. We used inverse-variance meta-analysis to calculate the pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. We also calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between levels of each fatty acid exposure and potential dietary determinants of their levels (intakes of total, high-fat and low-fat dairy, meat from ruminant animals, fish and dietary fiber) among 6 studies with dietary data. Results and Conclusions: Among 34,187 participants, 5,790 incident CHD and 3,098 stroke cases were documented during a maximum follow-up of 23.3 years. We did not observe significant associations of any of the fatty acid biomarkers with risk of CHD or stroke. The pooled multivariate RR and 95% CI of CHD per IQR were 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) for 15:0, 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) for 17:0, 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) for trans 16:1n-7, and 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) for the sum of the fatty acids. The respective RR and 95% of stroke were 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) for 15:0, 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) for 17:0, 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) for trans 16:1n-7, and 0.93 (0.85, 1.04) for the summed fatty acids. Additionally, we did not observe significant heterogeneity by age, sex, race/ethnicity, world region, baseline hypertension status or lipid compartment. Circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0 and trans 16:1n-7 were weakly correlated with intakes of total or high-fat dairy (Spearman correlations [ r = 0.05 to 0.37]) but were not correlated with intakes of low-fat dairy, ruminant meat, fish or dietary fiber [ r = -0.08 to 0.09]. In conclusion, circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0, trans 16:1n-7 were not associated with risk of CHD or stroke. Our study suggests a limited role for these fatty acids in the etiology of cardiovascular disease.

Time in Bed, Sleeping Difficulties, and Nutrition in Pregnant New Zealand Women.

We consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and T3, questionnaires were administered, diets were obtained from one 24 h recall and three weighed food records, and physical activity was measured with the use of three 24 h diaries. In total, 370 women had complete information in T2 and 310 in T3. In both trimesters, TIB was associated with welfare or disability status, marital status and age. In T2, TIB was associated with work, childcare, education and pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption. There were fewer significant lifestyle covariates in T3. In both trimesters, TIB declined with increasing dietary intake, especially water, protein, biotin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Adjusted for weight of dietary intake and welfare/disability, TIB declined with increasing nutrient density of B vitamins, saturated fats, potassium, fructose and lactose; and TIB increased with carbohydrate, sucrose and vitamin E. Subjective sleeping difficulties increased with the week of gestation, morning sickness severity, anxiety, dairy and saturated fat intake, and they decreased with fruit, vegetable and monounsaturated fat intake. The study highlights the changing influence of covariates throughout the pregnancy and corroborates several published findings on the relationship of diet and sleep.

Effect of reduced-calcium and high-calcium cheddar cheese consumption on the excretion of faecal fat: a 2-week cross-over dietary intervention study

PurposeStudies show that dairy fat consumed in the form of cheese reduce LDL-cholesterol concentration (LDL-c) compared to butter and mechanistic suggestions include the calcium content of cheese leading to enhanced faecal fat excretion. The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying the calcium content within a cheese, on faecal fat excretion as a primary outcome, and blood lipid markers, fasting glucose and calcium excretion as secondary outcomes.Methods7 healthy males (BMI 18–25) participated in this randomized, cross-over control intervention, of 3 × 2 week periods. Diets contained 240 g/day cheese; a High Calcium Cheese (HCC) diet, a Reduced Calcium Cheese (RCC) diet, and a control arm: Reduced Calcium Cheese + CaCO3 Supplement (RCC + Supp) diet. Diets differed in calcium content and form but were otherwise controlled for energy and key macronutrients. Blood and 5-day faecal samples were collected.ResultsThere was no significant difference in faecal fat excretion (g/day) between the diets (P = 0.066). Percent fat of faecel excretion was higher after RCC + Supp (P = 0.016). None of the individual fatty acids were different. Fasting LDL-c was significantly lower following the HCC diet vs. the other arms (P = 0.002). Faecal Ca was different across all diets (P = 0.001), lowest after RCC, and greatest after RCC + Supp. No differences were observed for fasting blood parameters or changes in anthropometry.ConclusionVarying the calcium content within a cheese matrix significantly affected fasting LDL-c values. Results did not support higher faecal fat excretion as an underlying mechanism, but the high attrition rate was a limitation.Trial registerer Trial Registered at ISRCTN.org, registration number ISRCTN11663659 on 12.07.2022. Retrospectively registered.

The Effects of Dairy and Plant-Based Liquid Components on Lutein Liberation in Spinach Smoothies.

Lutein is a dietary lipophilic compound with anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously shown that dairy fat can improve the lutein content in spinach smoothies. It is, however, unclear whether fat concentrations and fermentation status in dairy products affect lutein liberation in smoothies. Moreover, plant-based milks vary in fat, protein, and fiber content which may affect lutein dissolution. This study aimed to provide translatable information to consumers by comparing lutein liberation in spinach smoothies made with different dairy or plant-based liquids in domestic settings. The smoothies were digested in vitro, and liberated lutein was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High-fat and medium-fat cow's milk, as well as coconut milk with and without additives, were found to significantly improve lutein liberation by 36%, 30%, 25%, and 42%, respectively, compared to blending spinach with water alone. Adjustment models suggested that the effects of cow's milk and coconut milk were derived from fat and protein, respectively. On the other hand, soymilk with and without additives showed significantly reduced lutein liberation by 40% and 61%, respectively. To summarize, only 4 out of 14 tested liquids increased lutein liberation in spinach smoothies. The results highlight the importance of testing food companions for lipophilic active ingredients.

Diet Quality and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents with Down Syndrome.

Youth with Down syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia. Diet quality may influence cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in youth. The aim of this secondary analysis was to investigate the relationship between diet quality (Healthy Eating Index [HEI-2015]) with CMR factors in youth with DS compared with age, sex, race, ethnicity, and body mass index percentile matched, typically developing controls. Adolescents (aged 10 to 20 years) with DS and controls of comparable age, sex, race, ethnicity, and body mass index percentile were recruited from 2012 to 2017 for a cross-sectional study from two large children's hospitals (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Children's National Health System in Washington, DC). CMRs in 143 adolescents with DS were compared with 100 controls. Exclusion criteria consisted of major organ-system illnesses. The average of three 24-hour dietary recalls was used to calculate the HEI-2015. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and fasting labs were collected. Group differences were tested using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Relationships of CMR factors with HEI-2015 score within DS and controls were tested using linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, race, and body mass index z score. Compared with controls (n= 100, median age= 14.8 years [interquartile range= 12.2 to 17.3 years]; 41% male; 24% African American; 65% with body mass index ≥85th percentile), adolescents with DS (n= 143, median age= 14.7 years [interquartile range= 11.4 to 17.4 years]; 44% male; 18% African American; 62% with body mass index ≥85th percentile) had higher scores (more aligned with dietary recommendations) for total HEI-2015 (DS: 52.7 [interquartile range= 46.8 to 58.6] vs controls: 45.1 [interquartile range= 39.5 to 55.0]; P < 0.0001). Youth with DS also had higher HEI-2015 component scores for fruits, greens/beans, dairy, refined grains, and saturated fats, but lower whole grains and sodium scores. Within the group with DS, total HEI-2015 was not significantly associated with CMR measures. Whereas HEI-2015 in the DS group was negatively associated with fasting glucose levels, the difference did not meet the set level of statistical significance (-0.14, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.00; P= 0.053). Adolescents in both the control and DS groups reported low-quality diets, although the DS group had HEI-2015 scores more closely aligned with recommendations. In the DS group, diet quality was not significantly associated with CMR factors. Although further research is needed, these results suggest that dyslipidemia in youth with DS may not be related to dietary intake.

Dietary intake of animal-based products and likelihood of follicular lymphoma and survival: A population-based family case-control study.

The association between dietary intake of foods of animal origin and follicular lymphoma (FL) risk and survival is uncertain. In this study, we examined the relationship between dietary intake of dairy foods and fats, meat, fish and seafoods, and the likelihood of FL and survival. We conducted a population-based family case-control study in Australia between 2011 and 2016 and included 710 cases, 303 siblings and 186 spouse/partner controls. We assessed dietary intake of animal products prior to diagnosis (the year before last) using a structured food frequency questionnaire and followed-up cases over a median of 6.9 years using record linkage to national death data. We examined associations with the likelihood of FL using logistic regression and used Cox regression to assess association with all-cause and FL-specific mortality among cases. We observed an increased likelihood of FL with increasing daily quantity of oily fish consumption in the year before last (highest category OR = 1.96, CI = 1.02-3.77; p-trend 0.06) among cases and sibling controls, but no associations with spouse/partner controls. We found no association between the likelihood of FL and the consumption of other types of fish or seafood, meats or dairy foods and fats. In FL cases, we found no association between meat or oily fish intake and all-cause or FL-specific mortality. Our study showed suggestive evidence of a positive association between oily fish intake and the likelihood of FL, but findings varied by control type. Further investigation of the potential role of environmental contaminants in oily fish on FL etiology is warranted.

Preferential deposition of dairy derived fatty acids in muscle tissue is partially due to the upregulation of CD36 in a low-birth-weight swine model.

Metabolic syndrome is a worldwide health issue. Previous research has revealed that low-birth weight (LBW) swine fed a high-fat (HF) diet were susceptible to insulin resistance (IR) and developed a preferential intestinal lipid absorption, hypertriglyceridemia, and muscle steatosis. We hypothesized that fatty acid transporters such as CD36, FATP4, and FABP2 could potentially explain the development of these conditions. In addition, dairy-derived fatty acids have been shown to be valid biomarkers to assess dairy intake, which can be utilized to investigate muscle lipid deposition in LBW swine. The overall aim of this study was to delineate molecular transport candidates responsible for intestinal lipid absorption and muscle lipid deposition in LBW swine; and secondly to determine what dietary fatty acids might accumulate preferentially in pork muscle when consuming dairy products. At 5 weeks of age, normal birth weight (NBW) and LBW piglets were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: 1-chow diet, 2-HF diet, or 3-isocaloric HF diet supplemented with full fat dairy products. At 12 weeks of age, piglets were euthanized, and carcass, fasting plasma, biceps femoris and jejunum mucosal scrapings were collected. Results showed that HF-fed LBW swine exhibited early signs of IR (fasting glucose, P < 0.05; fasting insulin, P = 0.091; HOMA-IR, P = 0.086) compared with NBW-Chow, which were attenuated with increased dairy intake. Muscle samples from HF-fed LBW swine contained significantly more triglyceride compared to Chow-fed NBW swine (P < 0.05). Increased dairy intake significantly increased myristic acid (C14:0) and DPA (C22:5n3) relative to HF feeding alone (P < 0.05). All HF-fed LBW swine (regardless of dairy intake) exhibited an upregulation of CD36 expression (but not FABP2) compared with NBW littermates in both the small intestine and muscle (P < 0.05). Interestingly, increased dairy intake significantly increased the Canadian Lean Yield percentage in LBW swine fed an HF diet (P < 0.05). Findings from this study provide evidence on the mechanistic pathway of intestinal and muscle lipid metabolism in an innovative LBW swine model. We have also revealed that increasing dairy intake can enhance the incorporation of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into pork, as well as increasing the predicted lean yield of the carcass.

Connecting Climate Change Mitigation to Global Land Regeneration, Doubling Worldwide Livestock, and Reduction of Early Deaths from Noncommunicable Diseases.

Aim and background This article aims to link early deaths due to diet-related noncommunicable diseases at the global level, low animal food intake, primarily in developing countries, regenerative/organic agriculture, worldwide food security, and global warming mitigation. On statistically modeling Global Burden of Disease (GBD) risk factor and health outcome data, the unexpected finding was that early deaths(death before age 70) per year per 100k population due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs, such as coronary artery disease, emphysema, liver failure, kidney failure, and cancers) were much higher in cohorts with low consumption of animal-sourced foods (processed meat, red meat, dairy, fish, poultry, eggs, and saturated fats). Relatively low NCD rates are associated with high animal food consumption. This unexpected finding led to exploring the implications of climate change. Methods I critiqued the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC's) definitions of "sustainability in land management, sustainable intensification (of agriculture), climate-smart agriculture," and "sustainability-focused socioeconomic pathway 1 (SSP1)"-the most climate-favorable scenario that the IPCC modeled. I modeled doubling the global livestock together with global regenerative/organic agriculture compared with the IPCC's SSP1, using the IPCC's mean 2010-2019 global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as the baseline for comparison. Results This study found that all the IPCC's agricultural land-related definitions of interest were aspirational without detailing the farming methods used and those not allowed. The IPCC's land management-related definitions differed from the same or similar terms in the literature. The status quo net global agriculture and other land useGHGs (2010-2019) totaled 11.9 ± 4.4 gigatonnes (GT) carbon dioxide equivalent per year (11.9 ± 4.4 GTCO2-eq yr-1). The IPCC's modeling of the SSP1 scenario reduced GHGs to 3 GTCO2-eq yr-1 by 2050. Transitioning to global regenerative/organic agriculture (5 billion hectares) and doubling the global livestock for human consumption and agricultural land fertilization corresponded to net global GHGs = -24.1 GTCO2-eq yr-1 for 2-3 decades, totaling -482 to -723 GTCO2-eq of CO2 sequestration. Conclusions Doubling global livestock combined with worldwide regenerative/organic agriculture has the potential to mitigate climate change significantly more than SSP1 while providing global food security by reversing land degradation. Worldwide transitioning from intensive industrial agriculture that degrades land to regenerative/organic agriculture that sequestersCO2in soil ​​​​​and doubling global livestock would require initial support with finances, resources, and additional workersfor farms in both developing and developed countries.Subsequently, farms and farmers would be sustainably self-supporting with food sales. Retainingthe existing farm workers and attracting hundreds of millions more workers would likely require transitioning most agricultural lands into worker-owned cooperatives.

Unripe banana biomass as a dairy fat partial replacer in vanilla homemade ice cream

The homemade ice cream formulations produced from the partial replacement of dairy fat with unripe banana biomass (UBB) were elaborated and characterized. Formulations 1, 2 and 3 with 2.6%, 12.5% and 21.9% of reconstituted UBB, respectively in partial replacement of heavy cream were compared to the traditional formulation (0% UBB and 100% of heavy cream). The characterization included: physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses. Fat reduction of at least 22.6% in centesimal composition were noticed among the formulation with UBB (p < 0.05). The titratable acidity and meltdown rate of the formulations increased with the addition of UBB and fat reduction. The sensory analysis showed that the preference of the panellists reduced with substitution of cream for UBB. The traditional formulation and formulation 1 were the most preferred. There was no difference in the attributes of overall impression, appearance, creamy texture, color, sweet taste and vanilla flavor between the traditional formulation and formulation 1 in the acceptance test. It was also found that the intention to consume those same formulations was positive. Therefore, the production of ice cream using prebiotic fat replacers are an interesting option to be explored in an attempt to combine sensory acceptance with health benefits.

THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF BODY BUILD OF COWS ON THEIR MILK OUTPUT AND MILK QUALITY

The presented article gives the results of evaluation of the body build type of firstling cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed, there are determined the influence of linear features of body build and udder on their milk output and quality and also the relations between these indicators in the form of regression equations. It was revealed that the average daily milk output of cows had a probable correlation influence with height, body depth, width of loin, rear udder attachment, central ligament, udder depth. Average milk fat content had a probable correlation with rear udder attachment and central ligament, while average protein content had a probable correlation with their height, chest width, body depth, butt width and front udder attachment, indicating a weak positive correlation between these parameters. A probable correlation between the average somatic cell content and the linear estimate of body type indicators was found only with the estimate of udder depth, central udder ligament and posterior dugs position. In the course of the research it was revealed that the average daily milk output of firstlings was likely influenced by the following attributes of linear estimation of the type of body build: height, breast width, angularity, butt width, posterior attachment of udder, udder depth, central ligament and posterior dugs location. By the results of the researches the regression model of prognostication of the average daily milk output of the firstling cows by the values of the linear estimation of the body build type of the cows is developed, that will allow making the decision on expediency of their further utilization in the second month of lactation. The proved models for predicting fat and protein content percentages in milk should be used for evaluation of firstling cows as auxiliary ones. There were created the models for prediction of number of mastitis cases in firstlings and content of somatic cells in milk on the basis of values of indicators of linear estimation of body type of cows. Keywords: dairy cows, body build, linear estimate, daily output, fat and protein content percentages, somatic cells, regression model.

Dietary risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Poor diet quality, as assessed by the US Department of Agriculture’s Health Eating Index (HEI), has previously been linked with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). We assessed specific dietary components contributing to this increased risk of HDP. This is a nested case control study in a cohort of 450 study participants with singleton pregnancies who completed the NIH Dietary Health Questionnaire II (DHQ-II) in the third trimester or within 3 months of delivery from 2017-2020. Patients with fetal anomalies, pregnancies conceived by in-vitro fertilization, and deliveries at an outside hospital were excluded. Cases were patients diagnosed with HDP and controls were patients without HDP. Cases were matched to controls by BMI class in a 1:2 ratio. The primary exposures of interest were HEI score components and other DHQ-II dietary components including minerals, caffeine, and water. These dietary components were compared between cases and controls using univariate analyses. 150 patients with HDP were matched to 300 controls without HDP. Baseline demographics were similar between groups, including BMI. Patients with HDP were less likely to have high quality diets (HEI≥70) than controls (7.3% v 15.7%, P=0.02). HDP was associated with significantly higher dairy, saturated fat, and sodium intake compared to controls. Other HEI components such as protein, vegetable, added sugar, and fatty acid uptake were similar between groups (Figure). Caffeine, water, and mineral consumption was similar between groups (Table). Patients with HDP are more likely to have consumed a diet higher in sodium, dairy, and saturated fats. Antenatal diet modification in patients at high risk of HDP should be further studied.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Spectrum of food diversity of megapolis' inhabitants obtained by the analysis of buying activity

The food diversity is a significant indicator of a healthy diet. The aim of the study was to assess the indicators of food diversity in the metropolis (Moscow) based on the analysis of consumer activity in a large retail chain. Material and methods. 201 904 holders of loyalty cards of the retail network were selected from the depersonalized purchase data for 2016-2018 according to the following selection criteria: the presence of a dense segment of purchases (more than 4 weeks, where there was at least 1 purchase in 2 weeks), where the total cost of purchases was at least 4700 rubles and at least 4 different products were purchased. From of these, 111 136 buyers have data available by gender, 43 046 by age. The classification of a set of purchased products and dishes by food groups was carried out, and complex dishes were transformed into a set of their ingredients and the distribution of the unique values of the corresponding food groups was carried out. Counting the number of unique preferences (count base diversity) by the number of positions in each of the 6 food groups (cereals, fish and meat, fat products, dairy products, vegetables, fruits and berries) allowed us to estimate the amount of food diversity. The total number of food categories in all subgroups was also calculated. Results. The low value of food diversity in the category of cereals and cereals was found in 2/3 of buyers, in the category of vegetables and fruits in 60% of buyers, in the category of meat and fish products in half of buyers, in the category of fat-and-oil products in 63.7% and in 44.2% of buyers of dairy products. An acceptable total number of categories of purchased products (more than 20 per week) was achieved only in 14.5% of men and 16.7% of women from our sample. In general, lower indicators of dietary diversity are typical for men and young people (up to 45 years old). Conclusion. Thus, it can be concluded that the importance of food diversity as a factor of health protection is underestimated by the population, especially by young people, which can lead to an increase in the burden on healthcare due to the earlier debut of a wide range of chronic diseases.

Trans-palmitoleic acid, a dairy fat biomarker, stimulates insulin secretion and activates G protein-coupled receptors with a different mechanism from the cis isomer.

Dietary trans-palmitoleic acid (trans 16:1n-7, tPOA), a biomarker for high-fat dairy product intake, has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in some cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological studies. Here, we investigated the insulin secretion-promoting activity of tPOA and compared them with the effects evoked by the cis-POA isomer (cPOA), an endogenous lipokine biosynthesized in the liver and adipose tissue, and found in some natural food sources. The debate about the positive and negative relationships of those two POA isomers with metabolic risk factors and the underlying mechanisms is still going on. Therefore, we examined the potency of both POA isomers to potentiate insulin secretion in murine and human pancreatic β cell lines. We also investigated whether POA isomers activate G protein-coupled receptors proposed as potential targets for T2DM treatment. We show that tPOA and cPOA augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) to a similar extent; however, their insulin secretagogue activity is associated with different signaling pathways. We also performed ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations to predict the preferred orientation of POA isomers and the strength of association between those two fatty acids and GPR40, GPR55, GPR119, and GPR120 receptors. Overall, this study provides insight into the bioactivity of tPOA and cPOA toward selected GPCR functions, indicating them as targets responsible for the insulin secretagogue action of POA isomers. It reveals that both tPOA and cPOA may promote insulin secretion and subsequently regulate glucose homeostasis.

Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Red Palm Oil-based Ice Cream Using Maltodextrin or Modified Starch as Stabilizers.

This study highlights the use of red palm oil (RPO) as an alternative to dairy fat in a hard ice cream sample in the presence of different stabilizers; maltodextrin (MALTOD) and modified starch (MSTARCH). No stabilizer was added in the control sample (CO), while the different ratios of RPO to each stabilizer were 4:1, 3:2, and 2:3, coded as MALTOD1, MALTOD2, MALTOD3 for maltodextrin, and MSTARCH1, MSTARCH2, and MSTARCH3 for modified starch, respectively. These samples were compared regarding overrun, physical, and sensory properties. For MALTOD, sample MALTOD3 had the highest overrun (49.31±13.78%), while MALTOD2 had the highest viscosity (7.90±0.03 Pa.s) and hardness (1.09±0.07 kg), and MALTOD1 had the lowest melting properties (61.10±0.20%). For MSTARCH, sample MSTARCH1 had the highest hardness (3.39±0.07 kg), MSTARCH2 had the highest overrun (67.64±2.27%), and MSTARCH3 had the highest viscosity (8.19±0.24 Pa.s) and the lowest melting properties (39.83±0.20%). Samples MALTOD3 and MSTARCH1 were selected for comparison with commercial samples in terms of sensory acceptance and preference. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the sensory acceptability of MALTOD3 and MSTARCH1. However, both samples received a significantly lower (p < 0.05) ranking than the commercial samples in terms of appearance, texture, flavour, meltability, and overall acceptance. Future studies are recommended to improve the RPO-based ice cream sample, particularly in terms of its sensory properties.

Whole fat or reduced fat dairy– which is best for kids? Results of the Milky Way Study

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К вопросу идентификации состава жировой фазы масложировой продукции

Trans-fatty acids enter the human body with hydrogenated fats. The oil and fat industry must inform consumers about the fatty acid composition of food products, including the content of saturated fatty acids and trans-isomers. This study used the method of instrumental analysis to determine the fatty-acid profile and the content of trans-fatty acids in margarine.&#x0D; The research involved ten commercial samples of margarine. The fatty acid composition was studied by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The calibration graphs were based on standard mixes of methyl esters of individual fatty acids. &#x0D; Some oils appeared to contain ≥ 17% of palmitic acid. The total content of saturated fatty acids was 20.04–38.84%; the content of monounsaturated acids ranged from 27.92 to 36.81%, while that of polyunsaturated acids was between 14.51 and 28.99%. The margarine samples contained no butter (dairy) fat. All the samples contained 0.01–23.06% of trans-fatty acids. If the share of trans-fats exceeded 2%, it meant that the technical regulations had been violated, and hydrogenated oils had been introduced into the formulations.&#x0D; The highly specific mass spectrometric approach made it possible to detect trace trans-fatty acids, thus eliminating the chance of unreliable or false positive results. These methods proved to be an effective means of regulatory compliance and counterfeit prevention.

Investigation of free amino acids in lactic acid bacteria fermented milk and their ability to activate the calcium sensing receptor

A fullness in sensorial response is sought in low fat dairy foods to improve palatability, which may be achieved through activation of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Free l-amino acids (FAA) are known kokumi substances that bind to the CaSR and impart attributes of creaminess and mouthfullness. In this study, skim milk (SM) was fermented using five different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains and their ability to activate the CaSR was compared. Our results demonstrated that fermented milks (FM) activated the CaSR with varying potency and efficacy in rank order: Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (CL3ST), Lactococcus lactis (BL1) > Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (CL3) > Lactobacillus helveticus (LH).

Role of food matrix in modulating dairy fat induced changes in lipoprotein particle size distribution in a human intervention

BackgroundIntake of dairy fat within the matrix of cheese lowered circulating LDL cholesterol concentration to a greater extent than the same components consumed separately as butter, protein, and calcium. However, circulating LDL cholesterol is not indicative of concentration or size of LDL particles (LDL-P), which are recognized as more sensitive risk markers of CVD. ObjectivesThis was an exploratory analysis to investigate the role of the food matrix on lipoprotein particle size distribution, after a dairy fat intervention, in overweight adults aged ≥50 y. MethodsLipoprotein particle size distribution was measured in fasting EDTA blood samples taken at week 0 (baseline) and at week 6, using NMR. In total, 127 participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, aged ≥50 y) received ∼42 g dairy fat in 1 of 4 treatments: group A, 120 g full-fat cheddar cheese (FFCC); group B, reduced-fat cheese plus butter (RFC+B); group C, butter, calcium caseinate powder, and calcium supplement (CaCO3) (BCC); or group D, 120 g FFCC (as per group A) but after a 6-wk washout period during which they excluded cheese before intervention. ResultsTotal VLDL and chylomicron particles (VLDL/CM-P) decreased after intervention. There was a strong correlation between reduced VLDL/CM-P and a reduction in small proatherogenic VLDL-P (r = 0.888, P < 0.001). Reductions in total LDL-P were associated with a reduction in small LDL-P and, to a lesser extent, with large LDL-P. There was a significant main effect of treatment for change in intermediate-density lipoprotein particles (IDL-P) after the intervention (P = 0.023) between groups B and D (−46.86 ± 30.38 and 40.69 ± 32.72 nmol/L, respectively). HDL particle (HDL-P) parameters (diameter, concentration, or size distribution) were not affected by diet. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that reductions in LDL cholesterol observed with dairy fat consumption are driven by reductions in LDL-P concentration. A trend toward a less atherogenic profile was observed, but there was no clear effect of the individual food matrices.This trial was registered at ISRCTN as ISRCTN86731958.