Fasting Salivary Glucose Research Articles

Role of Salivary Glucose in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: To determine the correlation of fasting salivary glucose with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for the diagnosis and monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A case - control study was carried out from 11th March to 30th August 2021, involving 88 participants out of which 44 were healthy controls and 44 participants were known T2DM who had FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl or 7.0 mmol/L. FPG was measured by Glucose oxidase method and HbA1c by National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) certified chromatography. Results: T2DM group had significantly higher FPG, HbA1c and salivary glucose values. Both diabetics and healthy controls showed a positive correlation of fasting salivary glucose with FPG. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.689 and 0.477 for cases and control groups respectively. Similarly, a positive correlation of fasting salivary glucose with HbA1c was observed with the value of r 0.433 and 0.498 for diabetic and healthy control groups respectively, when measured separately. For both groups linear regression equations were derived and scatter dot plots were plotted. P value < 0.001 Conclusion: A positive correlation of fasting salivary glucose with FPG and HbA1c was found. As a result, fasting salivary glucose can be utilized instead of plasma glucose for T2DM patients’ screening, diagnosis, and monitoring thereby eliminating the repeated pricks and mental trauma of patients. Keywords: Blood glucose, glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, salivary glucose, Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose as a Reliable Alternative in Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aims and Objective:The aim of the present study was to ascertain the reliability of using salivary glucose in diagnosing and monitoring the blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetic patients and also to evaluate the salivary glucose in fasting and postprandial states and correlate with the blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c values.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 79 Type 1 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls. The blood and salivary glucose levels were evaluated in both study and control groups using glucose-oxidase peroxidase method.Results:There was significantly higher level of salivary glucose in diabetics than in controls. There was a positive moderate-to-strong correlation between stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose to blood glucose in both fasting and postprandial states. The cutoff values for stimulated and unstimulated fasting salivary glucose was 5.8 mg/dl and 5.6 mg/dl, respectively. The cutoff value for stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose in postprandial state was 10.3 mg/dl and 9.5 mg/dl, respectively.Conclusion:Salivary glucose appears to be a reliable biofluid to assess the blood glucose levels and can be a reliable alternative to blood glucose in Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

Correlation of Salivary Glucose level with Blood Glucose Level in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia either due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. This can lead to many serious life-threatening complications if not managed properly by regular monitoring of glycemic status. Prevalence of fear of needles in the society make people non-compliant to regular monitoring. Thus, there is a need for a non-invasive method for determining the glycemic status of the individual. Salivary Glucose has the potential to be one such tool. This study aimed to find whether a correlation between fasting blood glucose levels and fasting salivary glucose levels could be established in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. 50 patients with DM and 50 patients without DM were studied. 5 ml of venous blood and 5 ml of unstimulated saliva after overnight fasting were collected from each participant and processed using standardized enzymatic methods. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. There was a strong and very significant positive correlation (r=0.800, p=0.001) between fasting salivary glucose levels and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with DM whereas the correlation was weak and insignificant in patients without DM (r=0.111, p=0.441). The cut off value for diagnosing DM was found to be ˃ 2.2mg/dl with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity.

Salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients: A case-control study.

Aim:The aim of the present study was undertaken to correlate the glucose levels in saliva and blood of diabetic and healthy nondiabetic individuals and to determine the efficacy of saliva as a diagnostic tool.Setting and Design:This was a case–control study.Materials and Methods:Forty-five patients previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients and controls were asked to come to the clinic in the morning, after 8–10 h fasting. At that time, 5 ml of venous blood and unstimulated saliva was collected from both the groups, and 2 h after meal, again, venous blood and unstimulated saliva were collected. The saliva and sera from blood samples were subjected to glucose estimation. Saliva was collected in sterilized vials, and blood was collected in test tubes. Glucose estimation was done by oxidase–peroxidase method.Statistical Analysis:Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis.Results:Correlation coefficient values show that there is a significant positive correlation between fasting blood and fasting salivary glucose levels and postprandial blood and postprandial salivary glucose levels.Conclusion:Salivary glucose level estimation can be used as a potential indicator in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it is an easy and noninvasive method.

SALIVARY GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN TYPE-II DIABETIC PEOPLE: A CASE–CONTROL STUDY

Objective: The objective of the present study was to find a non-invasive method of sample collection that can be used to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus (DM).
 Methods: In this study, saliva as a diagnostic fluid was collected noninvasively from subjects with modest training and this offers a cost-effective method for screening diabetes. To evaluate the association of blood glucose level with salivary glucose in Type-II diabetic (Type-II D) patients, a case– control study was conducted on 200 test and 200 healthy control people in selected study village in Kanchipuram (District). The glucose level was measured in saliva and blood plasma by glucose oxidase and peroxidase method.
 Results: A highly significant positive correlation between fasting salivary glucose (69.377±14.329 mg/dl) and plasma glucose (249.935±64.65 mg/dl) in diabetic patients and in control group, plasma glucose level 117.545±10.595 and saliva glucose level 49.271±13.795 mg/dl was observed.
 Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that fasting salivary glucose level can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic, as well as monitoring tool to assess the glycemic status of Type-II DM patients.

Assessment of the salivary glucose as a non-invasive test for diabetic patients

Background: Over the recent year there has been a startling rise in the number of people suffering from diabetes mellitus. Estimation of blood glucose levels has been an essential laboratory investigation for screening and monitoring of diabetes. Saliva is one of the secretions in human body whose collection is easy and non-invasive. Salivary glucose hence could serve as an easy and non-invasive tool.Methods: Institutional review committee of NHRC gave us permission to carry out this study. 105 subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended the OPD at Star hospital, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal and 106 healthy individuals were consented to participate in this study. Glucose was measured by the GOD-POD (Glucose oxidase peroxidase) methods using the semi-autoanalyser and salivary glucose was compared with corresponding blood glucose levels.Results: A significant positive correlation of fasting salivary glucose level and fasting blood glucose level was observed in healthy (r=0.241, p=0.001) and in diabetic patients (r=0.202, p=0.001).Conclusions: The study implies a potential for saliva in monitoring and screening of diabetes mellitus.

Fasting salivary glucose levels is not a better measure for identifying diabetes mellitus than serum or capillary blood glucose levels: comparison in a Ghanaian population

Aims/introductionWe compared the diagnostic performance and correlation between salivary, serum and capillary blood glucose of diabetes and non-diabetes patients. Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) contributes to the prevention of complications and management. Materials and methodsThis case-control study was conducted among a total of 138 participants comprising 79 newly diagnosed diabetes patients (cases) and 59 non-diabetes patients (controls). Fasting salivary glucose (FSLG), fasting serum glucose (FSEG) levels and fasting capillary whole blood glucose (FCWBG) level were assayed for each participant. ResultsThe mean FSLG, FSEG and FCWBG levels were significantly higher among the cases compared to controls (p < 0.0001). There was a significant mean difference between the levels of FSLG vs. FSEG (p < 0.0001) and FSLG vs. FCWBG (p < 0.0001) but not levels of FSEG vs. FCWBG (p > 0.05) in both cases and controls. A positive correlation was observed between FSLG and FSEG (r = 0.89; p < 0.0001) and FCWBG (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001). At the cut-off value >6.8 mmol/l for FSEG, a sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 100.0% and area under the curve (AUC) of 98.8% was observed for predicting DM while a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 95% and AUC of 91.0% was observed for FSLG at a cut-off value >0.5 mmol/l. At the cut-off value >6.9 mmol/l for FCWBG, a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 100.0% and AUC of 100.0% was observed for predicting DM. ConclusionFasting salivary glucose (FSLG) levels increased with increasing blood glucose levels. However, it does not generate enough diagnostic and predictive accuracy compared to capillary whole blood glucose which less invasive.

The Suitability of Non-Invasive Sample in the Assay of Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis and Sex Difference

Plasma is the most patronized sample for the assay of glucose utilized as a focal biomedical marker for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The procedure is painful and the cost implication is huge. Hence, the need for an alternative non-invasive sample void of painful sensation and of cheap cost implication is pertinent. In this study a total of 100 subjects were utilized and divided into two groups of fifty each. The first group constituted apparently healthy individuals, whereas the second was made up of subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucose was estimated quantitatively in the blood and the saliva using glucose oxidase method. Pearson correlation analysis was used to established relationship between plasma and salivary glucose, whereas t-student test was utilized to evaluated significant level based on sex difference. The result indicated that correlation was not observed between fasting blood glucose and fasting salivary glucose of diabetics as well as control subjects. However correlation was observed between fasting blood glucose and salivary glucose amongst diabetic subjects with glucose level above threshold value. The correlation coefficient value was +0.72 proving a significant correlation statistically. Also, statistical difference was not observed based on gender on studied plasma and salivary glucose. Therefore, the findings showed explicitly that saliva could serve as an alternative sample for glucose estimation and management especially for diabetics with evidently high glucose levels. Also, gender difference for customized diagnostics is of no diagnostic importance.

Salivary Glucose and Oral Mucosal Alterations in Type II Diabetic Mellitus Patients

Aim: The study was undertaken: 1) To assess salivary glucose (SaG) levels in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects and to determine if saliva could be used as a noninvasive tool to diagnose and monitor Type II diabetes mellitus. 2) Correlation of SaG levels with serum glucose (SeG) levels in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. 3) To correlate the oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus with serum and SaG levels. Material and Methods: Both fasting and postprandial serum and SaG levels were analyzed from 70 Type II diabetic and 70 nondiabetic subjects. The detailed examination of oral cavity in relation to periodontal and dental status and subjective oral complaints were recorded. The obtained values were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean fasting salivary glucose (FSaG) was 5.469 + 2.347 mg/dL and 7.634 + 4.468 mg/dL in nondiabetic and diabetics, respectively (P = 0.000) and postprandial salivary glucose (PSaG) was 6.434 + 2.111 mg/dL and 8.736 + 4.962 mg/dL in nondiabetic and diabetics, respectively (P = 0.000). The positive correlation was found between SeG levels and SaG in diabetics (P = 0.000). Strong positive correlation was observed between SeG and SaG with oral manifestations in Type II diabetic patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Saliva can be a useful tool in regular monitoring of “already diagnosed Type II diabetics” (by their SeG levels) rather than diagnosing subjects with “unknown status of diabetes mellitus.” Strong positive correlation exists between SeG level and SaG level with oral manifestations in Type II diabetic patients.

Salivary glucose as a diagnostic tool in Type II diabetes mellitus: A case-control study.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing steadily in India. Understanding blood glucose level is the key to both diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. However, there is an on-going need for improvements in noninvasive, point-of-care tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes. Assessing a relationship between the blood glucose level and its concentration in other body fluids such as the saliva can help in developing a conservative method for blood sugar assessment replacing venous blood sampling. Diabetes mellitus is known to cause changes in salivary composition. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship of blood glucose level with salivary glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The study sample included 100 diabetic patients and 100 nondiabetic patients aged above 35 years of age. Fasting blood and salivary glucose levels were measured in the two groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation of blood glucose with salivary glucose in the two groups. The results of the study revealed an increase in the level of fasting salivary glucose in diabetics compared to that of nondiabetic patients. It also showed a highly significant positive correlation between fasting salivary glucose and serum glucose in both diabetic patients and in controls. From this study, it can be concluded that fasting salivary glucose level can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic, as well as a monitoring tool to assess the glycemic status of Type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose and Glycogen Content in Exfoliated Buccal Mucosal Cells of Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder which shows an increasing incidence worldwide. Constant monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic patient is required which involves painful invasive techniques. Saliva is gaining acceptance as diagnostic tool for various systemic diseases which can be collected noninvasively and by individuals with limited training. The aim of the present study was to analyse the possibility of using salivary glucose and glycogen content of buccal mucosal cells as a diagnostic marker in Type II Diabetes mellitus patients which can be considered as adjuvant diagnostic tool to the gold standards. Sample consists of 30 study and 30 control groups. Saliva was collected by passive drool method.Intravenous blood samples were collected for glucose estimation. Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected from apparently normal buccal mucosa, smeared on dry glass slide and stained with PAS. Blood and salivary glucose are estimated by Glucose Oxidase endpoint method. For Glycogen estimation, number of PAS positive cells in fifty unfolded cells was analysed. The results of the present study revealed a significant increase in the salivary glucose level and the number of PAS positive buccal mucosal cells in the diabetics than in the controls. The correlation between the fasting serum glucose and fasting salivary glucose and also that between fasting serum glucose and PAS positive cells was statistically significant. But the correlation between the staining intensity and fasting serum glucose was statistically insignificant. With the results of the present study it is revealed that salivary glucose and PAS positive cells are increased in diabetics which can be considered as adjuvant diagnostic tool for Diabetes mellitus.

Determination of normal range for fasting salivary glucose in Type 1 diabetics.

Background:The most commonly employed investigative procedure for monitoring glucose levels is blood investigation, which is invasive and gives discomfort to the patient. The purpose of the study was to validate a noninvasive, easy, and reliable method for predicting glucose levels in Type 1 diabetics and to validate a regression equation for converting the known values of salivary glucose to blood glucose.Materials and Methods:200 volunteers consisting of 100 Type 1 diabetics and 100 healthy controls were included, and their fasting blood and salivary glucose levels were assessed, using a semi-auto analyzer.Results:On analysis of the data, statistically significant positive results were obtained (P < 0.05) when the blood and salivary glucose levels were considered among the study group participants, control group participants, and both study and control group participants. A cut-off value for salivary glucose (11.60 mg%) was defined, above which a person may be considered as diabetic. Also, the regression equation was obtained which could be used for the conversion of known value of salivary glucose to blood glucose and vice versa.Conclusion:The present study successfully demonstrated the role of saliva as a noninvasive and reliable marker for the prediction of glucose levels in Type 1 diabetics who show elevated blood glucose levels.