Fasting Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Levels Among Different PCOS Phenotypes and Its Correlation with Clinical, Endocrine, and Metabolic Markers of PCOS.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is one of the direct indicators of follicular pool but no standard cutoff has been defined for diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The present study evaluated the serum AMH levels among different PCOS phenotypes and correlated the AMH levels with clinical, hormonal, and metabolic parameters among Indian PCOS women. Mean serum AMH was 12.39 ± 5.3ng/mL in PCOS cohort and 3.83 ± 1.5 ng/mL in non-PCOS cohort (P < 0.01). Out of 608 PCOS women, 273 (44.9%) women belonged to phenotype A, 230 (37.8%) women were phenotype D. Phenotypes C and B were 12.17% and 5.10% respectively. Among those with the highest AMH group (AMH>20ng/ml; 8.05%), majority belonged to phenotype A. Menstrual cycle length, serum testosterone, fasting total cholesterol levels, and follicle number per ovary had positive correlation with serum anti-Mullerian levels (P < 0.05). AMH cutoff for the diagnosis of PCOS was calculated as ≥ 6.06 ng/mL on ROC analysis with sensitivity and specificity of 91.45% and 90.71% respectively. The study shows high serum AMH levels in PCOS are associated with worse clinical, endocrinological, and metabolic parameters. These levels may be used to counsel patients regarding treatment response, help in individualized management and prediction of reproductive and long-term metabolic outcomes.

Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

Background & aims: The beneficial effects of theobromine (TB) on obesity and features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been reported in several studies. However, the findings are equivocal. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 week pure TB supplementation (450 mg day-1) combined with a low-calorie diet on the anthropometric and metabolic syndrome indices in overweight and obese adults with MetS. Methods: In a randomized double-blind parallel controlled trial, 80 participants aged 40-55 years were randomly assigned to take 450 mg day-1 TB or placebo along with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid profile and glycemic indices were assessed at the start and end of the intervention. Results: Seventy-two participants completed the study. After 12 weeks, TB supplementation significantly decreased the waist circumference (WC) (-0.86 cm; P = 0.045), LDL-c/HDL-c (-0.26; P = 0.008), TG/HDL-c (-0.41; P = 0.001), TC/HDL-c (-0.38; P = 0.006) and increased HDL-c (1.72 mg dl-1; P = 0.036) compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences regarding body weight, BMI, hip circumference (HC), hip-to-waist circumference ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), fasting blood glucose, insulin, homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that TB supplementation along with a low-calorie diet had favorable effects on WC, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, and serum level of HDL-c in overweight and obese subjects with MetS. Trial registration number: IRCT20091114002709N59. Registration date: 5 March 2022.

Pengaruh konsumsi cookies garut (Marantha arundinacea) yang mengandung glukomanan porang sebagai makanan selingan terhadap kadar kolesterol total penyandang diabetes mellitus tipe 2

Effect of consuming arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang as a snack on total cholesterol levels of people with type 2 diabetesBackground: People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a risk of dyslipidemia, which is an increase in total cholesterol levels. Dietary fiber is known to have health benefits for improving lipid profiles. Arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang is a snack with high dietary fiber content.Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of consuming arrowroot cookies as a snack for 8 weeks on the total cholesterol levels of people with type 2 diabetes.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test post-test design with control group. Subjects are type 2 diabetes patients who are registered in four Yogyakarta City Health Centers. The intervention group was given five arrowroot cookies (65 grams) as a substitute snack for 8 weeks. Arrowroot cookies contain 0.57% soluble fiber and 15.80% insoluble fiber. Fasting total cholesterol levels, nutrient intake, anthropometry, and physical activity were measured twice, at pre- (week 0) and post-intervention (8th week).Results: The average total cholesterol levels of the control group and intervention group changed with no significant difference between the two study groups. The intervention group experienced a significant increase in total cholesterol levels (p&lt;0.05) from 182.36 mg/dL to 202.55 mg/dL. There were no significant changes in anthropometric and physical activity. There was an increase in fiber intake in both groups but it was not significant for the intervention group (p=0.051).Conclusion: There was a significant change in the total cholesterol level of people with type 2 diabetes after consuming arrowroot cookies containing glucomannan porang as a snack for 8 weeks.

The role of different lipid measures for incident hypertension during more than 12-year follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

The associations of different lipid measures and related indices with incident hypertension during a median follow-up of 12·89 years were examined. Fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and related indices (TC/HDL-cholesterol and TAG/HDL-cholesterol) were determined in 7335 Iranian adults (men = 3270) free of hypertension, aged 39·0 (sd 13·2) years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was applied and lipid parameters were considered either as categorical or continuous variables. During follow-up, 2413 (men = 1126) participants experienced hypertension. Using the first quartile as reference, significant trends were found between quartiles of TAG, HDL-cholesterol, TC/HDL-cholesterol and TAG/HDL-cholesterol in multivariate models; moreover considering these measures as continuous variables, a 1 sd increase in each of these parameters was significantly associated with the risk of incident hypertension; the corresponding hazard ratios and CI were 1·06 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·10), 0·94 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·98), 1·04 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·09) and 1·04 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·07), respectively. The associations between lipid measures and incident hypertension did not change after excluding lipid lowering drug users and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and these associations were independent of the categories of baseline blood pressure (P for interaction > 0·08). These findings indicate that TAG, TAG/HDL-cholesterol and TC/HDL-cholesterol were independently associated with higher risk, while HDL-cholesterol was associated with lower risk of incident hypertension.

Comparison of Non-Fasting and Fasting Lipid Profile in Dyslipidemia Patients

Dyslipidemia, a metabolic syndrome characteristic, includes increased flux of free fatty acids, high densitylipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. One of the main topics of screening andmanagement in adult and child populations has been dyslipidemiaThe aim of this study was to evaluate non-fasting and fasting when measuring the lipid profile of patientswith dyslipidemia.This study was performed 80 male of dyslipidemia patients, they were monitored and their lipid profilelevels measured during non- fasting were collected after 2 hours of meal, and varying hours of fastingperiods includes (4 hours, 6 hours, and 8 hours).In this study we did not found any significant clinical difference between non-fasting and fasting levels oftotal cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. Thus, we can use the non-fastingblood samples to estimate lipid profile in follow-up the dyslipidemia patients. When comparing the fastinghours, we observed mean triglyceride for all period of fasting were differences, as compared to the nonefforts fasting state significant differences P&lt; 0.001Finally, there is no need to make fasting lipid profile mandatory. This study suggests that should be made tosimplify the sampling of blood by replacing the profile of fasting lipids with the profile of non-fasting lipids.

Lipid Profile and New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (An Observational Study in Southwest of China)

In acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI), new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) was not only associated with worse short-term outcomes but also with higher long-term mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dyslipidemia on the incidence of NOAF. Among the 985 patients (2014 to 2017) with ASTEMI consecutively enrolled and followed-up for 31 months in this study, 81 patients (8.2%) developed NOAF during hospitalization. Fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using standard procedures. The study population was categorized into 3 groups based on tertiles of lipid profile. Multivariate regression analysis was adjusted for baseline characteristics, laboratory values, angiography findings, and medication. Inverse associations of TC (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32 to 0.90) and LDL-C (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 1.00) with NOAF was observed in this study. In contrast, the levels of TG and HDL-C were not associated with NOAF in patients with ASTEMI. Moreover, the all-cause mortality in the NOAF group (19.8%) was apparently higher than that in sinus rhythm goup (6.1%) after a long term follow-up. In conclusion, plasma LDL-C and TC concentrations but neither TG nor HDL-C were inversely correlated to NOAF during hospitalization, which indicated a bad prognosis even after discharge.

Abstract 561: Bone Morphogenetic Protein-3b Deficiency Induces Metabolic Syndrome and Modulates Adipogenesis

Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are mediators in a wide range of cellular functions, including the regulation of cell metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of BMP-3b, a glycoprotein synthetized and secreted by adipose tissue, on cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: BMP-3b knock-out (KO) and age-matched male and female wild-type (WT) mice were weighed weekly until 6 months of age. At 6 months, fasting levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C and triglycerides were measured and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Telemetry was used to determine blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized mice. Echocardiograms were performed under light sedation (isoflurane 1%). Mice were sacrificed and tissues were resected for gene expression analysis by qPCR. Transient transfections were performed in 3T3-L1 cells to study the interactions of BMP-3b and the C/ebp α promoter. Results: BMP3b KO mice gained more weight than WT mice. The plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were higher in BMP-3b KO mice than in WT mice. Insulin and glucose tolerant tests reveal insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in BMP-3b KO mice compared to WT mice. The basal heart rate was higher in BMP-3b KO mice than in WT mice, but no differences were observed in blood pressure. Echocardiography revealed a decrease in relative wall thickness (RWT) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and an increase in the left ventricle end diastolic volume (LVEDV) in BMP-3b KO mice, demonstrating eccentric remodeling. Expression of genes ( Pparγ and C/ebpα ) involved in adipogenesis in white adipose tissue was higher in BMP-3b KO mice than in WT controls. Finally, transient transfection assays with 3T3-L1 cells showed that BMP-3b modulates C/ebpα promoter activity. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that BMP-3b has an important role in the regulation of age-related weight gain, glucose metabolism and LV remodeling. Interventions that increase the level or function of BMP-3b may protect the heart from the adverse effects of cardiovascular risk factors and pathological cardiac remodeling.

Blood lipid levels and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a prospective study.

The relation between dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation (AF) development remains controversial. We conducted a prospective study to investigate the association of lipids with the risk of recurrence of AF after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). This study enrolled 287 consecutive patients who underwent initial circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA). Fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline before ablation. Patients were classified according to lipid quartiles. AF recurrence was confirmed by 48-h electrocardiograms at follow-up visits. A total of 71 patients (24.7%) experienced AF recurrence during 3 to 12months after ablation. By univariate Cox regression survival analysis, TC (HR, 0.63; 95%CI, 0.48-0.82), LDL-C (HR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.44-0.84), non-paroxysmal AF type (HR, 2.56; 95%CI, 1.52-4.21), and left atrial diameter (HR, 2.18; 95%CI, 1.46-3.24) were significantly associated with AF recurrence. By multivariate Cox regression survival analysis, lower quartiles of TC (HR, 3.66; 95%CI, 1.56-8.56) and LDL-C (HR, 2.28; 95%CI 1.09-4.77) were associated with higher risk of AF recurrence compared with the highest quartiles. After adjustment by sex, lower TC (HR, 11.70; 95%CI, 2.79-49.13) and LDL-C (HR, 11.00; 95%CI, 2.77-43.72) levels were associated with the recurrence of AF in women, but not in men. HDL-C and TG levels showed no association with AF recurrence in both genders. TC and LDL-C levels were negatively correlated with AF recurrence after RFCA in women. HDL-C and TG were not independently associated with AF recurrence in both genders.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus via reversing insulin resistance and regulating lipid homeostasis invitro and invivo using cajanonic acid A.

The present study investigated the effects of cajanonic acid A (CAA), extracted from the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp with a purity of 98.22%, on the regulatory mechanisms of glucose and lipid metabolism. HepG2 cells transfected with a protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) overexpression plasmid were established. The cells, induced with insulin resistance by dexamethasone (Dex) treatment, together with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model rats and ob/ob mice, were used in the present study. The effects of CAA treatment on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined using Oil Red O. The expression levels of insulin signaling factors were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. The results revealed that the overexpression of PTP1B contributed to insulin resistance, which was reversed by CAA treatment via inhibiting the activity of PTP1B and by regulating the expression of associated insulin signaling factors. The treatment of cell lines with Dex led to increased expression of PTP1B but decreased glucose consumption, and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Treatment with CAA not only reduced the fasting blood glucose levels and protected organs from damage, but also reduced the serum fasting levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the T2DM rats. CAA treatment also inhibited adipocyte differentiation and decreased the mRNA levels of various adipogenic genes. Furthermore, CAA treatment restored the transduction of insulin signaling by regulating the expression of PTP1B and associated insulin signaling factors. Treatment with CAA also reduced the problems associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, CAA may be used to cure T2DM via restoring insulin resistance and preventing obesity.

Lipid profile and incidence of atrial fibrillation: A prospective cohort study in China.

The association between dyslipidemia, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and atrial fibrillation (AF) is not clear because of limited evidence. Dyslipidemia may be associated with increased risk of AF in a Chinese population. A total of 88 785 participants free from AF at baseline (2006-2007) were identified from the Kailuan Study. Fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured at baseline using standard procedures. The study population was stratified based on quartiles of lipid profile. Incident AF was ascertained from electrocardiograms at biennial follow-up visits (2008-2015). The associations between incident AF and the different lipid parameters (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG) were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Over a mean follow-up period of 7.12 years, 328 subjects developed AF. Higher TC (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43-0.84) and LDL-C (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.83) levels were inversely associated with incident AF after multivariable adjustment. HDL-C and TG levels showed no association with newly developed AF. The results remained consistent after exclusion of individuals with myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction, or those on lipid-lowering therapy. Both TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were inversely associated with risk of AF (per unit increment, HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98 and HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66-0.91, respectively). TC and LDL-C levels were inversely associated with incident AF, whereas no significant association of AF with HDL-C or TG levels was observed.

Tofacitinib improves atherosclerosis despite up-regulating serum cholesterol in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Tofacitinib treatment, a Janus kinase inhibitor, on atherosclerosis in patients with RA. Patients with an active RA (28-joint disease activity score-erythrocyte sedimentation rate >3.2) despite methotrexate (MTX) treatment 12mg/week were included in this open-label prospective study and started on Tofacitinib (10mg/day, 5mg twice/day). Japanese guideline does not allow high dose of MTX. All patients used a stable dosage of MTX, steroids, and statins or lipid-lowering drugs. The primary endpoint was the comparison of the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at the baseline and 54weeks after Tofa treatment. Clinical data were collected at regular visits. Forty-six patients completed this study. CIMT did not significantly change from baseline to 54weeks (1.09±0.69 and 1.08±0.78mm, p=0.82). In 12 patients who had atherosclerosis at baseline (carotid intima-media thickness >1.10mm), there was a significant decrease in CIMT (0.05± 0.026mm; p<0.05). However, the decrease in CIMT was of limited clinical significance. Tofacitinib increased fasting total cholesterol levels from baseline to 54weeks (216±25.3 and 234±28.8mg/dL, p<0.01). Tofacitinib affects atherosclerosis in patients with active RA The CIMT in RA patients was stable. Tofacitinib decreased the CIMT of patients who had increased CIMT at baseline. Tofacitinib reduced RA disease activity and limited vascular damage despite up-regulating cholesterol in patients with an active RA.

Improved Lipid Profile Associated with Daily Consumption of Tri-Sura-Phon in Healthy Overweight Volunteers: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Tri-Sura-Phon (TSP), a traditional Thai polyherbal formula renowned for its rejuvenating properties, is commonly used as a blood tonic. It comprises Cinnamomum bejolghota, Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, and Aquilaria crassna. The aim of this study is to evaluate the beneficial properties of TSP tea consumption on blood glucose regulation and serum lipid profiles of healthy overweight volunteers. This open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 70 healthy overweight adults. Two groups of 35 subjects took a TSP infusion or a placebo (cornstarch) twice daily for 8 weeks. The blood glucose regulation, serum lipid profiles, BMI, and liver function tests of the subjects were determined at the baseline, 4th week, and endpoint (8th week). Significant decreases in the average fasting levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.013), triglyceride (p = 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, p = 0.017) were observed in the TSP group at the 8th week compared to those at the baseline. The average HDL level in the TSP group at the beginning of the study was 65.2 mg/dL, and it increased significantly (p = 0.005) to 72.4 mg/dL after 8 weeks of TSP intake. This study showed that the intake of TSP tea as an antioxidant-rich beverage might be safe and improve lipid profiles in overweight adults.

P.3.d.044 - Effects of aripiprazole once-monthly and paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia stratified by disease severity: a post-hoc analysis of QUALIFY

Naturalistic effectiveness trials of atypical antipsychotics are needed to provide broader information on efficacy, safety, and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia treated in a community practice setting.In this 26-week, open-label, multicentre study, patients with schizophrenia requiring a switch in antipsychotic medication because current medication was not well tolerated and/or clinical symptoms were not well controlled were randomized to receive aripiprazole or an atypical antipsychotic standard of care (SOC) treatment (i.e., olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone based on the investigator's judgment of the optimal treatment for the individual patient and the patient's prior response to antipsychotic medication). The primary objective was to compare the effectiveness of a 26-week treatment of aripiprazole versus SOC, as measured by the Investigator Assessment Questionnaire (IAQ) total score at Week 26 last observation carried forward (LOCF) (primary endpoint), a validated measure that monitors relief or worsening of 10 key symptoms associated with the psychopathology of schizophrenia and side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Secondary objectives were to further assess effectiveness using the Clinical Global Impression – Global Improvement (CGI-I) and Clinical Global Impression – Severity of Illness scale, to assess time to treatment discontinuation, patient preference of medication, quality of life, and the tolerability of aripiprazole compared with SOC.Aripiprazole treatment (n = 268) resulted in significantly better effectiveness than SOC treatment (n = 254; P < 0.001; Week 26 LOCF) as evidenced by the IAQ total score beginning at Week 4 (the first assessment point) and sustained through Week 26. A similar relationship was demonstrated among patients who completed the study (observed cases analysis); aripiprazole was associated with significantly better effectiveness at all time points with a greater differential effect from SOC over time. Patients treated with aripiprazole also demonstrated significantly greater improvements on the CGI-I scale (responder rate, P = 0.009 at Week 26 LOCF), as well as on quality of life (Quality of Life scale total score; P < 0.001 at Week 26). Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving aripiprazole rated their study medication as “much better” on the Preference of Medication Questionnaire (POM) scale than their pre-study medication compared with SOC patients (P < 0.001; Week 26). Time to treatment discontinuation and rates of discontinuation due to adverse events were similar in both treatment groups. The incidence of patients with one or more extrapyramidal symptom (e.g., akathisia, dystonia, parkinsonian events, and residual events) was higher in patients receiving aripiprazole compared with patients treated with SOC (13.5% vs. 5.6%); however, a higher proportion of patients in the SOC-treated group had clinically significant weight gain (21.2% vs. 7.3% for aripiprazole) and potentially clinically relevant elevated fasting levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum prolactin compared with patients receiving aripiprazole.Aripiprazole is an effective atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia, demonstrating better effectiveness than SOC agents used in this study in patients for whom a switch in antipsychotic medication was warranted.

Lipid Changes in Virologically Suppressed HIV-Infected Patients Switching from any Antiretroviral Therapy to the Emtricitabine/Rilpivirine/Tenofovir Single Tablet

We carried out a retrospective, multicenter study of a cohort of 298 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients who switched from a regimen based on 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + protease inhibitor (PI)/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or ritonavir-boosted PI monotherapy to emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/RPV/TDF) to analyze lipid changes. At 24 weeks, 284 (95.3%) patients were still taking the same regimen, maintaining similar CD4 counts as at baseline (651 versus 672 cells/mm(3), P = .08), and 98.9% of them with an undetectable viral load. Eight of the other 14 patients were lost to follow up and 6 (2.0%) ceased the new regimen: 3 due to adverse effects, 2 due to virologic failure, and 1 due to abandonment. The mean levels of fasting total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides fell at 12 and 24 weeks, with no changes detected in the TC to HDL-C ratio.

Dyslipidemia and its association with meibomian gland dysfunction.

Abnormal serum lipid levels significantly increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, abnormal compositions of cholesterol in glandular secretions have been hypothesized as an etiology for meibomian gland dysfunction, yet this relationship has not been well studied in clinical settings. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between dyslipidemia and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The secondary purpose was to identify the factors, if any, that play a role in this association. A case-control study was performed between October 2013 and February 2015 which recruited 109 patients with MGD and 115 control patients without MGD. All participants were of Indian descent and had no history of dyslipidemia. Basic demographic information was collected as well as fasting levels of serum glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). To calculate differences between groups, Z test or Student t test were used. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to calculate the estimates of odds ratios (ORs), where MGD was the dependent variable, making the independent variables consist of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides ≥150mg/dL, total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL, LDL ≥130mg/dL, or HDL ≤40mg/dL, serum glucose, and serum creatinine. Dyslipidemia, defined by either a fasting total cholesterol level of≥200mg/dL, triglycerides ≥150mg/dL, LDL ≥130mg/dL, or HDL ≤40mg/dL, was detected in 70 cases (64%) and 21 controls (18%), P<0.001. Mean levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL were 98.5±42.1, 203.1±13.2, 126.1±10.2, and 53.3±4.2mg/dL, respectively, in cases and 82.3±36.5, 156.6±14.5, 92.2±12.4, 45.8±2.6mg/dL, respectively, in controls. All differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). MGD was significantly associated with age >65years (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.2, P=0.04), serum triglyceride concentration ≥150mg/dL (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.9-4.4; P=0.03), total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL (OR 14.3; 95% CI 8.2-20.7, P<0.01), and LDL ≥130mg/dL (OR 9.1; 95% CI 6.6-13.2, P<0.01). Adults from northern rural India with MGD are more likely to have abnormal serum lipid levels compared to age- and sex-matched adults without MGD. Eye care providers may have a role in discovering undiagnosed dyslipidemia, an important risk factor for cardiovascular illness.

Association between yogurt consumption, dietary patterns, and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

To examine whether yogurt consumption is associated with a healthier dietary pattern and with a better cardio-metabolic risk profile among healthy individuals classified on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). A 91-item food frequency questionnaire, including data on yogurt consumption, was administered to 664 subjects from the INFOGENE study. After principal component analysis, two factors were retained, thus classified as the Prudent and Western dietary patterns. Yogurt was a significant contributor to the Prudent dietary pattern. Moreover, yogurt consumption was associated with lower body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist circumference and tended to be associated with a lower BMI. Consumers had lower levels of fasting total cholesterol and insulin. Consumers of yogurt had a positive Prudent dietary pattern mean score, while the opposite trend was observed in non-consumers of yogurt. Overweight/obese individuals who were consumers of yogurts exhibited a more favorable cardio-metabolic profile characterized by lower plasma triglyceride and insulin levels than non-consumers within the same range of BMI. There was no difference in total yogurt consumption between normal-weight individuals and overweight/obese individuals. However, normal-weight subjects had more daily servings of high-fat yogurt and less daily servings of fat-free yogurt compared to overweight/obese individuals. Being a significant contributor to the Prudent dietary pattern, yogurt consumption may be associated with healthy eating. Also, yogurt consumption may be associated with lower anthropometric indicators and a more beneficial cardio-metabolic risk profile in overweight/obese individuals.

Interactions of Lipid Genetic Risk Scores With Estimates of Metabolic Health in a Danish Population.

There are several well-established lifestyle factors influencing dyslipidemia and currently; 157 genetic susceptibility loci have been reported to be associated with serum lipid levels at genome-wide statistical significance. However, the interplay between lifestyle risk factors and these susceptibility loci has not been fully elucidated. We tested whether genetic risk scores (GRS) of lipid-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms associate with fasting serum lipid traits and whether the effects are modulated by lifestyle factors or estimates of metabolic health. The single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 2 Danish cohorts: inter99 (n=5961) for discovery analyses and Health2006 (n=2565) for replication. On the basis of published effect sizes of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with circulating fasting levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or triglyceride, 4 weighted GRS were constructed. In a cross-sectional design, we investigated whether the effect of these weighted GRSs on lipid levels were modulated by diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking or the individual metabolic health status as estimated from body mass index, waist circumference, and insulin resistance assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. All 4 lipid weighted GRSs associated strongly with their respective trait (from P=3.3×10(-69) to P=1.1×10(-123)). We found interactions between the triglyceride weighted GRS and body mass index and waist circumference on fasting triglyceride levels in Inter99 and replicated these findings in Health2006 (P(interaction)=9.8×10(-5) and 2.0×10(-5), respectively, in combined analysis). Our findings suggest that individuals who are obese may be more susceptible to the cumulative genetic burden of triglyceride single nucleotide polymorphisms. Therefore, it is suggested that especially these genetically at-risk individuals may benefit more from targeted interventions aiming at obesity prevention.

Serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase concentrations in healthy Iranian subjects

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We have investigated the association between serum selenium and GPx concentrations, demographic characteristics, anthropometric features, fasting lipid profile and blood glucose levels, in healthy subjects. METHODS: Serum selenium was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in 197 healthy subjects. Serum glutathione peroxidase, fasting lipid profile, and blood glucose levels were also determined for each subject. Anthropometric features including blood pressure and body mass index were determined using standard procedures. RESULTS: The mean serum selenium in the whole subjects group was 116 ± 27.73g/l (range 44–209g/l). Serum Selenium and GPX concentration did not vary significantly with gender and smoking habit. Significant differences were observed in serum selenium and GPx concentration with age (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02 respectively). Obese subjects had significantly lower serum concentrations of GPx (r = 0.281, P = 0.01). Serum GPx concentrations were inversely related to weight (P = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), fasting blood sugar (P < 0.01), serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.01), serum triglycerides (P < 0.01), and positively associated with fasting total cholesterol levels. The corresponding predictors for serum selenium level were diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05) and serum triglycerides level (P = 0.05), which were inversely related. CONCLUSION: Serum concentration of selenium in an Iranian healthy population is higher than most countries however, similar to the US and UK. Moreover, serum selenium and GPx concentrations appear to be influenced by physiological factors including age. Their serum concentrations were also associated with coronary risk factors, including serum total cholesterol and serum triglycerides levels.

C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels as determinants of recurrent preeclampsia

Women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia have an increased risk of recurrent preeclampsia and are more prone to develop future cardiovascular disease. At present, risk factors underlying this association are not well characterized. We investigated whether the risk of recurrent preeclampsia is associated with pre-pregnancy levels of common cardiovascular and inflammatory markers. Reproductive follow-up and cardiovascular parameters were obtained for 150 primiparae with a history of early-onset preeclampsia 6-12 months after their first delivery. Simultaneously, fasting plasma samples were collected and tested for lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen. The relative contribution of each marker to the recurrence risk of preeclampsia and preterm delivery was estimated by Cox proportional hazard models. Forty-two women (28%) developed preeclampsia in a next pregnancy. Recurrent preeclampsia was related to elevated pre-pregnancy levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen when compared to women who did not develop recurrent disease. We found no associations between recurrent preeclampsia and maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking or fasting levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. These observations support a role for inflammation in recurrent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy similar to its contribution to later-life atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular disease.

The foregut theory as a possible mechanism of action for the remission of type 2 diabetes in low body mass index patients undergoing subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

BackgroundThe question of whether pure metabolic surgery could be used in nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes has been considered. The objective of this study was to assess the comparative effects of the Billroth I (BI) and Billroth II (BII) reconstruction methods on remission of type 2 diabetes in nonobese patients undergoing subtotal gastrectomy for cancer. MethodsThe charts of 404 patients who underwent radical subtotal gastrectomy for cancer between January 2008 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. From these patients, 49 with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Diabetes remission rates, the percentage change in fasting plasma glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin levels, body mass index, and fasting total cholesterol levels at 2 years were observed. Outcomes were compared using propensity scores and inverse probability-weighting adjustment that reduced treatment-selection bias. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models were assessed. ResultsThe 2-year diabetes remission rate for the 23 patients who underwent BI reconstruction was 39.1%, compared with 50.0% for the 26 patients who underwent BII reconstruction. At 2 years, the BII group showed lower glycated hemoglobin levels (BI, 6.4%; BII, 6.1%; P = .003) and had greater percent reductions in their average glycated hemoglobin levels from baseline (BI,−11.6%; BII,−14.5%; P = .043). BII reconstruction was significantly associated with an increased diabetes remission rate (odds ratio, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–9.83) in covariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis. ConclusionsThese propensity score-adjusted analyses of patients who had undergone subtotal gastrectomy indicated that BII reconstruction was associated with increased diabetes remission compared with BI reconstruction during the 2-year follow-up period. This study suggests the possibility of employing the surgical duodenal switch for the treatment of nonobese type 2 diabetes patients.