Fasting Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Association of classic cardiovascular risk factors with myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: A cross sectional analysis of the Shiraz Heart Study

BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke are the leading deadly clinical outcomes globally. This study aimed to investigate the association of classic cardiovascular risk factors with MI and ischemic stroke in a general population. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the baseline data of the Shiraz Heart Study, a prospective cohort that investigate risk factors of coronary heart disease in a general population of Iran. Middle-aged citizens of 40–70 years old were included. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between sociodemographic, clinical, and metabolic factors and prevalent MI and stroke. ResultsOut of 7225 adults, 1.9 % (n = 135) had prior MI or stroke. Multiple logistic regression revealed that age≥60 years (aOR: 2.22, 95 % CI 1.45–3.20; P < 0.001), male sex (aOR: 3.82, 95 % CI 2.56–5.71; P < 0.001), history of hypertension (aOR: 1.71, 95 % CI 1.18–2.50; P < 0.005), history of hyperlipidemia (aOR: 2.42, 95 % CI 1.68–3.48; P < 0.001), having four 1st degree family members with sudden cardiac death (aOR: 26.28, 95 % CI 0.59–432.09; P < 0.022), and having a 1st degree family member with history of cardiovascular disease (aOR: 1.69, 95 % CI 1.13–2.54; P < 0.001) were associated with prior MI and stroke. Unlike high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.723) and triglyceride (P = 0.643), there were significant differences in the levels of fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001) between those with and without history of MI/stroke. ConclusionsBeing aged ≥60 years, history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia along with familial history of CVD and sudden cardiac death were in association with MI and stroke.

Effectiveness of cardiometabolic index, lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index and waist-to-thigh ratio for the early diagnosis of diabetes in young females at childbearing age who were obese or non-obese

AimTo explore the effectiveness of the cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR) in identifying insulin resistance (IR) in females who are clinically not having diabetes mellitus (DM). MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Sri Lanka between 2020 and 2023. A total of 282 female participants aged 18 to 35 were recruited. Their anthropometric measurements, fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, IR by HOMA-IR, lipid profile, and blood pressure were assessed. All females with FBS levels >100 mg/dl were excluded from the study. ResultsThe study participants were divided into two groups, normal-weight controls (N = 142, BMI:18.0–22.9 kg/m2) and overweight/obese cases (N = 140, BMI:23.0–24.9 kg/m2, Obesity: >25 kg/m2), based on their BMI values. The mean values of CMI, LAP, and WTR in cases were 3.56 ± 0.63, 49.97 ± 17.75, and 1.88 ± 0.17, respectively. Significant associations were identified between all adiposity indexes, IR and lipid profile parameters (p < 0.05). In this female cohort, despite being clinically non DM, the prevalence of IR was significantly higher (52.83 %). ROC analysis results showed greater sensitivities for detecting IR with higher AUC as follows: CMI = 0.854(0.811–0.899), LAP = 0.869(0.829–0.910), and WTR = 0.828(0.779–0.877). The normal-weight controls were assessed to check the prevalence of metabolically-obese normal-weights (MONW,65.5 %) and metabolically-healthy normal-weights (MHNW,35.5 %) among the population, given the higher prevalence of IR. The detection accuracy of MONW females in the ROC assay was; CMI > LAP > WTR > VAI. ConclusionsCMI had the highest accuracy for detecting IR, with the accuracy of all four indexes ranked as follows: CMI > LAP > WTR > VAI.

Effectiveness of Multifaceted Lifestyle Interventions in Prediabetic Adults: A Field Study in an Urban Slum Population of Pune, India.

Introduction Adults with diabetes have an increased risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke than those without diabetes. Diagnosing prediabetes at an early stage can significantly reduce the risk of diabetes through simple interventions such as lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss combined with regular physical exercise and a healthy diet can help delay or prevent the progression of diabetes. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of prediabetesamong the urban slum population and to assess the effect of lifestyle modifications on blood sugar levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile among the participants. Methods A quasi-experimental field study was conducted among the urban slum population. Participants were randomly selected from previous health screening data. Pre-intervention blood evaluations were performed, and those who fulfilled the criteria were enrolled for interventions. The follow-up period lasted three months and included telephonic and in-person meetings for support and motivation. All variables were reevaluated at the end of the follow-up period. Results Out of 34 participants included in the study, 20 completed the three-month follow-up. Statistically significant changes were observed after three months of intervention in weight, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, BMI, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, decreases in systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were not statistically significant. Conclusion The study revealed that lifestyle intervention programs promoting healthy diets, physical activity, and body weight reduction can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes among high-risk populations. The effectiveness of interventions across community settings depends on delivery formats, implementers, and the level of motivation of participants.

Interplay of toxic metal levels and endoplasmic reticulum stress gene profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The increasing global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) necessitates investigating its complex etiology. This study aimed to explore the relationship between exposure to toxic metals, expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) genes, and various biochemical parameters, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)/sensitivity (QUICKI), lipid profile, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in T2DM patients. T2DM patients and control subjects were matched for age, gender, and lifestyle factors. Biochemical parameters, toxic metal levels, and ERSR gene expression were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. T2DM patients exhibit dysregulated lipid profiles and significantly higher fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, and insulin levels (all p < 0.0001). The insulin sensitivity was lower in T2DM patients (0.32 ± 0.09) than in the control group (0.35 ± 0.02, p = 0.02). Insulin resistance was significantly higher in the T2DM group (5.38 ± 3.15) than in the control group (1.98 ± 0.86, p = 0.0001). Nickel (4.75 ± 2.45 ppb, p < 0.0001) and arsenic (1.85 ± 1.78 ppb, p < 0.0001) levels were significantly elevated in T2DM patients. There was significant upregulation of ER stress genes: GRP78, CHOP, IRE1, ATF4, ATF6, and XBP1 (all p < 0.0001), while PERK was significantly down regulated (0.68-fold, p < 0.0001). Nickel levels were positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r = 0.49, p < 0.0001) and HbA1c (r = 0.35, p = 0.002). Arsenic levels were correlated with insulin (r = 0.34, p < 0.0001), insulin resistance (r = 0.51,p < 0.0001), HbA1c (r = 0.53, p < 0.0001), Arsenic levels (β = 0.37, p < 0.001), XBP1 (β = 0.36, p < 0.0001) independently associated with HbA1c.This study has revealed a significant association between arsenic exposure and the upregulation of XBP1 at the onset of T2DM. The overexpression of XBP1 and high levels of arsenic were independently associated with HbA1c and insulin resistance.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Psychiatric Symptoms among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a momentous challenge when accompanied by psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, and stress, adding to the complaint's threat. Research on these factors in patients with uncontrolled chronic illnesses in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, is limited. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of these psychiatric symptoms among Type 2 diabetes patients.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Alpha Hospital and Research Center in Madurai, South India, from April 2020 to March 2021, enrolling 614 participants (307 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 307 general population). Data were collected using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. The IBM SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis.  Results: Two-thirds of youth women with type 2 diabetes have higher fasting blood sugar levels than men when compared to general population. 82.61% of patients with uncontrolled diabetes developed severe stress, surpassing those with well-controlled and pre-diabetes. Severe depression is most prevalent among patients with neuropathic foot ulcers (54.76%) and nephropathy (61.54%). Predominant mental health risk factors include being single, high school education, poor glycemic control, comorbid hypertension, and family history. Interestingly, lifestyle factors like alcohol use and smoking positively impact mental health outcomes.  Conclusion: This study shows the intricate connection between Type 2 diabetes and mental health problems in Madurai, emphasizing the necessity for a multidisciplinary strategy to enhance outcomes and reduce financial burden. Future research in nursing has to focus on implementing and assessing therapies aimed at reducing patients' stress, anxiety and depression.

Evaluating Blood Pressure Variability in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: An Insight into Non-Dipping Patterns and Their Clinical Implications.

Hypertension (HTN) is prevalent in individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), doubling the risk of developing chronic complications. Despite normal routine checks, many patients with diabetes exhibit abnormal blood pressure (BP) profiles identified by 24-hour ambulatory Blood Pressure monitoring (ABPM). This study aimed to analyse blood pressure variability in patients with diabetes to enhance current knowledge and improve clinical practice. This cross-sectional study obtained ethical approval from Jazan University and involved 58 patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who adhered to the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Comprehensive clinical and laboratory data, including demographic, clinical, and essential laboratory parameters, were collected using a standardized form. Blood Pressure (BP) was meticulously monitored using the Sun Tech Oscar 2 ABPMR device, with measurements commencing between 8 am and 10 am, extending over 24hours. The study calculated averages and evaluated systolic and diastolic percentage dipping during 24-hour, daytime, and night-time intervals. Participants classified as "dippers" experienced a BP reductions of at least 10%. Fifty-eight normotensive T2DM patients, with a mean age of 45.51 ± 6.7 years, were monitored over 24 months. Among the 58 individuals assessed using ABPM, a non-dipping pattern was observed in 45 participants (77.58%), whereas 13 (22.41%) exhibited a dipping pattern. Postprandial and fasting blood sugar levels were distinct; the dipper group demonstrated better post-meal glucose control (p=0.02), whereas the non-dipper group had superior fasting glucose control (p=0.04). The dipper group showed a higher 24-hour average systolic BP (p=0.00) and increased dipping percentages for systolic and diastolic BP during sleep. Over 77% of ABPM-evaluated individuals showed non-dipping patterns, with a higher BMI being strongly associated. Laboratory findings revealed distinct variations in the postprandial and fasting blood sugar levels, suggesting a potential genetic predisposition.

Demographic and Lifestyle Factors Influencing Cardiovascular Health Among Construction Workers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

This study examined cardiometabolic parameters and their relationships among construction workers with varying smoking status. This study examines construction workers' cardiovascular (CV) health status, the variations among gender, age, and education groups, and the interaction between CV health (CVH) variables and health practices. This cross-sectional study included 210 construction workers (159 non-smokers and 51 smokers). Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and physical activity levels were evaluated. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to evaluate associations between variables. Smokers exhibited higher physical activity levels (p=0.03), while pulse pressure was similar between groups. Body mass index had a weak positive connection with diastolic blood pressure (r=0.147, p=0.034) and pulse pressure (r=0.137, p=0.048). Systolic blood pressure (r=0.697, p&lt;0.001) and pulse pressure (r=0.965, p&lt;0.001) showed strong positive relationships, while physical activity had a modest link with fasting blood sugar (r=0.145, p=0.036). The study highlights the relationships between cardiometabolic factors and physical activity levels among construction workers, emphasizing the potential impact of lifestyle factors on cardiovascular health in this occupational group. About one-fourth of the construction workers accomplished only four of the seven "ideal" CVH markers. Because of their stressful jobs and unhealthy lifestyles, construction workers have a moderate to high risk of CV disease.

Association between Fat Intake, Dietary Fiber Intake, Physical Activity with Triglyceride Levels among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Grogol Health Center, Sukoharjo

Background: Hyperlipidemia is closely associated with dietary intake and physical activity. Excessive dietary fat intake, inadequate dietary fiber, and low physical activity will increase the risk of obesity and lipid profile disorder among type 2 diabetics. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the association between fat intake, dietary fiber intake, and physical activity with triglyceride levels among type 2 diabetics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using Sequential Random Sampling on 31 patients with type 2 diabetes with dyslipidemia from Grogol Community Health Center, Sukoharjo, in March 2023. The 3x24-hour food recall nonconsecutive days was used to collect data on fat and fiber intake, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was employed to obtain physical activity data, and the patient's medical record for the last month was utilized to obtain fasting blood sugar and triglyceride levels. The statistical test was carried out using the Spearman Rank correlation test. Results: Around 54.8% of subjects had excessive fat intake (60.90 g/day); 96.8% of subjects had severe deficit fiber intake (9.74 g/day); 51.6% of subjects had low physical activity (894.74 METs/minute/week). A statistically significant association exists between fat intake and level of triglyceride (p=0.005; r=0.493), but there was no significant association between dietary fiber intake and triglyceride levels (p=0.897; r=0.024), and there was no significant association between physical activity and level of triglyceride (p=0.394; r=-0.159). Conclusions: There is a significant association between fat intake and the level of triglyceride. As such, it is necessary to decrease intakes of saturated fat and trans fatty acids; replacing them with unsaturated fatty acids could be beneficial in lowering triglyceride levels.

Comparison of Glucose and Immunoglobulin a Levels in Serum and Saliva of Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: The monitoring and management of blood glucose levels are of significant importance in individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine the potential of a non-invasive approach for the diagnosis and management of diabetes, through the measurement of glucose concentration and salivary IgA, and a comparison with fasting glucose and serum IgA levels in individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes, in relation to a control group of healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 76 individuals with diabetes (31 with type 1 diabetes and 45 with type 2 diabetes) and 24 healthy individuals. After obtaining the code of ethics and informed consent, serum and salivary IgA levels as well as fasting glucose, were measured for each participant. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software and the Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The results showed a significant difference among the three groups (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and healthy group) based on Fasting Blood Glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, Immunoglobulin A, salivary sugar, and salivary IgA (p&lt;0.001). Additionally, in the case group, parameters such as FBS, HbA1c, and salivary IgA showed a significant correlation with salivary sugar. Conversely, in the control group, only the salivary sugar level demonstrated a significant relationship with serum glucose level. The study's findings indicated that serum and salivary IgA levels were lower and higher, respectively, in the control subjects compared to the diabetic group (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: In healthy individuals, salivary sugar can serve as an indicator to determine fasting blood sugar levels. In diabetic patients, salivary sugar can predict of FBS, HbA1c, and salivary IgA levels.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin condition that affects 1-3% of the global population. Increasing evidence suggests a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among individuals with psoriasis. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of MetS in patients with psoriasis and compare the findings with existing literature. Methods This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 311 patients with psoriasis. Data were retrospectively collected from hospital records. Results The study included 311 patients with psoriasis (144 females and 167 males), with a mean age of 41.6 years (range 18-87). The mean BMI was 27.13 ± 5.29 kg/m², and the average waist circumference was 93 cm. Mean fasting blood sugar levels were 100 mg/dL, mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was 44 mg/dL, and mean triglycerides were 132 mg/dL. MetS was diagnosed in 60 patients (19.3%). Patients with MetS had significantly higher mean waist circumference, higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, and lower mean HDL levels (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between MetS and psoriasis severity, disease duration, family history, smoking, or alcohol consumption habits. Conclusions In this study, the prevalence of MetS among patients with psoriasis was 19.3%. MetS prevalence was not linked to smoking status, alcohol consumption, family history of psoriasis, disease duration, or severity. It is crucial for dermatologists treating psoriasis patients to be aware of MetS, its components, and associated cardiovascular risks.

Vitamin D levels and lipid profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women. Dyslipidemia is a prevalent metabolic abnormality in individuals with PCOS. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency is widespread across all societal strata, with a particularly heightened prevalence observed in patients afflicted with PCOS. The present study aimed to investigate the level of vitamin D and its correlation with lipid profiles in Iranian women diagnosed with PCOS.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out at the PCOS and infertility clinic of Arash Women’s Hospital in Tehran. The study encompassed the medical records of PCOS patients who attended the clinic from March 2021 to December 2023. All patients underwent blood tests, which included assessments of fasting blood sugar levels, lipid profiles, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. The investigation focused on evaluating the relationship between vitamin D levels and lipid profiles. Statistical analyses, including the chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient, were employed to analyze the data.ResultsA total of 1004 women diagnosed with PCOS were included in the study. The age range of the participants was 14 to 46 years. The majority of the participants had a body mass index (BMI) within the normal range (n = 555, 55.3%). The median vitamin D level among the participants was 26.00 (IQR: 19.00–34.00). The relationship between vitamin D levels and lipid profile parameters was assessed, revealing no significant correlation between vitamin D levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r = 0.021, p = 0.505), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.011, p = 0.719), or triglyceride (TG) (r = -0.026, p = 0.417) levels, both in non-adjusted and age-adjusted analyses.ConclusionAccording to the present study, there was no significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D deficiency and elevated TG or LDL levels or decreased HDL levels in PCOS patients. Nevertheless, further prospective studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and lipid profile alterations, specifically among PCOS patients.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Vilazodone, Escitalopram, and Vortioxetine Monotherapy on the Metabolic Parameters in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder.

The coexistence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and metabolic illness could culminate in an aberrant metabolic profile. Individuals with MDD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more likely to have impaired metabolic indicators. Effective antidepressant therapy can alleviate depressive symptoms and metabolic abnormalities. We focused on the effects of vilazodone, escitalopram, and vortioxetine on metabolic indices. Our research aimed to examine changes after 16 weeks of intervention in the glycemic indices, serum creatinine, lipid profile, hepatic parameters, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) 17-item version. A three-arm, randomized, open-label trial with 96 MDD patients was executed. Participants were divided into three distinct groups in a 1:1:1 ratio for 16 weeks and issued tablets of vilazodone (20-40 mg/day), escitalopram (10-20 mg/day), or vortioxetine (5-20 mg/day). Vilazodone and vortioxetine were the two test medications, while escitalopram served as the control. We stratified the participants as non-diabetics and diabetics. Follow-up appointments were slated four weeks after the initial visit. HDRS scores and other metabolic indicators were assessed at each visit in the per-protocol (PP) population. After 12 weeks, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured. Lower HDRS scores indicated that depression-related symptoms had improved. We investigated the relationship between the 16-week differences in the fasting blood sugar(FBS) and HDRS scores. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Bonferroni correction, and Pearson correlation were all used in our analysis. We registered our trial prospectively in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) (2022/07/043808). Of the 134 people we screened, 119 (81.34%) were deemed eligible. The PP population included 96 (88.07%) of those who completed the 16-week study. The population's average age was 46.3 ± 6.2 years. Across all study groups, the median baseline HDRS score was 30.0 (p = 0.964). At 16 weeks, the equivalent scores dropped to 15.0, 14.0, and 13.0 (p = 0.002). The median FBS levels at baseline and 16 weeks were 100.5, 104.0, and 98.0 (p = 0.491) and 91.5, 98.5, and 91.5 (p = 0.561), respectively. The post hoc analysis manifested no statistically significant changes between any parameters. Except for the reductions in glycemic indices in diabetic patients, no other data differed significantly. There was a positive relationship between FBS and HDRS scores. Irrespective of the diabetic situation, all three drugs substantially lowered HDRS scores. People with diabetes experienced noticeable declines in glycemic indices. Despite this, the patients' other metabolic indicators showed no significant alterations. We urge additional research with a larger sample size to investigate these medications' long-term impact on various metabolic indicators.

Genetics of glucose homeostasis in pregnancy and postpartum.

Pregnancy is accompanied by maternal metabolic adaptations to ensure fetal growth and development, including insulin resistance, which occurs primarily during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels over the course of pregnancy. Glucose-related traits are regulated by genetic and environmental factors and modulated by physiological variations throughout the life course. We addressed the hypothesis that there are both overlaps and differences between genetic variants associated with glycaemia-related traits during and outside of pregnancy. Genome-wide SNP data were used to identify genetic variations associated with glycaemia-related traits measured during an OGTT performed at ~28 weeks' gestation in 8067 participants in the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Associations outside of pregnancy were determined in 3977 individuals who also participated in the HAPO Follow-Up Study at 11-14 years postpartum. A Bayesian classification algorithm was used to determine whether SNPs associated with fasting and 2 h glucose and fasting C-peptide during pregnancy had a pregnancy-predominant effect vs a similar effect during pregnancy and postpartum. SNPs in six loci (GCKR, G6PC2, GCK, PPP1R3B, PCSK1 and MTNR1B) were significantly associated with fasting glucose during pregnancy, while SNPs in CDKAL1 and MTNR1B were associated with 1 h glucose and SNPs in MTNR1B and HKDC1 were associated with 2 h glucose. Variants in CDKAL1 and MTNR1B were associated with insulin secretion during pregnancy. Variants in multiple loci were associated with fasting C-peptide during pregnancy, including GCKR, IQSEC1, PPP1R3B, IGF1 and BACE2. GCKR and BACE2 were associated with 1 h C-peptide and GCKR, IQSEC1 and BACE2 with insulin sensitivity during pregnancy. The associations of MTNR1B with 2 h glucose, BACE2 with fasting and 1 h C-peptide and insulin sensitivity, and IQSEC1 with fasting C-peptide and insulin sensitivity that we identified during pregnancy have not been previously reported in non-pregnancy cohorts. The Bayesian classification algorithm demonstrated that the magnitude of effect of the lead SNP was greater during pregnancy compared with 11-14 years postpartum in PCSK1 and PPP1R3B with fasting glucose, in three loci, including MTNR1B, with 2 h glucose, and in six loci, including IGF1, with fasting C-peptide. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are both overlaps and differences between the genetic architecture of glycaemia-related traits during and outside of pregnancy. Genetic variants at several loci, including PCSK1, PPP1R3B, MTNR1B and IGF1, appear to influence glycaemic regulation in a unique fashion during pregnancy. Future studies in larger cohorts will be needed to replicate the present findings, fully characterise the genetics of maternal glycaemia during pregnancy and determine similarities to and differences from the non-gravid state.

Evaluation of terpenes rich Hura crepitans extract on glucose regulation and diabetic complications in STZ-induced diabetic rats

The continual increase in global diabetic statistics portends decreased productivity and life spans, thus making it a disease of concern requiring more effective and safe therapeutic options. While several reports on antidiabetic plants, including Hura crepitans, are available, there is still a dearth of information on the holistic antidiabetic properties of H. crepitans and its associated complications. This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of methanolic extract of Hura crepitans using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. The extract revealed a dose-dependent in vitro effect, with a 47.97 % and 65.34 % decrease in the fasting blood sugar levels of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg BW, respectively. Likewise, the extract increased serum and pancreatic insulin levels, and significantly ameliorated neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation by reducing the expression levels of cholinesterase, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the brain of hyperglycemic rats. Serum dyslipidemia, liver, and kidney biomarker indices, and hematological alterations in diabetic rats were also significantly attenuated by the extract. Several constituents, mainly terpenes, were identified in the extract. To further predict the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and binding properties of the compounds, in silico analysis was conducted. Ergosta-2,24-dien-26-oicacid,18-(acetyloxy)-5,6-epoxy-4, 22-dihydroxy-1-oxo-,delta.-lactone-4.beta., displayed the highest docking scores for acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterases, alpha-amylase, and nuclear factor-kB with values of −12.4, −10.9, −10.3, and −9.4 kcal/mol, while ergost-25-ene-6,12-dione,3,5-dihydroxy-, (3.beta.,5.alpha.) topped for cyclooxygenase-2 (-9.0 kcal/mol). The top-ranked compounds also presented significant oral drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and safety properties. Altogether, our data provide preclinical evidence of the potential of Hura crepitans in ameliorating diabetes and its associated complications.

Penerapan Joging untuk Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Puasa pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Keluarga Wilayah Puskesmas Sekaran Semarang

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia). The aim of the case study is to describe the application of jogging to reduce fasting blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research used descriptive research with jogging carried out 3 times during 3 consecutive days for 30 minutes by checking fasting blood sugar before and after jogging. Researchers used 2 clients whose inclusion did not have dangerous diseases such as heart disease, kidney failure, asthma. Have a history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for more than 2 years, age more than 45 years, no diabetes mellitus wounds on the legs, fasting blood sugar measurement results before the procedure 126mg/dl – 200mg/dl. Subject 1's results from measuring pre-test fasting blood sugar levels were 175 mg/dl and post-test results were 166 mg/dl. The results of subject 2 from measuring pre-test fasting blood sugar levels were 134 mg/dl, and the post-test results were 127 mg/dl, the results of both subjects experienced a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar levels. The results of this case study are the basis for further case studies, especially those related to jogging or other physical activities for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The independent association between 25 (OH) vitamin D deficiency, HOMA-IR, and lipid profile with APOE genotyping in obese cases with and without T2DM

IntroductionVitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and APOE genotyping are implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We wanted to find out if there was a link between a lack of 25(OH) vitamin D, HOMA-IR, and lipids and APOE genotyping in obese people with and without T2DM.MethodsWe divided 300 Egyptians of both sexes into three groups in a case-control study: 100 obese cases with a body mass index of more than 30, 100 obese cases diagnosed with T2DM, and 100 controls with a body mass index of less than 30. Levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D, fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1C, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and lipid profile parameters were measured, and APOE genotypes were assessed using Applied BiosystemsTM TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays.ResultsHigher levels of FBS, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and dyslipidemia were found in obese people with and without T2DM compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Lower levels of 25(OH) vitamin D were also found. Insulin resistance and lipid profile parameters, particularly in obese cases with T2DM, inversely correlate with vitamin D deficiency. The APOE genotyping analysis revealed strong links between vitamin D levels and certain APOE genotypes. Independent of metabolic parameters, higher vitamin D levels were associated with lower odds of E3/E4 and E4/E4 genotypes among obese cases with T2DM.ConclusionThis study highlights the independent role of vitamin D deficiency in modulating APOE genotypes in obese T2DM individuals. The findings suggest potential implications for personalized interventions targeting vitamin D status to mitigate genetic predispositions to metabolic disorders such as obesity and T2DM.

Effect of silymarin on lipid profile and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of silymarin supplementation on glycemic indices and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this open-label randomized clinical trial study, 48 patients with T2DM were eligible to participate for 12 weeks and were divided into two groups randomly: 24 subjects in the intervention (received three 140 mg silymarin capsules daily and diet plan) and 24 in control (received a diet plan). Fasting blood samples and anthropometric data were collected, and glycemic indices and lipid profiles were determined at baseline and at the end of the study. Out of 60 patients included in the clinical trial, 48 people completed the study. In comparing silymarin and control groups before and after the study, a significant reduction was observed in weight and body mass index. However, after adjustment, no significant difference was seen between the two groups. Furthermore, daily consumption of three capsules of 140 mg silymarin for 12 weeks did not show any significant difference on the level of fasting blood sugar (p = 0.789), HbA1c (p = 0.719), and lipid profile. The findings of the present study show that silymarin did not lead to changes in the level of glycemic index and lipid profile in patients with T2DM.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in sickle cell disease patients: A cross‐sectional study at a tertiary hospital in Nepal

AbstractBackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy caused by an autosomal recessive genetic disorder leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. SCD is prevalent in the Tharu community in the lowland (Terai) region of Nepal. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults with SCD is poorly studied.MethodologyThis prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted at Seti Provincial Hospital in Dhangadhi, Nepal, among 140 adolescents and adults with SCD, aged 15–60 years. Anthropometric and laboratory data were collected using an assisted questionnaire, and the SPSS software version 23 was used for data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize the presence of metabolic syndrome and were stratified in separate analyses by age and sex. National Cholesterol Education Program‐Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome.AimThis cross‐sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among SCD patients with SCD registered at the Seti Provincial Hospital in Dhangadhi, Nepal.ResultsThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study participants was 7.8%. Our study revealed 5% of the patients overweight, and 1.4% obese. In this study, the mean triglyceride level was 118.5 mg/dL, and the mean high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) level was 36.2 mg/dL (men) and 36.7 mg/dL (women). This study found that the mean fasting blood glucose level was 88.6 gm/dL. Similarly, 3.5% of patients had increased systolic blood pressure, and 7.8% had raised diastolic blood pressure. Study shows that changes in triglyceride level (p = 0.013), waist circumference, and HDL level (p = 0.0001 and 0.0048, respectively) are significantly associated with smoking or alcohol consumption; however, change in blood pressure (p = 0.013) and fasting blood sugar level (p = 0.086) are not associated with smoking or alcohol consumption.ConclusionStudy concluded that though a lower proportion of SCD patients met the criteria for metabolic syndrome than in studies conducted in developed countries, it is crucial to consider metabolic syndrome while managing patients with SCD. Nevertheless, the authors advocate a more comprehensive study to draw significant conclusions.

Impact of Attendance to a Pharmacist-Managed Medication Adherence Clinic on Glycemic Control and Risk Factors for Non-Completion Among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Selangor, Malaysia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions globally. Adherence to treatment is crucial for effective management. To compare clinical outcomes, specifically changes in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, between DM patients who completed the pharmacist-managed Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (DMTAC) sessions and those who did not, and to identify risk factors associated with non-completion of DMTAC. This multicenter, retrospective study included patients with DM attending DMTAC at five Ministry of Health centers from January 2018 to December 2020. Patients were categorized based on their completion of DMTAC sessions: those who completed at least four sessions and those who did not as per DMTAC protocol. The changes in HbA1c and FBS levels between the groups were analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to identify risk factors for non-completion of DMTAC. A total of 198 patients were included, comprising 49% male with a mean age of 56.52, ±12.91 years. The complete group consisted of 49% (n=99) of the patients, while the did not complete group included 50.5% (n=100). A statistically significant reduction in FBS levels from initial to final measurements was observed in the complete group compared to the did not complete group (P=0.024). Female gender, higher education levels, and a longer duration since DM diagnosis were significantly associated with non-completion of DMTAC. Diabetic patients attending at least four DMTAC sessions showed potential improvements in FBS levels. To enhance attendance at DMTAC sessions, healthcare professionals should focus on patients identified with risk factors for non-completion of DMTAC.

Study on the protective effect of Aronia melanocarpa extract on type 2 diabetes by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism through intestinal flora.

Aronia melanocarpa, a plant rich in anthocyanins, has been studied for its potential to regulate blood sugar and blood lipids, although the specific mechanism is not yet understood. This research aims to identify the differential bacterial flora and elucidate the mechanism by which it improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorders through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The study reveals the protective effect of Aronia melanocarpa extract (AME) on liver damage in type 2 diabetic rats. Experimental results demonstrate that AME can effectively modulate the abundance of intestinal flora, reduce colon tissue damage, enhance the weight of diabetic rats, and lower levels of fasting blood sugar, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG). Additionally, liver morphology analysis shows that AME can effectively mitigate liver tissue structural damage in type 2 diabetic rats. In conclusion, AME regulates glucose and lipid metabolism by influencing intestinal flora, ultimately regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats.