Fasting Blood Lipid Profile Research Articles

Early Intervention of Elateriospermum tapos Yoghurt in Obese Dams Mitigates Intergenerational Cognitive Deficits and Thigmotactic Behaviour in Male Offspring via the Modulation of Metabolic Profile

Maternal obesity is an intergenerational vicious cycle and one of the primary causes of cognitive deficits and high anxiety levels in offspring, which often manifest independently of sex. It is proven that curbing the intergenerational inheritance of obesity through early intervention during the gestation period has a positive outcome on the body composition, cognitive function, and anxiety level of the offspring. A recent discovery shows that the consumption of Elateriospermum tapos (E. tapos) seed extract modulates body mass and ameliorates stress hormones in obese dams, while a probiotic bacterial strain can cross the placenta and boost a child's memory. Thus, we speculate that probiotics are the best medium to integrate plant extract (E. tapos extract) to access the effect on the child's cognition. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the early intervention of E. tapos yoghurt in obese dams in the cognition and anxiety levels of male offspring. In this study, 40 female rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity before pregnancy, while another 8 rats were fed with standard rat pellets for 16 weeks. Upon successful copulation, treatment was initiated for the obese dams up to the postnatal day (PND) 21. The groups included normal chow and saline (NS), HFD and saline (HS), HFD and yoghurt (HY), HFD and 5 mg/kg E. tapos yoghurt (HYT5), HFD and 50 mg/kg E. tapos yoghurt (HYT50), and HFD and 500 mg/kg E. tapos yoghurt (HYT500). All rats were euthanised on PND 21, and the body mass index (BMI), Lee index, and waist circumference were measured for the male offspring. Hippocampal-dependent memory tests and open field tests were conducted to access for cognition and anxiety status. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total fat (%), insulin, leptin, lipid profile, and antioxidant parameter on serum and hypothalamus (FRAP and GSH) were accessed on PND 21. The result shows male offspring of 50 mg/kg-supplemented obese dams have comparable total fat (%), lipid profile, insulin level, FBG level, plasma insulin level, recognition index, low anxiety level, and improved hypothalamic FRAP and GSH levels to the normal group. In conclusion, this study highlights that the effect of early intervention of our novel formulation of E. tapos yoghurt in obese dams alleviates cognitive deficits and anxiety in male offspring by modulating metabolic profiles at the dose of 50 mg/kg.

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and protective effects of Gladiolus psittacinus on hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Gladiolus psittacinus (GP) is an important medicinal plant in folk medicine where its corm is used for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Despite this, there is paucity of scientific information to justify its use as antidiabetic drug. Hence, this study was designed to explore antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and effects of aqueous extract of Gladiolus psittacinus (AGP) on hyperglycemia-associated oxidative stress in pancreas, kidney and liver of diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in rats using streptozotocin 50mg/kg (i.p.). Normal and diabetic rats were treated orally with AGP once a day for 14days. Antidiabetic effects were evaluated on body weight, fasting blood glucose concentration (FBGC), lipid profiles and serum chemistry. Also, protective effects of AGP were also determined on markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and histopathology of pancreas, kidney and liver of diabetic rats. Treatment with AGP emanated to significant decrease of FBGC (552.67-157.33mg/dL), increase in body weight (100.01-133.76g) and positive modulation of lipid parameters in diabetic rats. The alteration in the contents of markers of liver and kidney function were significantly modulated in the diabetic rats upon treatment. Also, oxidative damage and antioxidant depletions in pancreas, kidney and liver were significantly mitigated in treated diabetic rats. Structural aberrations in the histopathology slides of pancreas, kidney and liver were improved upon treatment. It can be concluded that AGP could be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its related ailments, thereby justifying its usage in traditional medicine.

Review of Inflammatory Markers in Metabolic Syndrome

The conditions included in the definition of metabolic syndrome typically include central obesity (excessive fat accumulation around the waist), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), dyslipidemia (abnormal levels of lipids in the blood), and hypertension (high blood pressure). Having any three or more of these conditions is considered to be indicative of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is emerging as a major public health problem with pro-inflammatory changes leading to Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) at a very young age. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global health concern; metabolic syndrome is becoming more common in our country. It is found to be a risk factor for insulin resistance and abnormal adipose tissue . Clinical symptoms of the syndrome could include abdominal obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol. So far various studies have been conducted on the effect of inflammatory markers like Serum Uric acid (UA), serum homocysteine, Leptin, Lp(a) etc. Most of them have reported a positive correlation between these inflammatory markers and the various components of (MetS) like abdominal obesity, elevated Blood pressure, Fasting blood Glucose and Lipid profile abnormalities like elevated Triglycerides (TAG) and low High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C). Various studies have reported a positive correlation between serum uric acid and Serum Homocysteine and Lp(a) in causing endothelial dysfunction and premature Cardiovascular events. Hence a review of the studies pertaining to the various inflammatory markers was done. There was an association of various inflammatory markers like uric acid, homocysteine, MDA, lipoprotein and others. More awareness must be created even at the high school level regarding the ill effects of sedentary lifestyle the likely hood of metabolic syndrome. An early identification of surging biomarker levels in high-risk children may find new cases at an earlier stage to prevent upcoming diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Efficacy and safety of saroglitazar in real-world patients of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with or without diabetes including compensated cirrhosis: A tertiary care center experience.

Saroglitazar, a dual PPAR α/γ agonist, is useful in management of NAFLD and diabetic dyslipidemia. Here, we report the safety and efficacy of saroglitazar in NAFLD patients with or without diabetes including compensated cirrhosis. Patients, started on saroglitazar 4mg were prospectively evaluated for 52 weeks in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Effectiveness was measured in terms of anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose, LFT, lipid profile, HbA1c, and elastography parameters (LSM and CAP) measured at baseline, 24, and 52 weeks. Adverse drug reactions were monitored. A total of 112 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 63 patients were taken up for per-protocol analysis. Mean age was 49.11 ± 11.09 years and 46(73%) were male. Thirty-four (54%) were nondiabetic. Eleven patients had compensated cirrhosis. There was significant improvement of LSM from baseline (11.03 ± 7.19 kPa) to 24-week (9.29 ± 6.39 kPa) and 52-week (8.59 ± 6.35 kPa) values respectively (P < 0.001). Significant reduction was also seen in CAP values, ALT, AST, HbA1c, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride values. There was no significant weight change along the study interval. Pruritus occurred in one patient who required treatment discontinuation and another patient had mild symptomatic loose motion. Saroglitazar is effective and safe in improving biochemical parameters and LSM and CAP values irrespective of weight reduction. It may be used in compensated cirrhotics with close monitoring for side effects.

Effects of Lipoherb with Metformin on Metabolic Parameters and Sex Hormones in Rats with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was comparing the effects of Lipoherb with metformin on metabolic changes and sex hormones of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome&#x0D; Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Group (1): received normal saline for 56 days, group (2): received letrozole (1mg/kg) for 28 days and normal saline for the next 28 days, group (3): in the first 28 days, they received letrozole carrier and in the next 28 days, they received Lipoherb (320 mg/kg), group (4): they received letrozole (1mg/kg) for 28 days and Lipoherb (320 mg/kg) in the next 28 days, group (5): they received letrozole (mg/kg) for 28 days and metformin (250 mg/kg) in the next 28 days. Letrozole at the dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days induced polycystic ovary syndrome. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, fasting blood sugar level, lipid profile and sex hormones were measured by ELISA method.&#x0D; Results: Blood sugar in the letrozole plus metformin group was significantly lower than letrozole group (P&lt;0.01). The amount of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in the group that received letrozole and Lipoherb were significantly decreased compared to letrozole group (P&gt;0.05). In the same group, total cholesterol concentration also decreased significantly compared to other groups (P&gt;0.01). The serum level of estrogen in the group received Lipoherb was significantly lower compared to letrozole group (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Compared to metformin, Lipoherb had more ability to correct the metabolic symptoms of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the hormonal effects of Lipoherb did not differ significantly from the hormonal effects of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Protective effect of liraglutide on the myocardium of type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1.

In recent years, studies have found that the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is closely related to an increase in polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity. PARP-1 activation could be involved in the pathophysiological process of DCM by promoting oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. To investigate the mechanism of liraglutide in improving myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats, further clarified the protective effect of liraglutide on the heart, and provided a new option for the treatment of DCM. Forty healthy male SD rats aged 6 wk were randomly divided into two groups, a normal control group (n = 10) and a model group (n = 30), which were fed an ordinary diet and a high-sugar and high-fat diet, respectively. After successful modeling, the rats in the model group were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 wk and randomly divided into a model group and an intervention group (further divided into a high-dose group and a low-dose group). The rats were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 8 wk and then started drug intervention. Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta to detect fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. Intact heart tissue was dissected, and its weight was used to calculate the heart weight index. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the myocardium and the expression of PARP-1 in the heart by immunohistochemistry. The body weight and heart weight index of rats in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal control group, and those in the intervention group were decreased compared with those in the model group, with a more obvious decrease observed in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). In the model group, myocardial fibers were disordered, and inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrosis were observed. The cardiomyopathy of rats in the intervention group was improved to different degrees, the myocardial fibers were arranged neatly, and the myocardial cells were clearly striated; the improvement was more obvious in the high-dose group. Compared with the normal control group, the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue of the model group was increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After liraglutide intervention, compared with the model group, the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue was decreased, and the reduction was more obvious in the high-dose group (P < 0.05) but still higher than that in the normal control group. Liraglutide may improve myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting the expression of myocardial PARP-1 in a dose-dependent manner.

The Effect of Early Time-Restricted Eating vs Later Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Metabolic Health.

It remains controversial whether the choice of the daily eating window early or later in time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention (early or later TRE) has different effects on weight loss and metabolic health. A network meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy between early and later TRE in adults with obesity or overweight. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until October 16, 2022. We conducted a network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of early and later TRE on body weight and metabolic parameters, including glycemic metabolism, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. Twelve RCTs with 730 obese or overweight adults were included in this meta-analysis. Early TRE and later TRE both elicited moderate reductions in body weight and insulin resistance (IR) (homeostasis model assessment of IR) when compared to non-TRE. Interestingly, early TRE showed more effectiveness than later TRE in improving IR (early vs later TRE: -0.44; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.02; P < .05), whereas no statistically significant difference was detected in weight loss (early vs later TRE: -0.31 kg; 95% CI, -1.15 to 0.53 kg; P >.05). In addition, early TRE rather than later TRE showed significant benefits in glycemic metabolism and blood pressure when compared to non-TRE. No significant differences between early and later TRE were observed for fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. This meta-analysis suggests that people may choose early TRE for more effective weight management and metabolic benefits. Nevertheless, further large-scale RCTs are warranted to verify our findings.

The link between diabetic retinal and renal microvasculopathy is associated with dyslipidemia and upregulated circulating level of cytokines.

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the correlations between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DKD) and examine whether circulating cytokines and dyslipidemia contribute to both DR and DKD in patients with 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 122 patients with T2DM were enrolled and categorized into the DM group (without no DR and DKD), DR group [non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR)] with no DKD), DR complicated with DKD groups (DR+DKD group). The biochemical profile, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile were estimated, and plasma inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, C, D, and placental growth factor (PlGF)] were analyzed by protein microarrays. The atherogenic plasma index (API) was defined as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C); atherogenic index (AI) was calculated as [(total cholesterol (TC) -HDL-C)/HDL-C], and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was defined as log (TG/HDL-C). By multivariable disordered regression analysis, after controlling for duration of DM and hypertension, LDL-C (p = 0.019) and VEGF-D (p = 0.029) resulted as independent risk factors for DR. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) (p = 0.003) was an independent risk factor for DR with DKD. In DR, NPDR, and PDR groups, grades of A1, A2, and A3 of albuminuria increased with the severity of DR. In A1, A2, and A3 grade groups, the severity of DR (DM, NPDR, and PDR) increased with higher albuminuria grades. Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient analysis revealed that FBG (p = 0.019), circulating level of PlGF (p = 0.002), and VEGF-D (p = 0.008) were significantly positively correlated with the grades of uACR (p < 0.001), and uACR grades were significantly correlated with DR severity (p < 0.001). The occurrence and severity of DR are closely correlated with kidney dysfunction. Among the three kidney functional parameters, uACR resulted as the better indicator of DR severity and progression than glomerular filtration (eGFR) and serum creatinine (Scr). Impaired FBG was associated with microalbuminuria, emphasizing that well-controlled FBG is important for both DR and DKD. The link between diabetic retinal and renal microvasculopathy was associated with dyslipidemia and upregulated circulating level of angiogenic cytokines.

A study of diagnostic parameters in assessment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among medical students

Introduction and Aim: Because lifestyle changes and treatments can reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes and coronary vascular diseases (CVD), early detection of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is crucial. Using the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS and evaluate the known risk factors. Methods and Materials: The current study was a cross-sectional quantitative study among students of 1st MBBS in Mahavir Medical College and Hospital, Vikarabad, Telangana, India. The study included 150 students of both genders. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, demographic details, and risk factors were evaluated. Data was processed using SPSS version 20. P-value &lt;0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: In total, 148 students aged 19 years (mean age 18±4), were included in the study. Among them, 66 (44.59%) were males and 82 (55.4%) were females. The comprehensive prevalence of (MetS) was 28.35%. Females have a high risk at 37.8% when compared to males at 18.8%. Additionally, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, and low HDL were found to be the primary causes of MetS. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among medical students in their early years. Unhealthy habits and a lack of awareness could be to blame for this. Hence health education and early detection followed by lifestyle interventions are imperative in the early phase of their medical education to decrease the prevalence.

The effect of foetal and early childhood growth on metabolic derangements of Sri Lankan children

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that delayed prenatal growth followed by accelerated postnatal growth plays a significant role on the onset of adult metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to identify the effects of intrauterine and later growth on metabolic derangements among children in Colombo, Sri Lanka.MethodsA school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 5–15-year-old children selected using a two-stage probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling technique. Birth-weight (BW) was extracted from records (denotes prenatal growth) and body mass index(BMI)-Z score and fat mass(FM) measured to denote the current growth of children. Fasting and random blood glucose, lipid profile and blood pressure(BP) were measured. The sample was stratified by age (5—< 10 and 10—15 years); was further categorized into tertiles of BW and BMI-Z scores. Based on these two parameters, metabolic parameters were evaluated within each age category.ResultsThe sample comprised 833(494 boys) healthy school children. Metabolic parameters did not significantly differ by sex or across BW tertiles of each BMI-Z score tertile. However, significant changes in some metabolic parameters were noted across the BMI-Z score tertiles of each BW tertile. Children belonging to the lowest BW and highest BMI-Z score tertiles had worst metabolic profiles, while those in the lowest BW as well as BMI-Z score tertile were protected. Excessive fat deposition seemed to move children to higher BMI-Z score tertiles.ConclusionPoor prenatal growth is not the sole risk factor for abnormal metabolic profile found in childhood. Those who gain fat, denoted by weight, during early childhood are at a higher risk of developing metabolic abnormalities than those who do not. This favours the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis.

Clinical and Metabolic Characteristics in Hidradenitis Suppurativa - An Indian Perspective.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent follicular disorder affecting apocrine gland bearing areas such as axillae, inframammary area and groin. Significant association of HS with metabolic derangements such as hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia has been found. There is dearth of literature on epidemiological and metabolic profile of HS in Indian subjects. The aim of this study is to assess abnormalities in the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and lipid profile in patients with HS. To assess the frequency of abnormal levels of fasting blood sugar, serum insulin and lipid profile in patients with HS. Secondary objectives: To assess the frequency of hypertension, raised basal metabolic index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, follicular disorder, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with HS and to assess the severity of of clinical presentation HS using Hurley staging system. This is a retrospective record based study. Records of clinically diagnosed patients of HS, aged > 18 years fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analysed. Total 30 patients were recruited with 1:1 male to female ratio. Five (16.67%) cases fulfilled NCEP ATP III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant association was observed between severity of HS, in younger age group (<20 years), moderate to severe BMI, fasting serum insulin, fasting total cholesterol and raised ESR. This is retrospective, hospital record based study with small sample size. Holistic management of HS should be individualized according to need of patient and it should be combined approach including dermatologist, plastic surgeon, psychiatrist and dietician. We recommend an initial screening for derangements in metabolic profile in these patients for more effective management and preventing long term cardiovascular complications.

THE INVESTIGATION OF LIPOPROTEIN-RELATED PHOSFOLIPASE A2 (LP-PLA2) V279F MUTATION IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Objective: Despite advances in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, coronary artery disease (CAD) maintains to be the leading cause of death in many nations. The media layer of normal and diseased arteries contains lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), which is mostly made by mast, T lymphocytes, and monocytes. Our research sought to define how the Lp-PLA2 and V279F gene polymorphisms relate to CAD. Materials and Methods: This study included 71 controls and 109 patients. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profiles, were measured the enzymatic colorimetric technique. Lp-PLA2 levels were detected with ELISA. The genomic DNAs were isolated from whole blood. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with the V279F mutation detection kit was used to identify the Lp-PLA2 V279F mutation. Results: In the CAD compared to the controls, serum Lp-PLA2 levels were higher (p 0.001). While FF (mutant) genotypes and VF (heterozygous) genotypes were absent from both groups, the Lp-PLA2 V279F mutation was discovered as the VV (wild) genotype in both control and CAD. Conclusion: As a result, we determined that the Lp-PLA2 V279F mutation cannot be considered a genetic risk factor for CAD, but that Lp-PLA2 elevation may be an important parameter for CAD.

Assessment of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: The diabetic condition is influenced by several factors, some of which can accelerate the disease’s progression to various complications that aggravate the morbidity. Aims: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components and the most critical predictive risk factors of MetS in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study involved 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and was conducted at the outpatient and inpatient departments at Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences and Post Graduate Institute, from April 2021 to September 2022. The study involved the use of a questionnaire to obtain some information on the diabetics, undertaking anthropometric measurements, as well as collecting blood samples for the measurement of some biochemical parameters; fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: The study population comprised 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, made up of 33 males (33%) and 67 females (67%). The overall mean age of the population was 51.31 (SEM = 0.97) years the prevalence of MetS was 58% in the studied population. For the overall population, hypertension was the commonest component (60%) of the MetS, followed by high waist circumference, or central obesity. Female type 2 diabetics had a higher prevalence of MetS, and carried more components than their male counterparts. Conclusion: With hypertension being the commonest component, future cardiovascular disease prevention strategies should focus attention on its management and prevention, through education.

Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with Age, Gender, Duration and Glycosylated Haemoglobin: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycaemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Hyperglycaemia when present for a long period of time leads to a host of metabolic abnormalities and also results in end organ damage. Diastolic dysfunction is an early sign of diabetic heart muscle disease preceding systolic and diastolic damage. Only a few studies have been conducted in central India to establish this prevalence and association in diabetic patients. Aim: To assess Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD) in diabetic patients and its association with age, gender, duration, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 150 normotensive patients with type 2 DM and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease were enrolled by simple random selection in the Department of General Medicine, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. The sample size was calculated by standard formula with a confidence interval of 95% and an error margin of less than 5%. A semi-structured proforma was used to record the demographic profiles with full medication history, as well as, anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and waist circumference. Blood pressure was measured and blood was drawn for complete blood count, liver function test, renal function test, fasting and postprandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic studies were performed to assess LVDD. Data obtained by various methods was analysed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 and Chi-square test. Results: The present study showed that 85 out of 150 types 2 diabetic patients had diastolic dysfunction, out of which 80 had grade I diastolic dysfunction and, five of them had grade II diastolic dysfunction. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction was increased with age, duration, and HbA1c (≥7%) and was not affected by gender. Conclusion: The study concluded that asymptomatic normotensive patients of type 2 DM have Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). LVDD were associated with age, gender, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c.

Association of metabolic status with serum orexin levels in young females

Background: Metabolic syndrome has always been linked with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle due to induction of metabolic derangements. Orexin A and B are recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptides. Orexin A regulates appetite, food intake, and energy expenditure. Aims and Objectives: Metabolic fuel detectors regulate energy balance at peripheral and central levels. The aim of this study is to assess association of serum orexin levels with metabolic risk markers in women of reproductive age group (RAG). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the campus of King George Medical University (KGMU), Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, INDIA. One hundred and fifty apparently healthy women of RAG, that is, 20–40 years of age were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin and serum insulin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure were estimated in women. Results: The results show that serum orexin levels have significant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, weight, BMI, and waist circumference along with a weak negative correlation with serum insulin level. Conclusion: In the present study, serum orexin levels significantly correlate with weight, BMI, fasting blood glucose, and weak negative correlation with serum insulin levels. Serum orexin levels did not correlate with the lipid profile of women of RAG.

METS-IR vs. HOMA-AD and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Adolescents.

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in which is the key in the pathogenesis Insulin Resistance (IR) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) has been validated as a surrogate measure of IR. The combination of HOMA and adiponectin, known as HOMA-AD was proposed to measure IR in adults. However, study on these indicators in obese adolescents is still limited. This study aims to analyse METS-IR and HOMA-AD to determine MetS and IR in obese adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on obese adolescents who looked healthy from secondary schools in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, East Java, aged 12-18 years. Subjects were selected randomly and grouped into 2, namely MetS and non-MetS based on IDF 2000. Anthropometric examination and blood measurements, such as fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, insulin, and adiponectin level were carried out according to standards. HOMA-IR, HOMA-AD, AND METS-IR were calculated using formula. Spearman's Rho correlation were conducted between assessment tools (METS-IR and HOMA-AD) to identify the correlation with MetS component (lipid profile, FBG, and blood pressures). A receiving operation curve (ROC) performed to find area under curve (AUC) and cut-off points based on the biggest Youden index. A total of 250 subjects were enrolled the study, and found 103 subjects had MetS. METS-IR correlates with all lipid profile and blood pressures (p?<?0.05). While HOMA-AD correlated with TG (r?=?0.356, p?=?0.000), systolic-BP (r?=?0.188, p?=?0.003), and HDL-c levels (r=-0.249, p?=?0.000). Cut-off point for METS-IR to determines MetS in obese adolescents was???46.53 (sensitivity of 64.24% and specificity of 75.76%), while HOMA-AD was???0.43 (sensitivity of 71.52% and specificity of 59.60%). Cut-off point for METS-IR index to determines IR was???52.01 (sensitivity of 83.44% and specificity of 44.44%). Cut-off point for HOMA-AD to determine IR was???0.37 (sensitivity of 74.17% and specificity of 84.85%). METS-IR is better surrogate to determine MetS with cut-off point of???46.53, while HOMA-AD is better to determine IR with cut-off point???0.37 in obese adolescents. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 7-16, February, 2023.

Lipid profile of chronic kidney disease patients on two different modalities of treatment: Conservative versus hemodialysis

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in CKD patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of lipid profile among cases of CKD. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 1 year covering total 200 cases (males and females) of newly diagnosed or known cases of CKD. Parameters recorded were as follows: Fasting blood sugar, Serum urea (S. Urea), Serum Creatinine (S. Creatinine), and lipid profile. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault formula. Results: Mean age was 51.04 years in conservative management patients and 53.20 years in hemodialysis patients. Overall, male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1. S. Creatinine, S. Urea, and eGFR were deranged more in patients on hemodialysis (Group 2). Mean values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and serum triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher in patients on hemodialysis compared to those on conservative management, while mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower. Dyslipidemia was more common in female CKD patients (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia in CKD worsened as patients progressed to severe stages with significant increase in TG, LDL, and VLDL levels in hemodialysis cases in comparison to conservatively managed, confirming presence of atherogenic lipid profile needing early intervention to prevent cardiovascular complications.

PS-C06-1: ELEVATED PULSE PRESSURE AND SERUM INSULIN ARE INDEPENDENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN DIABETIC WOMEN WITH OR WITHOUT SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss, creating a low quality of life in patients. High blood pressure and serum insulin levels are known to be associated with DR. Though incident diabetic eye disease is reportedly related to systolic blood pressure (SBP), the potential importance of pulse pressure (PP) is not clear. The present study aimed at determining the association between pulse pressure, serum insulin levels and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with or without systemic hypertension. Design and Method: Cross-sectional hospital-based study involving type 2 DM female patients with (n = 70) or without systemic hypertension (n = 36). The groups were matched for age, sex and BMI. Anthropometric measurements were taken, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum insulin, and lipid profile were determined. Results: The mean values for weight and BMI were comparable between the groups, however, DBP, SBP, PP and serum insulin were significantly higher in the hypertensive diabetics. Using multiple regression (stepwise) analysis, there was a strong relationship between PP and DR in hypertensive diabetics (β = 2.239, p &lt; 0.000, R2 = 0.143) while serum insulin showed a strong relationship with DR in patients with only T2DM (β = 2.190, p &lt; 0.000, R2 = 0.253). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve showed that PP with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.746 in hypertensive diabetics and serum insulin with AUC of 0.784 in patients with only T2DM were the most efficient predictors of DR respectively. Conclusions: The findings in the present study indicate that elevated PP and serum insulin could be reliable independent predictors of DR in T2DM female patients with or without systemic hypertension respectively.

Assessment of QRISK3 Score in Normoglycaemic, Prediabetic and Diabetic Subjects: An Observational Study

Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus have a high correlation. Compared to individuals without diabetes, adults with diabetes have a greater prevalence rate of CVDs. This risk steadily increases along with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, even before they are high enough to be classified as diabetes. One of the factors contributing to death among people with diabetes mellitus is CVD. QRISK3 algorithm calculates a person's risk of developing a heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years. Aim: To assess the QRISK3 cardiovascular risk score in normoglycaemic, prediabetic and diabetic subjects. Materials and Methods: The present analytical observational study was carried out in the Department of Physiology and Medicine, RUHS College of Medical Sciences and associated Hospital, Jaipur, India, from November 2021 to April 2022. A total of 200 subjects were recruited with &gt;20% QRISK3 CVD risk scores out of 7154 screened patients. Subjects were categorised into three groups (normoglycaemic, prediabetics and diabetics) according to American Diabetes Association criteria. The following parameters were recorded for data collection: anthropometric {Body Mass Index (BMI) Waist Hip Ratio (WHR)}, blood pressure and biochemical {Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile parameters). All data collected was entered into Microsoft Excel sheet 2019 and was analysed with help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0 and tests of significance considering level of significance as p-value&lt;0.05. Data was analysed by applying Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for Diabetes Classification, there were 44 (26.19%) normoglycaemic, 21 (12.5%) prediabetic and 103 (61.31%) diabetic subjects out of the total 200 high-risk subjects. the mean age of was 49.06±9.65 years, 51.15±11.05 years and 51.02±9.74 years for normoglycaemic, prediabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively. There was significant difference of mean values of FBG, HbA1c, total cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Cholesterol (Chl)/HDL ratio, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG) and QRISK3 score in three groups. But there was no significant difference in following parameters i.e., age, weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-hip circumference, WHR, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP). There was hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL level in prediabetic and diabetic subjects. Conclusion: The present study showed that the cluster of risk factors for CVD also grows as FBG levels and HbA1c levels increase. This study could also assert that these risk factors also increasing with progression of diabetes, which eventually results in increase in risk of CVDs.

Identifying the Association of Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases with Metabolic Syndrome Patients in India

Background: Increased urbanization decreases physical activity which promotes many life-threatening diseases among people in developing countries like India. Metabolic syndrome increases the health burden and mortality rate among middle-aged people. Early diagnosis of the risk factor associated with this pathological disorder can be a help to overcome this life-threatening pathological disorder by delaying disease progression. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 patients with metabolic syndrome are identified. Patient blood samples were collected and processed. Biochemical parameters include fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles which include TC, HDL, LDL very-LDL (VLDL), and triglycerides were analyzed using an autoanalyzer. Altered fasting blood sugar level and lipid profile are used to diagnose the status of diabetes and cardiovascular disorder. Results: The fasting blood sugar levels of the patients were in the range of prediabetic condition and so the patients are more prevalent to diabetes mellitus. An altered lipid profile ratio with a decreased level of good cholesterol and increased level of bad cholesterol was also observed in association with prediabetic condition. Conclusion: The altered levels of these biochemical parameters in metabolic syndrome patients gives the idea about its association of prediabetes with cardiovascular disorders among the Indian population.