Fast Response Speed Research Articles

Complex shell Fe-ZnO derived from ZIF-8 as high-quality acetone MEMS sensor

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a series of materials composited by metal ions and organic ligands with high specific surface area, which might be great precursors to produce metal oxides by calcination for gas sensor application. However, Zn-ZIF (ZIF-8) is hard to transform as ZnO in air and keeping the unique framework simultaneously. In this work, Fe2+ was introduced into the metal node to replace a part of Zn2+ ions, and it could be oxidized as Fe3+ in the calcination to facilitate the oxidation process of the 2-methylimdazole ligands to give Fe-ZnO complex shell with high specific surface area (108 m2/g) and abundant oxygen vacancies (48 %). The micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor based on the 6 %-Fe-ZnO complex shell performed outstanding gas sensing properties to the low-concentration acetone vapor, including high response (ΔR/Rg = 11.2 to 5 ppm acetone), superior selectivity (Sacetone/Sethanol = 5.6) and fast response speed (τres = 2.6 s). This work not only provided the research of an exceptional acetone MEMS sensor, but also induced a strategy to produce metal oxide derived from ZIFs with complex structures for the universal synthesis methodology.

Enhance the responsivity of self-driven ultraviolet photodetector by (Al,Ga)N nanowire/graphene/PVDF heterojunction with high stability.

Due to the low-power consumption, self-driven ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors have great potentials in a broad range of applications, such as optical communication, ozone monitoring, bio-medicine, and flame detection. In this Letter, it is pretty novel to enhance the photocurrent and responsivity of self-driven UV photodetectors by (Al,Ga)N nanowire/graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) heterojunction successfully. Compared to those of the photodetector with only nanowire/graphene heterojunction, it is found that both the photocurrent and responsivity of the photodetector with nanowire/graphene/PVDF heterojunction can be enhanced more than 100%. It is proposed that PVDF could maintain the internal gain by increasing the number of carrier cycles. Furthermore, this photodetector can also have a high detectivity of 5.3×1011 Jones and fast response speed under 310 nm illumination. After preserving for one month without any special protection, both photocurrent and responsivity of the photodetector with nanowire/graphene/PVDF heterojunction are demonstrated to be quite stable. Therefore, this work paves an effective way to improve the performance of photodetectors for their applications in the fields of next-generation optoelectronic devices.

All-optical modulation of Fano-like resonances in apodized fiber Bragg grating using Er/Yb doped fiber

A novel all-optical scheme for fast modulation of Fano-like resonance using Er/Yb doped fiber (EYDF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In the integrated system, an apodized fiber Bragg grating (AFBG) is inserted into one arm of the fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and the asymmetric Fano-like resonances is generated by the interference between the MZI mode and AFBG mode. In addition, a section of EYDF is inserted into the other arm of the MZI to control the phase difference between the two arms of the MZI. By adjusting the power of optical pump applied to the EYDF, the transmission spectrum lineshapes of the integrated device can be effectively modulated into asymmetric Fano-like resonances, symmetric transmission dip or electromagnetically induced transparency-like resonances, which has a fast response speed. The proposed all-optical Fano-like modulation scheme is simple in structure, and has advantages of remote control and long-term stability, providing potential applications in the fields of fast and slow light, optical filters and fiber sensing.

AlGaAs photocathode with enhanced response at 532 nm

The AlGaAs photocathode can be used in the field of underwater optical communication because of its fast response speed and adjustable spectral response range. In order to solve the problem that the low light absorption of the AlGaAs emission layer limits the improvement of its quantum efficiency, the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure is used to reflect the light at a specific wavelength back to the emission layer to further increase the absorption rate, thus improving the response capability of the photocathode at 532 nm. The spectral response model of the AlGaAs photocathode with DBR structure is obtained by solving one-dimensional continuity equation. The optical model of the AlGaAs photocathode with enhanced response at 532 nm is established by the finite-difference time-domain method. The effects of the sublayer periodic pairs, the sublayer material and the thickness of emission layer and buffer layer on the absorption rate of emission layer are analyzed. The light absorption distributions of AlGaAs photocathode with and without DBR structure are compared, and the influence mechanism of DBR structure on the blue-green light absorption capacity of AlGaAs photocathode emission layer is clarified, which can provide a theoretical basis for designing its structural parameters. The results show that the DBR structure with a periodic pair of 20 and Al<sub>0.7</sub>Ga<sub>0.3</sub>As/AlAs has the best reflection effect on 532 nm light. Based on the DBR structure, when the thickness of the emission layer and buffer layer are 495 nm and 50 nm, respectively, the emission layer has the best absorption rate of 532 nm light. Furthermore, two kinds of AlGaAs photocathodes with and without DBR structure are prepared by the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition technology, and the reflectivity and profile structure of the grown samples are characterized. Then the Cs/O activation experiments are performed to compare the spectral response curves. It is found that the spectral response of the AlGaAs photocathode sample with DBR structure at 532 nm wavelength is about twice that of the sample without DBR structure.

Regulating the microscopic structure of solutions to synthesize centimeter-sized low-dimensional CsmSbnClm+3n perovskite single crystals for visible-blind ultraviolet photodetectors

Centimeter-sized CsmSbnClm+3n single crystals were prepared by using DMSO and hydrochloric acid. The α-Cs3Sb2Cl9 photodetector exhibits excellent wavelength selectivity and fast response speed, demonstrating its great potential in UV applications.

Review of Research on Improved PID Control in Electro-hydraulic Servo System

Background: Proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is widely used in the engineering field because of its simple structure, high control accuracy, and easy operation. Different patented PID control technologies have their own advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios. Objective: By analyzing and discussing the improved PID control techniques in the electrohydraulic servo system, some valuable conclusions have been drawn to predict the future research and development of PID control techniques. Methods: The improved PID control techniques applied to electro-hydraulic servo systems are classified into three categories: PID parameter tuning technology, PID parameter online adjustment strategy and compound control strategy combined with PID algorithm. Results: By comparing the principles and characteristics of the above techniques, the advantages, disadvantages and application scenarios of each are analyzed, and the further development of PID control technology is discussed. Conclusion: Based on the characteristics of electro-hydraulic servo systems, the further combination of the three types of technology can make up for the shortcomings of PID algorithms to form a control strategy with high control accuracy, high robustness, and fast response speed.

GaSe/<i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> heterojunction based self-powered solar-blind ultraviolet photoelectric detector

UV photodetectors have the advantages of high sensitivity and fast response speed. As an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor, gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) plays an extremely important role in detecting deep ultraviolet. It can form a typical type-II heterostructure with GaSe, promoting carrier separation and transport. In this work, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> epitaxial films are grown on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The GaSe films and GaSe/<i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> heterojunction photodetectors are grown on gallium oxide films by Bridgeman technology. The detector has a good response to deep ultraviolet light, the dark current of the device is only 1.83 pA at 8 V, and the photocurrent reaches 6.5 nA at 254 nm. The UVC/Visible (254 nm/600 nm) has a high rejection ratio of about 354. At very small light intensities, the responsivity and detection can reach 1.49 mA/W and 6.65 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones, respectively. At the same time, due to the photovoltaic effect formed by the space charge region at the junction interface, the detector exhibits self-powered supply performance at zero bias voltage, and the open-circuit voltage is 0.2 V. In addition, the detector has a very good sensitivity. The device can respond quickly, whether it is irradiated with different light intensities under constant voltage, or with different voltages under constant light intensity. It can respond within milliseconds under a bias voltage of 10 V. This work demonstrates the enormous potential of heterojunctions in photoelectric detection by analyzing the photophysical and interface physical issues involved in heterojunction photodetectors, and provides a possibility for detecting the deep ultraviolet of gallium oxide.

Real-Time Semantic Segmentation via Spatial-Detail Guided Context Propagation.

Nowadays, vision-based computing tasks play an important role in various real-world applications. However, many vision computing tasks, e.g., semantic segmentation, are usually computationally expensive, posing a challenge to the computing systems that are resource-constrained but require fast response speed. Therefore, it is valuable to develop accurate and real-time vision processing models that only require limited computational resources. To this end, we propose the spatial-detail guided context propagation network (SGCPNet) for achieving real-time semantic segmentation. In SGCPNet, we propose the strategy of spatial-detail guided context propagation. It uses the spatial details of shallow layers to guide the propagation of the low-resolution global contexts, in which the lost spatial information can be effectively reconstructed. In this way, the need for maintaining high-resolution features along the network is freed, therefore largely improving the model efficiency. On the other hand, due to the effective reconstruction of spatial details, the segmentation accuracy can be still preserved. In the experiments, we validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed SGCPNet model. On the Cityscapes dataset, for example, our SGCPNet achieves 69.5% mIoU segmentation accuracy, while its speed reaches 178.5 FPS on 768 x 1536 images on a GeForce GTX 1080 Ti GPU card. In addition, SGCPNet is very lightweight and only contains 0.61 M parameters. The code will be released at https://github.com/zhouyuan888888/SGCPNet.

Vertical Van Der Waals Epitaxy of p‐MoxRe1‐Xs2 on GaN for Ultrahigh Detectivity Uv–vis–NIR Photodetector

Abstractvan der Waals (vdW) heterogeneous integration and doping engineering have emerged as crucial factors in advancing the development of functional device systems. This work presents a fully vertical 2D/3D vdW stacking p‐MoxRe1‐xS2/GaN (x = 0.10 ± 0.02) heterojunction photodetector, integrating multiple strategies for enhanced performance, such as mixed‐dimensional stacking, p‐type doping, vertical device design, and type‐II band alignment. By integrating horizontal, vertical, and quasi‐vertical devices on a Free‐standing (FS)‐GaN substrate, the vertical p‐MoxRe1‐xS2/GaN device demonstrates superior performance, including high Ilight/Idark ratio (1.48 × 106), large Responsivity (888.69 AW−1), high specific detectivity (D*) (6.13 × 1014 Jones), and fast response speed (rise/decay time of 181 ms/259 ms). Moreover, the spectral response encompasses the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near‐infrared (NIR) regions through energy band integration and bandgap modulation. This design surpasses previous devices, highlighting the potential of highly sensitive and micro‐integrated optoelectronic devices enabled by vertical vdW heterogeneous integration.

Wearable filamentary continuous sensor for interstitial glucose detection in diabetes management

The development of novel diabetes monitoring sensors is important for the diabetes management of millions of diabetic patients. This work reports a flexible filamentary continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor. A multilayer CGM sensor has been constructed on titanium filament with low cost and ease of use. The sensor, made of flexible material, offers better adaptability and comfort than traditional rigid filament CGM sensors, allowing continuous monitoring of subcutaneous blood glucose levels to provide patients with treatment strategies. The performance and reliability of the sensor were verified through rat experiments. The trend of the increase and decrease of the detected current was generally consistent with the actual blood glucose, and the detected values were located in regions A and B of the Clarke error grid. The results show that the sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, high accuracy and fast response speed, which is suitable for monitoring the blood glucose level for a long time and has a broad application prospect in diabetes monitoring, exercise monitoring, health management and clinical application.

Research on Pneumatic Control of a Pressurized Self-Elevating Mat for an Offshore Wind Power Installation Platform.

Efficient deep-water offshore wind power installation platforms with a pressurized self-elevating mat are a new type of equipment used for installing offshore wind turbines. However, the unstable internal pressure of the pressurized self-elevating mat can cause serious harm to the platform. This paper studies the pneumatic control system of the self-elevating mat to improve the precision of its pressure control. According to the pneumatic control system structure of the self-elevating mat, the pneumatic model of the self-elevating mat is established, and a conventional PID controller and fuzzy PID controller are designed and established. It can be seen via Simulink simulation that the fuzzy PID controller has a smaller adjustment time and overshoot, but its anti-interference ability is relatively weak. The membership degree and fuzzy rules of the fuzzy PID controller are optimized using a neural network algorithm, and a fuzzy neural network PID controller based on BP neural network optimization is proposed. The simulation results show that the overshoot of the optimized controller is reduced by 9.71% and the stability time is reduced by 68.9% compared with the fuzzy PID. Finally, the experiment verifies that the fuzzy neural network PID controller has a faster response speed and smaller overshoot, which improves the pressure control accuracy and robustness of the self-elevating mat and provides a scientific basis for the engineering applications of the self-elevating mat.

Pollution-free interface of 2D-MoS2/1D-CuO vdWs heterojunction for high-performance photodetector

Van der Waals heterostructures provide a new opportunity for constructing new structures and improving the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the existing methods of constructing heterojunctions are still faced with problems such as impurity introduction, or complex preparation process and limited scope of application. Herein, a physisorption method is proposed to composite CuO nanorods on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets. CuO nanorods and MoS2 form type-Ⅱ heterojunctions, which promotes the separation and transport of photo-generated charge carriers. More importantly, compared with the transfer and coating methods, the physical adsorption method avoids the introduction of auxiliary materials during the whole process of constructing the heterojunction, and therefore effectively reduces the damage and pollution at the interface. The optimized MoS2/CuO heterojunction photodetector achieves a high photoresponsivity of ∼680.1 A W−1 and a fast response speed of ∼29 μs. The results demonstrate that the physisorption method provides a feasible approach to realize high performance photodetectors with pollution-free interfaces, and it can also be extended to the development of other low-dimensional hybrid heterojunction electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Advantage of battery energy storage systems for assisting hydropower units to suppress the frequency fluctuations caused by wind power variations

The integration of renewable energy sources into power grids has led to new challenges for maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. Hydropower has traditionally played a key role in frequency regulation due to its flexibility in output power. However, the water hammer effect can lead to the phenomenon of inverse regulation, which can degrade the transient characteristics of power systems, particularly in hydropower-dominant systems, such as the Southwest China Power Grid. On the other hand, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are well-suited for frequency regulation due to their fast response speed, high response accuracy, and flexible control capabilities. Hence, it is a meaningful topic to evaluate the advantage of integrated battery energy storage systems for assisting hydropower units (HPUs) in frequency regulation. First, the frequency dynamic response model of power system with BESSs assisting HPUs to participate in frequency regulation is established. Then, a two-part strategy is presented. The primary frequency regulation strategy for BESSs uses droop control with a variable regulation coefficient and the secondary frequency regulation strategy considers the costs associated with both HPUs and BESSs. Last, a performance assessment is carried out based on the management rules for auxiliary services of power plants in China and the USA. The results of this study demonstrate that the incorporation of the BESS into the HPU can significantly improve the regulating performance, and can provide important economic and technical benefits for the power system. Specifically, the maximum ratio of HPU with BESS to conventional HPU is 33.13 %, 33.85 %, 7.60 % and 41.52 % for the different indicators (difference, delay, distance, and cost). Notably, the implementation of BESS in the HPU not only contributes to the stability of the power system, but it also provides considerable economic benefits by achieving higher evaluations for auxiliary services in the power market. These findings are critical in supporting the transformation and development of conventional HPUs under large-scale new energy grid connection conditions.

Prescribed performance sliding mode control for the bursting oscillation of a fractional-order hydro-turbine governing system based on time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function

A dynamic model for a hydro-turbine governing system is established that accounts for the periodic excitation caused by the dynamic transfer coefficient. The dynamic analysis shows that the turbine regulation system produces bursting oscillatory behaviors when its transmission coefficient changes. The bursting oscillation behavior can adversely affect its stable operation. In response to this challenge, a prescribed performance sliding mode controller based on the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function is proposed. Specifically, a time-varying constraint function of the exponential decay type is initially established. This function is then combined with the prescribed performance constraint function and the dynamic sliding surface to construct the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function. In addition, to ensure that the system output exhibits a slight overshoot and fast-tracking speed at the initial time while satisfying the steady-state index, the relevant parameters of the time-varying constraint function are presented. Finally, the stability of the proposed controller is rigorously proven, verifying the effectiveness of the controller under five working conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the prescribed performance sliding mode control based on the time-varying tangent barrier Lyapunov function can enable the hydro-turbine governing system to quickly break away from the bursting oscillation state. The proposed control strategy achieves faster convergence times for the rotor angle and generator speed (0.3 s) as well as the guide vane opening (0.3 s) than the ordinary sliding mode controller. The proposed strategy is also superior in controlling the steady-state error, which means that the proposed controller has a faster response speed, higher control accuracy, and optimized transient performance of the system than the traditional controller.

Charge Management Enables Efficient Spontaneous Chromatic Adaptation Bipolar Photodetector.

Solution-processed photodetectors have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation of visible-near infrared (vis-NIR) photodetectors. This is attributed to their ease of processing, compatibility with flexible substrates, and the ability to tune their detection properties by integrating complementary photoresponsive semiconductors. However, the limited performance continues to hinder their further development, primarily influenced by the difference of charge transport properties between perovskite and organic semiconductors. In this work, a perovskite-organic bipolar photodetectors (PDs) is introduced with multispectral responsivity, achieved by effectively managing charges in perovskite and a ternary organic heterojunction. The ternary heterojunction, incorporating a designed NIR guest acceptor, exhibits a faster charge transfer rate and longer carrier diffusion length than the binary heterojunction. By achieving a more balanced carrier dynamic between the perovskite and organic components, the PD achieves a low dark current of 3.74nAcm-2 at -0.2V, a fast response speed of <10 µs, and a detectivity of exceeding 1012 Jones. Furthermore, a bioinspired retinotopic system for spontaneous chromatic adaptation is achieved without any optical filter. This charge management strategy opens up possibilities for surpassing the limitations of photodetection and enables the realization of high-purity, compact image sensors with exceptional spatial resolution and accurate color reproduction.

High-performance self-driven ultraviolet-visible photodetector based on type-II WS2/ReSe2 van der Waals heterostructure

Van der Waals (vdWs) heterojunctions constructed by varied two-dimensional materials provide a broader platform over traditional semiconductors to fabricate high-performance optoelectronic devices due to their superior optoelectronic properties. This paper demonstrates a photodetector based on WS2/ReSe2 vdWs heterostructure with photovoltaic effect. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) confirms a type-II band alignment of the p-n junction with a conduction band offset of approximately 0.1 eV and a valence band offset of 0.78 eV. The photoresponse characteristics indicate that the device operates in photovoltaic mode under 350 nm illumination and photoconductive mode at 638 nm, respectively. Under 350 nm illumination, this photovoltaic device exhibits the extraordinary photoresponsivity of 2.78 mA/W and the specific detectivity of 1.05 × 1010 Jones in self-powered mode, and the corresponding values are 1.35 A/W and 5.88 × 1011 Jones under external bias, indicating synergistic development of the photoresponsivity and detection. In contrast, the photodetector shows ultrafast rise/decay times of 4/5 µs at 350 nm and a fast response speed of 50/55 µs at 638 nm, which is significantly rapider than most self-driven photodetectors currently published. Therefore, this work provides an ideal platform for the formation of high-performance photovoltaic device based on WS2/ReSe2 vdWs heterojunctions.

Study on load tracking characteristics of closed Brayton conversion liquid metal cooled space nuclear power system

It is vital to output the required electrical power following various task requirements when the space reactor power supply is operating in orbit. The dynamic performance of the closed Brayton cycle thermoelectric conversion system is initially studied and analyzed. Based on this, a load tracking power regulation method is developed for the liquid metal cooled space reactor power system, which takes into account the inlet temperature of the lithium on the hot side of the intermediate heat exchanger, the filling quantity of helium and xenon, and the input amount of the heat pipe radiator module. After comparing several methods, a power regulation method with fast response speed and strong system stability is obtained. Under various changes in power output, the dynamic response characteristics of the ultra-small liquid metal lithium-cooled space reactor concept scheme are analyzed. The transient operation process of 70 % load power shows that core power variation is within 30 % and core coolant temperature can operate at the set safety temperature. The second loop's helium-xenon working fluid has a 65K temperature change range and a 25 % filling quantity. The lithium at the radiator loop outlet changes by less than ±7 K, and the system's main key parameters change as expected, indicating safety. The core system uses less power during 30 % load power transient operation. According to the response characteristics of various system parameters, under low power operation conditions, the lithium working fluid temperature of the radiator circuit and the high-temperature heat pipe operation temperature are limiting conditions for low-power operation, and multiple system parameters must be coordinated to ensure that the radiator system does not condense the lithium working fluid and the heat pipe.

Fabric electromagnetic actuators

Soft electromagnetic actuators have important applications in fields, such as soft robots, human–machine interaction, and biomedicine, owing to their fast response speed, high driving efficiency, and large driving force. However, there are persistent challenges in the development of high-performance soft electromagnetic actuators that are light, thin, low-cost, controllable, and efficient. In this study, we propose a fabric electromagnetic actuator (FEMA) based on copper-mesh hot-pressing technology, which exhibits the advantages of simple processing, fast preparation speed, low cost, thinness and flexibility, and strong reliability and repeatability. This process is suitable for the preparation of electromagnetic actuators for various fabrics, such as cotton, nylon, terylene, and silk. Furthermore, the static and dynamic control characteristics of one and two actuators were tested and analyzed. The FEMA exhibits excellent flexibility, shape controllability, and high-speed driving ability. The results of the correlation analysis provide theoretical support for the controlling of FEMAs. Finally, we developed a 3 × 1 array actuator and 2 × 2 array actuators based on a modular combination of FEMA units and achieved multi-mode motion control. Furthermore, a large-area FEMA was developed, demonstrating excellent shape adaptability and gripping ability. Our findings have significant implications for the advancement of lightweight electromagnetic actuators, and further studies on design concepts and multi-mode control could unveil even more potential applications.

Adaptive sliding mode tracking control of underwater vehicle-manipulator systems considering dynamic disturbance

This paper proposes an adaptive sliding mode tracking control method with a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO-ASMTC) to solve the trajectory tracking problem of the underwater vehicle-manipulator system (UVMS) in the presence of large dynamic uncertainties and severe external disturbances. The proposed NDO-ASMTC method employs an adaptive control law, an improved fractional-order sliding mode, and a nonlinear disturbance observer to achieve excellent tracking performance of the UVMS. To obtain a fast response speed in the sliding mode phase and eliminate static error in the reaching phase, a modified fractional-order sliding mode control scheme is proposed. An adaptive auto-tuning law of switching gains is presented to overcome the problem that the fixed switching gain may lead to obvious tracking performance degradation under lumped uncertainty. In addition, a nonlinear disturbance observer is implemented to maintain the robustness and stability of the control scheme under severe disturbances. Moreover, the proposed adaptive control scheme has been proved to be stable using the Lyapunov theorem. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed control scheme can meet the design requirements of the UVMS in terms of tracking accuracy, system stability, and interference attenuation under the application of external disturbances.

Ti3C2-MXene used to enhance response/recovery speed and thermal stability of acrylate copolymer humidity sensor under abnormal temperature changes

MXene is a typical kind of 2D material with high specific surface, electrial conductivity, self-lubrication and abundant surface groups, which has received wide attention in the fields of electrochemistry, lubrication, sensors and electromagnetic shielding. In this work, MXene-containing polymer matrix composites (MHMA@ Ti3C2) are prepared to enhance the humidity response properties of conventional polyacrylate humidity sensitive materials. The result shows that the humidity response curve of MHMA@ Ti3C2 humidityfilm shows good linearity (R2 = 0.9992) in the relative humidity range of 30–90 %RH, with a high sensitivity of 63.7 kΩ/%RH. Meanwhile, the humidity response/recovery time of the MHMA@ Ti3C2 humidity film shortened from 310 s/312 s to 30 s/35 s, resulting in a much faster response speed. The wet hysteresis was reduced from 2.1 %RH to 0.34 %RH, and the lowest temperature change coefficient was reduced from 0.60 %RH/℃ to 0.44 %RH/℃ compared with MHMA. In the composites, MXene component significantly enhances the electronic migration capability during the humidity response, which improved the humidity-sensitive properties of the composites, and at the same time enhanced the response speed and temperature change resistance of the composites.