Fast Response Speed Research Articles

In2Se3 nanoparticles for use in self-powered photoelectrochemical photodetectors

In this study, In2Se3 nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, In2Se3-based PEC PDs were prepared and the corresponding photoresponse was studied. The size of In2Se3 nanoparticles is about 271 nm. Self-powered In2Se3-based PEC PDs show good photoresponse in the visible light region (455–630 nm) with a high responsivity of 25.48 mA/W under 455 nm irradiation, fast response speed (100 ms), and good stability, which exceeds other reported selenides-based PEC PDs, indicating that In2Se3 nanoparticles PEC PDs have good application potential in underwater optoelectronic devices.

A New Sliding-Mode Observer-Based Deadbeat Predictive Current Control Method for Permanent Magnet Motor Drive

This article proposes a new deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) method based on a sliding-mode observer (SMO), which is applied in the field of permanent magnet motor control. A novel DPCC control method based on SMO is proposed according to the inherent issues of DPCC, which can effectively suppress internal parameter mismatch disturbances and external disturbances in the current loop. The mathematical model and derivation process of the proposed method are introduced. A simulation model is built and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. An experimental platform is built and the superiority of the proposed method is verified based on comparative experiments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has strong robustness to the motor parameter mismatch. Compared with extended state observer (ESO) and adaptive observer (AO), the proposed algorithm has faster response speed and higher steady-state accuracy.

Two-dimensional CuSe nanosheet array for high-performance photoelectrochemical photodetector using simulated seawater as electrolyte

Photoelectrochemical-type (PEC) photodetectors (PDs) show great promise in underwater optoelectronic devices, but most reports of PEC PDs use acid or basic solutions as electrolytes, hindering their practical application in marine scenarios. In this letter, we reported high-performance 2D CuSe-based PEC PDs with use of the electrolyte of simulated seawater for the first time. The 2D CuSe nanosheet array (NSA) is synthesized by a facile electrodeposition method. The PEC PDs based on 2D CuSe NAS has a superior responsivity of 9.5 mA/W for 455 nm light in the simulated seawater, and exhibits a broadband photoresponse in 365–850 nm, surpassing most TMCs-based PEC PDs. The superior photoresponse originates from the vertical NSA structure, providing more interfacial active sites and higher light absorption. In addition, 2D CuSe NSA-based PEC PDs possess self-powered ability, fast response speed, good stability, and underwater optical communication capability. This work demonstrates the great potential of 2D CuSe NSA in PEC-type optoelectronic devices.

Carbon nanotubes for optimizing response stability and speed of acrylate hybrid copolymers humidity sensor

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one‐dimensional nanomaterials with a hollow structure, high specific surface area and excellent chemical conductivity, which show great potential for application in the field of humidity‐sensitive responsive materials and humidity sensors. In this paper, CNTs were composited with a hybrid copolymer (HAC) of octavinyl POSS/acrylate to prepare the hybrid copolymer composites HAC/CNTs and their humidity sensors, which demonstrated exceptional thermal stability and fast response speed. Among them, acrylic resin serves as a humidity‐sensitive material; POSS introduce a stable three‐dimensional cage skeleton structure to the material; and CNTs are used as conductive fillers, which further enhance the stability of the material, as well as improve the sensitivity and humidity‐sensitive response speed of the material. The experimental findings indicate that the HAC/8.0% CNTs composite material exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 119.94 KΩ/%RH within the humidity range of 11%–95%RH. Compared with HAC, HAC/8.0% CNTs demonstrate a significant reduction in response/recovery time from 16.0 s/70.0 s to 0.8 s/80.0 s, representing a considerable improvement in response speed; the wet hysteresis is reduced from 0.88 %RH to 0.77 %RH; and the temperature change coefficient is reduced from 0.035 %RH/°C to 0.008 %RH/°C over the temperature range of 20–60°C, indicating superior stability against temperature variation. Meanwhile, the humidity response mechanism of HAC/CNTs was discussed by using complex impedance spectrum. The hybrid copolymer composites, HAC/CNTs, that were prepared in this study have tremendous potential in the development of advanced, high‐performance, and miniaturizable humidity sensing technologies.Highlights A hybrid copolymer composite humidity‐sensitive material HAC/CNTs is prepared. HAC/CNTs are compounds consisting of CNTs and POSS/acrylate hybrid copolymer. POSS improve the skeleton structural stability of acrylic resins. CNTs enhance the sensitivity and response speed of humidity sensor. The HAC/8.0% CNTs have higher response stability and faster response speed.

Integrated GaN Prism Array Self‐Powered Photodetector on Si for Ultraviolet Imaging and Communication

AbstractTo realize the advantageous combination of microelectronic integrated circuit technology and photonic technology, the development of high‐speed, low‐power, and chip‐integrated photodetection devices is extremely critical. Here, a large‐scale on‐chip integration photodetector array on a Si wafer consisting of 21×21 GaN p‐n homojunction pixels is prepared. The GaN homojunction subunit has significant photovoltaic performance at a bias voltage of 0 V, including high responsivity of 229.5 mA W−1, outstanding specific detectivity of 2.46×1013 Jones (360 nm, 45.7 µW cm−2), and fast response speed of 240/290 µs. Especially, external quantum efficiency can reach 94% in the faint UV illumination at 0 V bias. The excellent photoresponse is confirmed by finite element analysis, which is resulted from an oversized built‐in potential at the p‐n homojunction interface. For exploring potential practical applicability of the device, the full range of active pixels is statistically analyzed. It is confirmed that the small relative deviation of the GaN array is extremely favorable for obtaining high‐resolution imaging capability. Moreover, the prepared device can be used as an optical data receiver for UV optical communication. With compatibility and integrability to Si‐based optoelectronics platforms, the devices are appealing for sensing, imaging and communications.

A highly-sensitive wearable capacitance pressure sensor based on calcium copper titanate/polydimethysiloxane/graphene oxide and polydimethysiloxane/silver nanowires sanwich strustures combination for human body monitoring

In recent years, flexible pressure sensors, with their high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide working pressure range and fast response speed, have been playing an important role in the development of wearable artificial devices, human-computer interaction and healthcare systems, and have attracted wide attention. However, the pressure sensors face challenges related to the weak tightness of bipolar materials, low charge density, and limitation in dielectric layers. In this paper, we present a novel configuration of flexible capacitive pressure sensors, utilizing a polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) thin film covered by silver nanowires (PDMS/SN, PSN) as the electrode materials and a porous material composed of calcium copper titanate (@CCTO), PDMS and graphene oxide (GO)(@CCTO/PDMS/GO, @CPG) as the positive electrode material. The sacrificial material, sugar, is employed to create dense internal pores within the substrate material, @CPG, leading to the formation of a profoundly porous substrate. The integration of the flexible capacitive pressure sensor using @CPG/PSN results in enhanced output performance. The modified sensors achieves a sensitivity of 0.22 kPa−1, which is 7 times higher than that of a pure PDMS dielectric layer sensor. Moreover, the sensors has a response time of 87 ms, a low detection pressure of 5 Pa with an extensive detection range from 0 to 150 kPa, and are capable of enduring 7200 cycles without sustaining damage. To validate the practical performance of the @CPG/PSN sensor, various human body activities are detected, including swallowing, coughing, neck bending, wrist bending, elbow bending, finger flexing, and holding objects like cups using a digitally designed glove capable of accommodating different materials. The pressure sensor based on @CPG/PSN demonstrates significant promise in detecting both low and high pressures, thus expanding the potential applications of capacitive pressure sensors.

Broadband all-polymer photodetectors with ultrahigh detectivity above 1014 Jones enabled by fine-tuned molecular stacking via facile random terpolymerization

All-polymer photodetectors (all-PPDs) show great potential in the next generation of electronic devices. In order to achieve stable high-performance all-PPDs, the balance between the ordered molecular stacking of a single polymer and the miscibility of donor/acceptor is a key issue. N2200 is a typical acceptor polymer with excessive self-aggregation, and regulating the molecular stacking rationally of N2200 is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a facile approach of terpolymerization to solve the dilemma by introducing the small amount of ITIC unit as a “crystal defect” into over self-assembled N2200 to synthesize a new terpolymer NTI. Compared with N2200, NTI shows higher light absorption coefficient and higher LUMO energy level. Notably, the crystallinity of NTI and the miscibility of J71/NTI are remarkably balanced, leading to better film morphology and more balanced carrier mobility of the active layer. Therefore, the J71:NTI device features an ultrahighspecific detectivity (D*) of 1.2 × 1014 Jones, a fast response speed of 1.31/2.50 μs, and a large linear dynamic range of 105 dB under −0.1 V bias. To our knowledge, it is the highestD* for all-PPDs reported. Furthermore, J71:NTI device shows better spectral response stability over 30 days and was successfully applied as the human real-time blood oxygen signal monitor. This work demonstrates a facile approach to balance the ordered molecular stacking and the miscibility enabling stable high-performance all-PPDs.

High-Performance Airflow Sensors Based on Suspended Ultralong Carbon Nanotube Crossed Networks.

Airflow sensors are in huge demand in many fields such as the aerospace industry, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, chemical and biological engineering, health monitoring, wearable smart devices, etc. However, traditional airflow sensors can hardly meet the requirements of these applications in the aspects of sensitivity, response speed, detection threshold, detection range, and power consumption. Herein, this work reports high-performance airflow sensors based on suspended ultralong carbon nanotube (CNT) crossed networks (SCNT-CNs). The unique topologies of SCNT-CNs with abundant X junctions can fully exhibit the extraordinary intrinsic properties of ultralong CNTs and significantly improve the sensing performance and robustness of SCNT-CNs-based airflow sensors, which simultaneously achieved high sensitivity, fast response speed, low detection threshold, and wide detection range. Moreover, the capability for encapsulation also guaranteed the practicality of SCNT-CNs, enabling their applications in respiratory monitoring, flow rate display and transient response analysis. Simulations were used to unveil the sensing mechanisms of SCNT-CNs, showing that the piezoresistive responses were mainly attributed to the variation of junction resistances. This work shows that SCNT-CNs have many superiorities in the fabrication of advanced airflow sensors as well as other related applications.

Ultrasensitive Biomimetic Skin with Multimodal and Photoelectric Dual-Signal Sensing.

Mimicking biological skin enabling direct, intelligent interaction between users and devices, multimodal sensing with optical/electrical (OE) output signals is urgently required. Owing to this, this work aims to logically design a stretchable OE biomimetic skin (OE skin), which can sensitively sense complex external stimuli of pressure, strain, temperature, and localization. The OE skin consists of elastic thin polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal films, an ion-conductive hydrogel layer, and an elastic protective membrane formed with thin polydimethylsiloxane. The as-designed OE skin exhibits customizable structural color on demand, good thermochromism, and excellent mechanochromism, with the ability to extend the full visible spectrum, a good linearity of over 0.99, fast response speed of 93 ms, and wide temperature range of 119 °C. In addition, the conduction resistance variation of ion-conductive hydrogel exhibits excellent sensing capabilities under pressure, stretch, and temperature, endowing a good linearity of 0.99998 (stretching from 0 to 150%) and high thermal sensitivity of 0.86% per °C. Such an outstanding OE skin provides design concepts for the development of multifunctional biomimetic skin used in human-machine interaction and can find wide applications in intelligent wearable devices and human-machine interactions.

Control and physical verification of 6-DOF manipulator for power inspection robots based on expert PID algorithm

To enhance the performance of power inspection robots in intricate nuclear power stations, it is necessary to improve their response speed and accuracy. This paper uses the manipulator of the power inspection robot as the primary research object, and unlike previous control algorithm research, which only remained in the software simulation stage, we constructed a set of physical verification platforms based on CAN communication and physically verified the robotic arm’s control algorithm. First, the forward motion model is established based on the geometric structure of the manipulator and D-H parameter method, and the kinematic equation of the manipulator is solved by combining geometric method and algebraic method. Secondly, in order to conduct comparison tests, we designed PID controllers and expert PID controllers by utilising the expertise of experts. The results show that compared with the traditional PID algorithm, the expert PID algorithm has a faster response speed in the control process of the manipulator. It converges quickly in 0.75 s and has a smaller overshoot, with a maximum of only 6.9%. This confirms the expert PID algorithm’s good control effect on the robotic arm, allowing the six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm to travel more accurately and swiftly along the trajectory of the target point.

High-Performance Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on an In2O3 Nanocube Film.

Ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) have attracted significant attention due to their wide range of applications, such as underwater communication, biological analysis, and early fire warning systems. Indium oxide (In2O3) is a candidate for developing high-performance photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type UV PDs owing to its high UV absorption and good stability. However, the self-powered photoresponse of the previously reported In2O3-based PEC UV PDs is unsatisfactory. In this work, high-performance self-powered PEC UV PDs were constructed by using an In2O3 nanocube film (NCF) as a photoanode. In2O3 NCF photoanodes were synthesized on FTO by using hydrothermal methods with a calcining process. The influence of the electrolyte concentration, bias potential, and irradiation light on the photoresponse properties was systematically studied. In2O3 NCF PEC UV PDs exhibit outstanding self-powered photoresponses to 365 nm UV light with a high responsivity of 44.43 mA/W and fast response speed (20/30 ms) under zero bias potential, these results are superior to those of previously reported In2O3-based PEC UV PDs. The improved self-powered photoresponse is attributed to the higher photogenerated carrier separation efficiency and faster charge transport of the in-situ grown In2O3 NCF. In addition, these PDs exhibit excellent multicycle stability, maintaining the photocurrent at 98.69% of the initial value after 700 optical switching cycles. Therefore, our results prove the great promise of In2O3 in self-powered PEC UV PDs.

A Dual Mode MoTe2/WS2/WSe2 Double Van der Waals Heterojunctions Phototransistor for Optical Imaging and Communication

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, formed by stacking different two‐dimensional (2D) materials, have emerged as a promising platform for next‐generation optoelectronic devices through band engineering. While various all‐2D and mixed‐dimensional heterojunction phototransistors based on p–n junctions or Schottky junctions have been developed, their performance, often constrained by the trade‐off between responsivity (R) and response speed, limits their widespread application. Here, a dual‐mode phototransistor based on a MoTe2/WS2/WSe2 double vdW heterostructure is designed. The bottom WSe2 layer effectively modulates the entire MoTe2/WS2 heterojunction channel, enabling both photoconductive and photovoltaic modes with exceptional optoelectronic properties in a single device. Specifically, the proposed device exhibits a maximum R of 2540 A W−1 and an impressive specific detectivity of 8 × 1012 Jones under the photoconductive mode. Under the photovoltaic mode, it achieves a fast response speed of 35.3/49.1 µs and a high light on/off ratio of 2 × 105. Additionally, the device exhibits latent potential for high‐resolution imaging across various wavelengths and fast optical communication. This work offers a rational alternative for achieving dual‐mode photodetection and highlights its promising application prospects in imaging and optical communication.

EMOTION RECOGNITION FROM HEART RATE VARIABILITY WITH A HYBRID SYSTEM COMBINED HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL AND POINCARE PLOT

The best emotion recognition system based on physiological signals with a simple operatory should have higher accuracy and fast response speed. This paper aims to develop an emotion recognition system using a novel hybrid system based on Hidden Markov Model and Poincare plot. For this purpose, an electrocardiogram from the MAHNOB-HCI database was used. A novel feature extraction from a hybrid system combining Hidden Markov Model and Poincare plot was presented. The authors extracted time and frequency domain features from heart rate variability, and used two central hybrid systems, the Support Vector Machine/ Hidden Markov Model and the Hidden Markov Model/ Poincare Plot. Finally, the support vector machine was used as a classifier to classify emotions into positive and negative. The proposed method showed a classification accuracy of 95.02 ± 1.97 % overall. Also, the computing time of the method is around 163 milliseconds. The key of this paper is in the use of hybrid machines to improve accuracy without high computation time. This method can be used as a real-time system due to the low computation time and can be developed in many fields, such as medical examination and security systems.

Inhibiting the phase transition of WO3 for highly stable aqueous electrochromic battery

Aqueous electrochromic battery (ECB) has shown intense potential for achieving energy storage and saving simultaneously. While tungsten oxide (WO3) is the most promising EC material for commercialization, the cycling stability of WO3-based aqueous ECBs is currently unsatisfactory due to the repeated phase transition during the redox process and the corrosion by acidic electrolytes. Herein, we present a titanium-tungsten oxide alloy (Ti-WO3) with controllable morphology and crystal phase synthesized by a facile hot injection method to overcome the challenges. In contrast to conventional monoclinic WO3, the Ti-WO3 nanorods can stably maintain their cubic crystal phase during the redox reaction in an acidic electrolyte, thus leading to dramatically enhanced response speed and cycling stability. Specifically, when working in a well-matched hybrid Al3+/Zn2+ aqueous electrolyte, our phase-transition-free cubic Ti-WO3 exhibits an ultra-high cycling stability (>20000 cycles), fast response speed (3.95 s/4.65 s for bleaching/coloring), as well as excellent discharge areal capacity of 214.5 mA h m−2. We further fabricate a fully complementary aqueous electrochromic device, for the first time, using a Ti-WO3/Prussian blue device architecture. Remarkably, the complementary ECB shows >10000 stable operation cycles, attesting to the feasibility of our Ti-WO3 for practical applications. Our work validates the significance of inhibiting the phase transitions of WO3 during the electrochromic process for realizing highly cyclable aqueous ECB, which can possibly provide a generalized design guidance for other high-quality metallic oxides for electrochemical applications.

Broadband Photodetection of Centimeter-Scale T-Phase Gallium Telluride Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have recently attracted considerable attention due to their promising applications in future integrated electronic and optoelectronic devices. Large-scale synthesis of high-quality 2D semiconductors is an increasingly essential requirement for practical applications, such as sensing, imaging, and communications. In this work, homogeneous 2D GaTe films on a centimeter scale are epitaxially grown on fluorphlogopite mica substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The epitaxial GaTe thin films showed an atomically 2D layered lattice structure with a T phase, which has not been discovered in the GaTe geometric isomer. Furthermore, semiconducting behavior and high mobility above room temperature were found in T-GaTe epitaxial films, which are essential for application in semiconducting devices. The T-GaTe-based photodetectors demonstrated respectable photodetection performance with a responsivity of 13 mA/W and a fast response speed. By introducing monolayer graphene as the substrate, we successfully realized high-quality GaTe/graphene heterostructures. The performance has been significantly improved, such as the responsivity was enhanced more than 20 times. These results highlight a feasible scheme for exploring the crystal phase of 2D GaTe and realizing the controlled growth of GaTe films on large substrates, which could promote the development of broadband, high-performance, and large-scale photodetection applications.

A Self‐Powered Photodetector Based on Graphene Enhanced WSe2/PtSe2 Heterodiode with Fast Speed and Broadband Response

AbstractNarrow bandgap 2D layered material platinum selenide (PtSe2) with good environmental stability, high carrier mobility, and high light absorption, has been widely investigated for uncooled midwave‐infrared (MWIR) photodetection. However, the phototransistor based on the PtSe2 operation at room temperature suffered from the high dark current and background noise. Here, a graphene (G)‐enhanced G‐WSe2/PtSe2 hetero‐diode placed on a metal electrode is reported. To enhance the photogain, a graphene layer placed on the WSe2/PtSe2 heterodiode as a local gating layer is designed. The device exhibits an ultra‐high light on/off ratio of up to 108 and ultra‐fast photoresponse speed with raising time τr = 0.9 µs and decay time of τd = 1.5 µs in the visible spectra range. Notably, ultrabroad band photoresponse from 405 to 3366 nm is demonstrated under the self‐power model. Notably, the device presented a competitive photovoltaic effect with a high energy conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.45%. The results pave the way toward a new approach to tuning the performance of the atomic thin layered materials photodetector.

Oxygen vacancies modulating performance for Ga2O3 solar-blind photodetectors via low-cost mist chemical vapor deposition

The wide bandgap and excellent chemical and physical properties of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) make it an ideal and natural material for solar-blind photodetectors (SBPDs). However, the development of Ga2O3-based SBPDs in practical applications was hindered by intrinsic oxygen vacancies (VO) in Ga2O3 films, high process requirements, and expensive equipment. Here, VO concentration in the films can be regulated by the introducing of O2 in the carrier gases using the mist chemical vapor deposition (Mist-CVD), which has the benefits of low cost, vacuum-free, and easy procedure. The high-performance Ga2O3 films exhibit a single-crystal tendency and low VO concentration under the Ar (1 L/min) and O2 (0.5 L/min) flow rates at 600 °C. The photodetectors exhibit a large photo-to-dark current ratio of 3.0 × 107, a high specific detectivity of 3.06 ×1011 Jones, and a fast response speed of 0.528/0.158 s at 500 μWcm−2 light intensities at 5 V. The mechanism of VO regulation in Ga2O3 films was demonstrated by adjusting the carrier gas flow rates. We also clarified the effect of VO on the dark current and photocurrents of the devices. The low-cost and straightforward Mist-CVD can provide an effective method to grow high-quality Ga2O3 films, further facilitating their practical application.

The Effect of Sputtering Target Density on the Crystal and Electronic Structure of Epitaxial BaTiO3 Thin Films

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a promising material for silicon-integrated photonics due to its large electro-optical coefficients, low loss, high refractive index, and fast response speed. Several deposition methods have been employed to synthesize BaTiO3 films. Magnetron sputtering is one of these methods, which offers specific advantages for growing large-scale films. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the effect of sputtering target density on the quality of BaTiO3 films. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the effect of sputtering targets on the crystal and electronic structures of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films. Two BaTiO3 ceramic targets were sintered at different densities by altering the sintering temperatures. The crystal structure and chemical composition of the targets were then characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Subsequently, BaTiO3 epitaxial films were grown by magnetron sputtering using these two targets. The crystal and electronic structures of the BaTiO3 films were analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Notably, the BaTiO3 films grown with high-density targets show superior quality but contain oxygen vacancies, whereas those films synthesized with low-density targets display high surface roughness. These findings provide insights into the effect of sputtering target density on the crystal and electronic structures of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films.

Design of MFAC greenhouse temperature controller based on LESO with disturbance estimation and fuzzy controller with parameter tuning

The proper temperature is essential for the growth and development of greenhouse crops. Therefore, it is necessary to determine an appropriate greenhouse temperature automatic control strategy. In this paper, a model-free adaptive greenhouse temperature control strategy is proposed by combining a linear extended state observer and a fuzzy controller. Specifically, the linear extended state observer is introduced to estimate model approximation error generated by pseudo gradient estimation. The fuzzy controller is used to correct the system parameter ρ online. The simulation results show that when there is no disturbance, compared with the typical model-free adaptive scheme, the MAE and RMSE of the greenhouse temperature control scheme proposed in this paper are reduced by 57.55% and 5.40% respectively. In the presence of custom disturbances, the proposed control scheme still has a faster response speed, stronger robustness, and higher control accuracy. And the proposed method can reduce the frequent action of the actuator, thus effectively reducing the energy cost.

Optimization Scheme of Measuring Accuracy of Bearing Seat Size Based on Machine Vision

At present, the size measurement of industrial workpieces is mainly manual measurement and CMM measurement, which cannot meet the requirements of high precision, high efficiency and low error rate in industrial production at the same time. In order to solve the above problems, this paper uses monocular vision technology to propose an optimization scheme of workpiece size measurement accuracy based on machine vision, which takes the height and declination Angle between the camera lens and the workpiece as variables. Firstly, the image was captured by camera calibration correction, and morphological methods such as gray-scale, denoising, expansion and corrosion were used for image pre-processing. Secondly, features were extracted using double-threshold canny edge detection algorithm and connected domain algorithm. Finally, the bearing seat size was measured using the minimum external rectangle algorithm. The experiment shows that the higher the distance between the camera lens and the stage, the larger the error is when the image information can be collected completely. The greater the Angle between the center of the camera lens and the center of the workpiece, the greater the error; The device not only meets the precision requirements, but also has the advantages of fast response speed, which can meet the needs of industrial applications.