Fast Measurement Time Research Articles

Machine-learning-based diabetes classification method using blood flow oscillations and Pearson correlation analysis of feature importance

Abstract Diabetes is a global health issue affecting millions of people and is related to high morbidity and mortality rates. Current diagnostic methods are primarily invasive, involving blood sampling, which can lead to infection and increased patient stress. As a result, there is a growing need for noninvasive diabetes diagnostic methods that are both accurate and fast. High measurement accuracy and fast measurement time are essential for effective noninvasive diabetes diagnosis; these can be achieved using diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) systems and artificial intelligence algorithms. In this study, we use a machine learning algorithm to analyze rat blood flow signals measured using a DSCA system with simple operation, easy fabrication, and fast measurement for helping diagnose diabetes. The results confirmed that the machine learning algorithm for analyzing blood flow oscillation data shows good potential for diabetes classification. Furthermore, analyzing the blood flow reactivity test revealed that blood flow signals can be quickly measured for diabetes classification. Finally, we evaluated the influence of each blood flow oscillation data on diabetes classification through feature importance and Pearson correlation analysis. The results of this study should provide a basis for the future development of hemodynamic-based disease diagnostic methods.

Fast-timing measurements of nuclear lifetimes in the Z ~ 50 region

Fast-timing measurements of nuclear lifetimes in the Z ~ 50 region

Development of a plastic scintillator based and SiPM readout detector for high-precision fast-timing measurements at rosphere array

We report on the development of a custom particle detection system that aims to improve the detection capabilities of the ROSPHERE array. The detector is designed specifically for lifetime measurements using the in-beam Fast-timing method for nuclear states in nuclides produced in nuclear transfer reactions. An 80 x 3.6 mm disc of BC400 plastic scintillator was coupled to a sparse SiPM array readout connected to a dedicated Front End Electronics board. The detector was tested versus a conical LaBr3(Ce) coupled to a Hamamatsu PMT readout. The timing measurements resulted in a resolution of 896(5) ps. The detector design, characteristics, and performances are presented in this paper along with future improvements.

Online evolution of a phased array for ultrasonic imaging by a novel adaptive data acquisition method

Ultrasonic imaging, using ultrasonic phased arrays, has an enormous impact in science, medicine and society and is a widely used modality in many application fields. The maximum amount of information which can be captured by an array is provided by the data acquisition method capturing the complete data set of signals from all possible combinations of ultrasonic generation and detection elements of a dense array. However, capturing this complete data set requires long data acquisition time, large number of array elements and transmit channels and produces a large volume of data. All these reasons make such data acquisition unfeasible due to the existing phased array technology or non-applicable to cases requiring fast measurement time. This paper introduces the concept of an adaptive data acquisition process, the Selective Matrix Capture (SMC), which can adapt, dynamically, to specific imaging requirements for efficient ultrasonic imaging. SMC is realised experimentally using Laser Induced Phased Arrays (LIPAs), that use lasers to generate and detect ultrasound. The flexibility and reconfigurability of LIPAs enable the evolution of the array configuration, on-the-fly. The SMC methodology consists of two stages: a stage for detecting and localising regions of interest, by means of iteratively synthesising a sparse array, and a second stage for array optimisation to the region of interest. The delay-and-sum is used as the imaging algorithm and the experimental results are compared to images produced using the complete generation-detection data set. It is shown that SMC, without a priori knowledge of the test sample, is able to achieve comparable results, while preforming ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim$$\\end{document}10 times faster data acquisition and achieving ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim$$\\end{document} 10 times reduction in data size.

Lifetime of the \(^{99}\)Rh \(7/2_1^+\) State from Fast-timing Measurements

Lifetime of the \(^{99}\)Rh \(7/2_1^+\) State from Fast-timing Measurements

Performance comparison of various electronics systems for fast-timing measurements using the KHALA LaBr3(Ce) detector array

IDATEN collaboration has been formed by the joint effort between the KHALA in Korea and FATIMA in Europe to perform the fast-timing measurements with the largest LaBr3(Ce) detector array at RIBF of RIKEN, Japan. For precise timing detection in a large detector system, the data-acquisition system with complex correlations and large data throughput is required. The results of the benchmark tests for three different systems using standard radioactive sources are compared in the energy resolution, the timing resolution, and the prompt response curves. The characteristics of the three different systems are examined to choose the DAQ systems for KHALA and IDATEN.

Brho -defined isochronous mass spectrometry and mass measurements of ^{58}Ni fragments

A novel isochronous mass spectrometry, termed as Brho -defined IMS, has been established at the experimental cooler-storage ring CSRe in Lanzhou. Its potential has been studied through high precision mass measurements of ^{58}Ni projectile fragments. Two time-of-flight detectors were installed in one of the straight sections of CSRe, thus enabling simultaneous measurements of the velocity and the revolution time of each stored short-lived ion. This allows for calculating the magnetic rigidity Brho and the orbit length C of each ion. The accurate Brho (C) function has been constructed, which is a universal calibration curve used to deduce the masses of the stored nuclides. The sensitivity to single stored ions, fast measurement time, and background-free characteristics of the method are ideally suited to address nuclides with very short lifetimes and smallest production yields. In the limiting case of just a single particle, the achieved mass resolving power allows one to determine its mass-over-charge ratio m/q with a remarkable precision of merely sim 5 keV. Masses of T_z=-3/2fp-shell nuclides are re-determined with high accuracy, and the validity of the isospin multiplet mass equation is tested up to the heaviest isospin quartet with A=55. The new masses are also used to investigate the mirror symmetry of empirical residual proton-neutron interactions.

Fast-timing Measurement in \(^{96}\)Pd: Improved Accuracy for the Lifetime of the \(4_1^{+}\) State

Fast-timing Measurement in \(^{96}\)Pd: Improved Accuracy for the Lifetime of the \(4_1^{+}\) State

Speedy evaluation of simulated Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) on Rice by a non-invasive technique

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the world's worst wastewater pollutions, and it causes a massive threat to crop. In this study, as a way to speedily monitor the effects of AMD on rice and non-destructively, we have used a technique called biospeckle Optical Coherence Tomography (bOCT)and measured after exposing to 40 ml/L and 80 ml/L simulated AMD for 24, 48 and 72 hours and compared the results with conventional physical such as root and shoot lengths and physiological parameters such as enzymes. Comparison revealed that the effects due to the AMD could be seen within 48hrs by bOCT with a decrease in a parameter called bisopeckle contrast which reflects the internal activity of the seeds in comparison to the physical (shoot and root lengths) and physiological parameters such as seed vigor, antioxidative system, iron uptake that appear only after 7 to 10 days. Despite the fast measurement time bOCT, the results agree with conventional indicators with both showing the same tendency. Due to the nature of the non-invasiveness of bOCT and also the possibility of speedy measurements, we expect bOCT has the potential to become an invaluable tool in agriculture not only for investigating the effects of AMD but also pave ways for speedily evaluating the influence of AMD.

The Development of SiPM-Based Fast Time-of-Flight Detector for the AMS-100 Experiment in Space

AMS-100 is the next-generation high-energy cosmic-ray experiment in Space. It is designed as a magnetic spectrometer with a geometrical acceptance of 100 m2 · sr to be operated for ten years at the Sun–Earth Lagrange Point 2. Its Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector is a crucial sub-detector for the main trigger and the particle identification constructed from individual scintillation counters. A fast time measurement with a resolution of 20 ps for a single counter is required to cover wide energy ranges for particle identification. A prototype counter has been designed based on a fast plastic scintillator tile readout by two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). An amplifier board was built to merge 16 SiPM channels into four readout channels in a hybrid connection. The signals are read out by a fast waveform digitizer. The timing performance was studied with electrons from a 90Sr source. A time resolution of 40 ps for a single counter has been achieved. Various operational and environmental conditions have been studied.

Characterization of AD pathology based on plasma biomarkers measured by a fully automated immunoassay system (HISCLTM series)

AbstractBackgroundThere have been a lot of studies on classification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on its pathological process. These pathological changes have been defined by the ATN classification system (A : amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, T : pathogenic tau, N : neurodegeneration) based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels or neuroimaging. In order to promote research and practical application, it is necessary to develop a cost effective and minimally invasive technology. Therefore, we have developed plasma Aβ1‐40, Aβ1‐42, threonine‐181 phosphorylated tau (p‐tau181) and total‐tau immunoassay systems and reported that these plasma biomarkers levels were significantly different between AD and cognitively normal (CN). In this study we have measured biomarkers in other sample sets including mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and evaluated the performance in characterizing AD pathology, in the context of the ATN classification system.MethodWe measured commercially available plasma and CSF samples on the HISCLTM series, which can achieve high degrees of sensitivity and fast measurement times of 17 minutes, requiring only 10 to 30 µl of samples. The concentration of plasma and CSF biomarkers levels (Aβ1‐40, Aβ1‐42, p‐tau181, total‐tau) were measured and the significance of the difference between AD, MCI and CN groups was assessed.ResultThe AD group had lower Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 ratio and higher levels of p‐tau181 and t‐tau compared to MCI or CN groups. The levels of plasma biomarkers in MCI group showed wide distribution compared to AD or CN group, suggesting these plasma biomarkers reflect the various pathological states of dementia in MCI patients. This might indicate that our plasma biomarker measurement systems represent characterization of AD pathological processes.ConclusionOur assay system revealed that the distribution of plasma biomarkers showed characteristic distribution in AD, MCI and CN groups, respectively. This result may indicate the possibility of practical diagnosis of AD pathology based on plasma biomarker ATN classification system. We aim to continue to measure other clinical sample sets for evaluation of the usefulness and universality of plasma biomarkers.

Shape coexistence scenario in Sm150 from a γ−γ fast-timing measurement

Lifetimes are measured for low lying states of $^{150}\mathrm{Sm}$, populated from ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay of $^{150}\mathrm{Pm}$ produced through $(p,n)$ reactions with a $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$ target. The VENTURE array comprising of eight fast ${\mathrm{CeBr}}_{3}$ detectors is used for lifetime measurement with $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ fast timing technique. The lifetime of ${0}_{3}^{+}$ level of $^{150}\mathrm{Sm}$ is measured for the first time to be 36(10) ps. The ${0}_{3}^{+}$ level is found to have enhanced decay strengths to the ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}_{2}^{+}$ structure compared with ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}_{1}^{+}$. A high ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}(E0)$ strength for the ${0}_{3}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}_{2}^{+}$ decay confirms shape coexistence and shape mixing in $N=88\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{150}\mathrm{Sm}$.

A Simple Sensor System for Onsite Monitoring of O2 in Vacuum-Packed Meats during the Shelf Life.

Vacuum packaging (VP) is used to reduce exposure of retail meat samples to ambient oxygen (O2) and preserve their quality. A simple sensor system produced from commercial components is described, which allows for non-destructive monitoring of the O2 concentration in VP raw meat samples. Disposable O2 sensor inserts were produced by spotting small aliquots of the cocktail of the Pt–benzoporphyrin dye and polystyrene in ethyl acetate onto pieces of a PVDF membrane and allowing them to air-dry. These sensor dots were placed on top of the beef cuts and vacuum-packed. A handheld reader, FirestinGO2, was used to read nondestructively the sensor phase shift signals (dphi°) and relate them to the O2 levels in packs (kPa or %). The system was validated under industrial settings at a meat processing plant to monitor O2 in VP meat over nine weeks of shelf life storage. The dphi° readings from individual batch-calibrated sensors were converted into the O2 concentration by applying the following calibration equation: O2 (%) = 0.034 * dphi°2 − 3.413 * dphi° + 85.02. In the VP meat samples, the O2 levels were seen to range between 0.12% and 0.27%, with the sensor dphi signals ranging from 44.03° to 56.02°. The DIY sensor system demonstrated ease of use on-site, fast measurement time, high sample throughput, low cost and flexibility.

INTRAOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RESECTION MARGINS BASED ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY IN OCSCC SURGERY

<h3>Background</h3> In head and neck oncological surgery the goal is to achieve a complete tumor resection with acceptable remaining function and appearance. For oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) only 15% of the resections are reported as adequate. Since 2013, we have performed intraoperative assessment of resection margins (IOARM) in our institute, based on palpation and visual inspection of the resected specimens by pathologist and surgeon. This has resulted in an improvement of adequate resection margins from 15% to 50%, underlining the importance of IOARM. However, this method is subjective, labor intensive, and logistically challenging. <h3>Objective</h3> Our aim is to develop an objective method for fast and reliable IOARM based on Raman spectroscopy (RS). <h3>Methods</h3> RS is a non-destructive objective optical technique that provides information about the molecular composition of tissues. It can discriminate between healthy tissue and tumors. We developed a prototype Raman instrument employing a fiber-optic needle probe. The fiber-optic needle is driven into the OCSCC specimen, from the resection surface towards the tumor. Based on the Raman spectra collected along the insertion path, the location of the tumor border can be determined. From this the resection margin can be determined. <h3>Results</h3> First tests of the method show that the instrument accurately predicts the achieved resection margins. Per location the measurement and assessment takes 5 seconds. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This development signifies an important step towards a fast and objective IOARM. The fast measurement time enables an objective inspection of the margins achieved at a large number of locations of the resection surface.

A Different Method to Determine the Gamma-ray Linear Attenuation Coefficient

Gamma-ray linear attenuation coefficient values of Pb, Fe, and Al absorber materials were investigated. A fast coincidence timing measurement spectrometer was used for this purpose differently from other traditional spectrometers. A solid point 22Na positron source was utilized for the annihilation radiations. Obtained results were compared with those of XCOM program and literature values.

Analytical comparison of electrode configuration on 2D geoelectric method for identification of water seepage in the lake body

The geoelectric method is a geophysical method based on the resistivity value of the material. The resistivity value gives an overview of the structure found at the observation site. The electrode configurations used are the Dipole-Dipole, Wenner-Alpha, Wenner-Schlumberger, and Pole-Dipole. The analytical measurement was carried out in the lake body with a track length of 48 meters. From the measurement results, we obtained a seepage of water in the lake body with a resistivity value <5 Ohmmeters. The observation site is dominated by clay type structure, which is found almost in all of the results of the geoelectric electrode configuration. Based on the results of the structural overview shows that the type of electrode configuration has advantages and disadvantages. The Wenner-Schlumberger configuration is very detailed with per layer structure and distribution but has the longest measurement time. Dipole-Dipole configuration has the advantage of being very sensitive to changes in vertical structure and the fastest measurement time, but not very good in horizontal structures. The Wenner-Alpha method is very sensitive to horizontal structural changes and has a moderate measurement time, but less sensitive to vertical structure changes. The pole-dipole configuration has a fast time and a moderate level of sensitivity at shallow depth. Based on the results, the Dipole-Dipole method is highly recommended because of the fast measurement time and the position of seepage can be found easier than the other methods.

Microdroplet extraction assisted ultrasensitive Raman detection in complex oil.

The Raman detection of trace substances in complex oil is still a great challenge at present because of the strong disturbance of background activity and the suppression of intensity in spectra caused by complicated components. In this work, a simple and robust approach based on microdroplet liquid-liquid extraction for the real-time Raman spectroscopy monitoring of trace substances in complex oil is reported. Based on unbalanced chemical potentials between water and oil on a microfluidic chip, a target trace molecule is extracted from complex mineral oil to a water microdroplet. Benefiting from the real-time fluorescence intensities of fluorescein in a water microdroplet, the extraction performance is investigated and optimized. The optimal water microdroplet is implemented for the Raman detection of furfural in a complex mineral oil, a typical trace performance marker in electric power equipment, and this exhibits excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 26 ppb. Compared to traditional detection technology for trace substances in complex oil (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC), this method greatly simplified the process of measurement, reduced the volume of sample required, had a fast measurement time, and exhibited the prospect of real-time monitoring applications with high sensitivity, which not only promotes the development of oil quality but also enlarges existing knowledge related to using Raman spectroscopy in chem-/bio-sensing.

Spatially Resolved Fast-Time Vibrometry Using Ultrawideband FMCW Radar Systems

Highly accurate vibrometry and ranging are important topics in the industrialized economy. Wherever optical measurement technology fails due to its high prices and vulnerability within harsh environments, millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar technology is well suited. This article introduces a signal processing chain for ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar. It uses fast-time measurement to evaluate the instantaneous phase, thus allowing for spatially resolved sensing of multiple simultaneously vibrating radar targets, faster than the chirp rate. In order to accomplish this, a sophisticated error model and a calibration scheme were derived. We used three FMCW radar systems covering a broad range of the mmWave spectrum to demonstrate the signal processing approach. In contrast to the commonly used slow-time measurement principle, the highest detectable frequency was improved from 55 Hz to at least 16 kHz, which is the upper limit of the audio range. Up to 10 kHz could be measured with an underlying large-scale motion of 0.4 m/s, while the vibration displacement was at a minimum of 30 nm.

High-resolution energy and fast timing measurements for nuclear spectroscopy using digital signal processing

Simultaneous high-resolution energy and picosecond timing measurements have been established with an 8-channel, 14-bit, 500 MS/s digitizer coupled to semiconductor and scintillation radiation detectors, resulting in performance equivalent to that obtained with analog electronics. By interpolating between the 2 nanosecond time stamps associated with the sampling frequency, timing up to few tens of picoseconds is achieved. Energy resolution and linearity are determined to be excellent. Coincidence and precise lifetime measurements performed indicate the utility in complex gamma-ray spectroscopic studies.

Simple and fast field curvature measurement by depth from defocus using electrowetting liquid lens

Field curvature, also called “Petzval field curvature,” is a defect in the lens in which the object of a flat plane is not focused on the image surface. Field curvature measurement is important in lens performance tests. This paper presents an electrowetting liquid lens based on the depth from defocus method for measuring field curvature. This method uses only a pair of defocused images for a patterned flat object, which are captured using the focus tuning function of the electrowetting liquid lens. Image processing for calculating field curvature is carried out using MATLAB. The results of the measurement experiment demonstrated high accuracy of the 12 µm root mean square error between the captured image surface and fitted curved image surface. There is no need for complex equipment such as lasers, microscopes, and telecentric systems. Because this system has no mechanical movement for focus tuning, it is simple and shows fast measurement time compared with other conventional methods.