Fast Shape Recovery Research Articles

Engineering PLA-MXene nanocomposite with balanced mechanical properties for enhanced shape memory effect

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) as shape memory material has gained attention due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of processing by 3D printing. PLA’s environmentally friendly nature makes it an attractive candidate for sustainable and recyclable shape memory applications. However, PLA’s slow shape recovery rate and low shape fixation percentage hinder its applicability as shape memory material. In the present study, we report MXene-modified PLA (PLA/Mx) nanocomposite with enhanced shape memory effect. Solution processing methods mediated the loading of the MXene in the PLA matrix. Different samples were prepared by varying the weight% of the MXene in the PLA matrix. The structure and morphology of samples were analyzed by XRD and TEM characterization. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to measure the thermal stability of the composite. Compared with pure PLA, with MXene loading, the PLA/Mx composites show an increase in thermal. The shape recovery study on PLA/Mx samples used temperature as an external stimulus. The PLA/Mx composite exhibited a significantly improved shape memory effect than the PLA alone. The study exhibits that a shape memory effect can be improved by tuning the MXene additive loading in the PLA matrix. The material shape recovery effect was validated by fabricating the spiral structure. The fast shape recovery time 3s and shape fixation/recovery of > 95% was observed for 1 wt% of PLA/Mx. The PLA/Mx composite is expected to contribute significantly to implementing innovative shape memory applications, particularly in the biomedical field for sutures, controlled drug release, and minimally invasive devices.

NIR-Responsive Deployable and Self-Fitting 4D-Printed Bone Tissue Scaffold.

The treatment of irregular-shaped and critical-sized bone defects poses a clinical challenge. Deployable, self-fitting tissue scaffolds that can be implanted by minimally invasive procedures are a promising solution. Toward this, we fabricated NIR-responsive and programmable polylactide-co-trimethylene carbonate (PLMC) scaffolds nanoengineered with polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA) by extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing. The 3D-printed scaffolds demonstrated excellent (>99%), fast (under 30 s), and tunable shape recovery under NIR irradiation. PLMC-PDA composites demonstrated significantly higher osteogenic potential in vitro as revealed by the significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion and mineral deposition in contrast to neat PLMC. Intraoperative deployability and in vivo bone regeneration ability of PLMC-PDA composites were demonstrated, using self-fitting scaffolds in critical-sized cranial bone defects in rabbits. The 3D-printed scaffolds were deformed into compact shapes that could self-fit into the defect shape intraoperatively under low power intensity (0.76 W cm-2) NIR. At 6 and 12 weeks postsurgical implantation, near-complete bone regeneration was observed in PLMC-PDA composites, unlike neat PLMC through microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. The potential clinical utility of the 3D-printed composites to secure complex defects was confirmed through self-fitting of the scaffolds into irregular defects in ex vivo models of rabbit tibia, mandible, and tooth models. Taken together, the composite scaffolds fabricated here offer an innovative strategy for minimally invasive deployment to fit irregular and complex tissue defects for bone tissue regeneration.

Thermadapt shape memory vitrimeric polymyrcene elastomer

Earlier studies of β-Myrcene (Myr)/ β-ketoester functional (acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AAEMA) copolymers exhibited compositional drift, leading to ambiguity in microstructure/thermomechanical property correlations while shape memory recovery times were excessively long ~1 h. The terpene-based 1,3-diene Myr and AAEMA were copolymerized via nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) with an initial Myr molar feed ratio ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. Reactivity ratios estimated by the Meyer-Lowry method were rMyr = 0.20 and rAAEMA = 0.22 with respective 95% confidence intervals of [0.13, 0.37] and [0.15, 0.23], suggesting alternating copolymerization. Bulk terpolymerization with styrene (Sty) afforded linear poly(Myr-stat-Sty-stat-AAEMA) prepolymers designed to modulate glass transition temperature Tg and stiffness. Subsequent cross-linking with isophorone diamine (IPDA) formed catalyst-free vinylogous urethane dynamic linkages. ATR-FTIR, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile measurements confirmed the recyclability of vitrimers through hot pressing at 110 °C, demonstrating minimal changes in rheological and mechanical properties even after four cycles. By heating the vitrimers to above their Tg (to ~45 °C), they exhibited a shape memory effect with high shape fixity and fast shape recovery (< 1 min). The vitrimers could undergo permanent shape reprogramming through reconfiguration of dynamic bonds at ~110 °C. This work shows the adaptability of Myr-based rubbers by vitrification and appropriate copolymerization for the synthesis of more sustainable elastomers with stimuli responsive properties.

Chitosan-Oxidized Pullulan Hydrogels Loaded with Essential Clove Oil: Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties.

Emulsion hydrogels are promising materials for encapsulating and stabilizing high amounts of hydrophobic essential oils in hydrophilic matrices. In this work, clove oil-loaded hydrogels (CS/OP-C) are synthesized by combining covalent and physical cross-linking approaches. First, clove oil (CO) was emulsified and stabilized in a chitosan (CS) solution, which was further hardened by Schiff base covalent cross-linking with oxidized pullulan (OP). Second, the hydrogels were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and, as a result, the clove oil was stabilized in physically cross-linked polymeric walls. Moreover, due to cryogelation, the obtained hydrogels exhibited sponge-like porous interconnected morphology (160-250 µm). By varying the clove oil content in the starting emulsion and the degree of cross-linking, the hydrogels displayed a high water retention capacity (swelling ratios between 1300 and 2000%), excellent elastic properties with fast shape recovery (20 s) after 70% compression, and controlled in vitro clove oil release in simulated skin conditions for 360 h. Furthermore, the prepared clove oil-loaded hydrogels had a strong scavenging activity of 83% and antibacterial and antifungal properties, showing a bacteriostatic effect after 48 and 72 h against S. aureus and E. coli. Our results recommend the new clove oil-embedded emulsion hydrogels as promising future materials for application as wound dressings.

Enhancing the Thermal Performance of Shape Memory Polymers: Designing a Minichannel Structure.

This research proposes a numerical approach to improve the thermal performance of shape memory polymers (SMPs) while their mechanical properties remain intact. Sixteen different 3D minichannel structures were numerically designed to investigate the impact of embedded water flow in microchannel networks on the thermal response and shape recovery of SMPs. This work employs two approaches, each with different physics: approach A focuses on solid mechanics analysis and, accordingly, thermal analysis in solids without considering the fluid. approach B tackles solid and fluid mechanics analysis and thermal analysis in both solid and fluid subdomains, which inherently calls for fluid-structure coupling in a uniform procedure. Finally, the results of these two approaches are compared to predict the SMP's thermal and mechanical behavior. The structural designs are then analyzed in terms of their shape recovery speed, recovery ratio, and recovery parameters. The results indicate that isotropic structures thermally outperform their anisotropic counterparts, exhibiting improved thermal characteristics and faster shape recovery. Additionally, it was observed that polymeric structures with a low volume fraction of embedded branches thermally perform efficiently. The findings of this study predict that the geometrical angle between the main branch and sub-branches of SMP favorably impacts the enhancement of thermal characteristics of the structure, accelerating its shape recovery. Approach B accelerates the shape recovery rate in SMPs due to fluid flow and uniform heat transfer within the structures.

Layered Titanium Carbide‐Mediated Fast Shape Switching and Excellent Thermal and Electrical Transport in Shape‐Memory‐Polymer Composites for Smart Technologies: MAX Versus MXene

Stimuli‐responsive materials can frequently tune between their temporary and original shapes, and have the potential for artificial intelligence‐based technologies in robotics, aerospace, biomedical, engineering, security, etc. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are promising for these technologies but their inadequate thermal and electrical characteristics causing slow shape recovery limit their practical applications. Herein, for the first time, comprehensively and precisely the shape memory polyurethane (PU), a promising SMP, via a variety of novel layered titanium carbides fillers, namely, Ti2AlC (MAX1), Ti3AlC2 (MAX2), and Ti3C2 (MXene), is engineered. The resultant PU‐composites show 30–50% faster shape recovery in different environments, 20–25% greater extent of shape recovery in the load‐constrained environment, 100–125% higher thermal conductivity, and 700–16 000× higher electrical current. Importantly, the reinforcement of even a small amount of MAX and MXene (such as 0.25 wt%) has largely boosted the performance of PU. Considering ease of processability and performance enhancement factors, the MAX‐phase fillers may be preferred over MXene‐phase fillers for next‐generation composites development. Employing PU composite component as both heat‐sensor and actuator, a unique heat detector/fire alarm device that works successfully in simulated heat and fire environments is demonstrated. This work is crucial for enabling futuristic technologies.

Superelastic and Ultralight Aerogel Assembled from Hemp Microfibers

AbstractAerogels with both high elastic strain and fast shape recovery after compression have broad application potentials as thermal regulation, absorbents, and electrical devices. However, creating such aerogels from cellulosic materials requires complicated preparation processes. Herein, a simple strategy for scalable production of hemp microfibers using a top‐down method is reported, which can further be assembled into aerogels with interconnected porous structures via ice‐templating technique. With density as low as 2.1 mg cm−3, these aerogels demonstrate isotropic superelasticity, as exhibited by their fast shape restoration from over 80% compressive strain. Due to the high porosity (99.87%) and structural tortuosity, these aerogels show a low thermal conductivity of 0.0215 ± 0.0002 W m−1 K−1, suggesting their potential in thermal insulation application. Certain hydrophobic modification using silane derivative further endows these aerogels with reduced water affinity. Overall, the proposed strategy to prepare bio‐based microfibers using scalable technology, as well as the assembled aerogels, provides new insights into the design and fabrication of multifunctional bio‐based aerogels for value‐added applications.

Development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Halloysite Nanotubes Reinforced Thermal Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites for Enhanced Mechanical and Shape Recovery Characteristics in 4D Printing Applications.

The mechanical and shape-recovery characteristics of 4D-printed thermally responsive shape-memory polyurethane (SMPU) reinforced with two types of reinforcements, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), are investigated in the present study. Three weight percentages of reinforcements (0, 0.5, and 1) in the SMPU matrix are considered, and the required composite specimens are obtained with 3D printing. Further, for the first time, the present study investigates the flexural test for multiple cycles to understand the 4D-printed specimens' flexural behavior variation after shape recovery. The 1 wt% HNTS-reinforced specimen yielded higher tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. On the other hand, 1 wt% MWCNT-reinforced specimens exhibited quick shape recovery. Overall, enhanced mechanical properties were observed with HNT reinforcements, and a faster shape recovery was observed with MWCNT reinforcements. Further, the results are promising for the use of 4D-printed shape-memory polymer nanocomposites for repeated cycles even after a large bending deformation.

Sustainable wheat gluten foams with self-expansion and water/blood-triggered shape recovery.

A cheap and easily obtainable wheat gluten (WG) was used to fabricate bio-foams via a simple method of stirring, heating, and lyophilization. The foam possesses a 3D layered porous structure with interconnected channels, and the biofoam has excellent mechanical properties through glycerol plasticization and glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. The water absorption and volume expansion rate can reach 793.67 ∼ 918.45% and 201.47 ∼ 239.53% respectively. In dry state, the foams had good compression resilience, and can basically recover its original shape after withstanding 60% compression strain for about 7h. In wet state, they can withstand 10 cycles of compression test, and had good compressive resilience and durability; they also had fast liquid-triggered shape recovery performance, of which the foams can reabsorb liquid, expand, and recover its original shape within 40seconds after withstanding 80% compression strain. In addition, The hemolysis rates of red blood cells treated with 1, 3, and 5mg/mL of 14WG-20g-5GA foam suspension were 0.53 ± 0.12%, 2.12 ± 0.34%, and 3.97 ± 0.21%, respectively, all of which were below the permissible range for biological materials (<5%). The above-mentioned advantages made the sustainable foams be potentially useful for medical dressings, especially for the treatment of non-compressible haemorrhaging, which offered a new field of application for WG protein and its added value was also increased obviously.

Catalyst-free synthesis of low-temperature thermally actuated shape memory polyurethanes with modified biobased plasticizers.

Recent years have seen research into developing specific application-based materials with particular components. Bio-based polyurethanes (PUs) with self-tightening effect through shape recovery at low temperature have been designed from sesame oil-based plasticizer (HSSO). Without using a catalyst, the produced plasticizer was used to create PU samples. In contrast, orcein-based PU has been created both with and without HSSO. The prepared samples have been analyzed through instrumental as well as chemical analyses for surface chemistry, thermal stability and morphology. The gel content and water absorption capacity of HSSO based PU samples has been observed to be 99.27% and 14.94%, respectively. Shape memory study of the PU samples revealed that HSSO-based PU showed fast shape recovery at 60 °C with shape recovery rate (R r) and shape fixing rate (R f) of 94.44% and 5%, respectively, in 150 seconds, whereas at 36 °C the sample showed 85% R r in 15 minutes with 93.1196 N force and 52.78% R r without force. Low-temperature thermal actuation and high water uptake highlight the prepared samples as suitable candidates for self-tightening structures in textile and biomedical fields.

Biocompatible carboxymethyl cellulose-based super-elastic hierarchical sponge via a novel templating and plasticizing method

Herein, a facile method to fabricate hierarchical super-elastic (SE) sponge using a water-soluble cellulose derivative, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), is reported. The method includes ice templating and porogen leaching steps which facilitate to generate macro-sized pores as well as pore wall structures that can dissipate stress effectively. By controlling the porogen content, the specific surface area and the morphology of the sponges can be tuned. Furthermore, a plasticizing method was used before vacuum drying to reduce the deformation of the inner structure. The derived hierarchical SE CMC sponges exhibit excellent fatigue resistance, fast shape recovery, high-water absorption, biosafeness, and fast degradation. Thus, our strategy provides a novel method for the construction of SE sponges which show great potential in green elastic wound dressing, tissue engineering, and absorbent materials.

Simultaneously reinforcing and toughening of shape-memory epoxy resin with carboxylated lignosulfonate: Facile preparation and effect mechanism

To improve the compatibility and reactivity of lignosulfonate (LS) with epoxy oligomers, the LS was firstly functionalized with anhydride via the carboxylation reaction. The carboxylated lignosulfonate (CLS) reinforced epoxy resin with excellent mechanical and shape memory performance was prepared facilely via distributing the CLS into the combined epoxy monomers of DGEBA and PEGDGE with the aid of water, rather than using the normal organic solvents. The incorporated CLS promoted the curing reaction of epoxy resin. A typical sea-island structure was formed in the cured sample at the CLS content of 5 phr, exhibiting the highest increases in tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and toughness by 23.8 %, 18.2 %, 217 % and 113 %, respectively, relative to neat epoxy. Interestingly, the incorporation of CLS at a proper amount led to the simultaneous strengthening and toughing effects on cured epoxy resin, which could be attributed to the rigid structure of CLS covalently introduced in the epoxy resin network and the heterogeneous structure formed in the epoxy matrix. The rigid CLS component also restrained the movement of chain segments, consequently, the mechanical stability was enhanced and the fast shape recovery rate of epoxy resin network was slowed down to some extent.

Shape memory performances of homogeneous poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)/polytrimethylene carbonate-grafted functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites

Biodegradable shape memory polymers (SMPS) have attracted great interest because of their wide application prospects in biomedical field. In this study, PLCL/FGO-g-PTMC nanocomposites were prepared through the simple solution blending of copolymer of L-lactide (LLA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), (PLCL), with acyl chloride functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) grafted with polytrimethylene carbonate (PTMC), (FGO-g-PTMC). The functionalized modification of FGO increases the interaction between FGO and polymer matrix and improves its dispersion in the matrix. FGO was uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix to form a homogeneous system. The appearance of FGO did not change the crystalline structure of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). However, as a nucleating agent, it can greatly improve the crystallization rate and crystallinity of polymers. The dynamic mechanical behaviors of the obtained nanocomposites are related to the physical crosslinking formed by the entanglement of polymer chains on the surface of FGO. The presence of FGO in PLCL/FGO-g-PTMC nanocomposites strengthens the stationary phase within the matrixes, and significantly improves the modulus and shape recovery ratio of the materials. Nanocomposites with high FGO content exhibit high electrical conductivity and fast shape recovery properties. This kind of intelligent polylactide-based nanocomposites with excellent mechanical properties is expected to be used in the fields of intelligent medicine, tissue engineering and flexible electronics.

Ultralight and porous cellulose nanofibers/polyethyleneimine composite aerogels with exceptional performance for selective anionic dye adsorption

It is significant to develop new adsorbents with excellent adsorption performance and convenient operation ability for removing pollutants from wastewater owing to the growing environmental problems. In this paper, a novel ultralight aerogel-based adsorbent with highly porous structure and good mechanical integrity was fabricated based on the interaction of amine groups on polyethyleneimine (PEI) and hydroxyl groups on cellulose nanofibers (CNF), with epichlorohydrin (ECH) serving as a crosslinker. The obtained CNF/PEI aerogel showed excellent water stability in harsh conditions, fast water-activated shape recovery, and ultra-fast water transport. The adsorption capacity for methyl orange (MO) in batch can reach to1226 mg g−1 at pH 6. Furthermore, the membrane also exhibited excellent selective adsorption and filtration, and separation performance. Therefore, this paper presents a new strategy to prepare low-cost and highly efficient adsorbents to remove organic dyes from wastewater for potential practical applications.

A variable stiffness morphing skin: preparation and properties

In the course of flight, morphing skins play an important role in morphing aircrafts. Shape memory polymer (SMP) with variable stiffness performance is a good candidate material for skin. In this paper, a series of SMP morphing skins were prepared from hydro-epoxy resin, carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) and maleic anhydride. By adjusting molecular weight and content of CTBN, in-plane properties and out-of-plane properties of morphing skins can be adjusted. Due to the in-plane tensile stress acting on the skin during flight, tensile test was carried out to study its in-plane performance. After testing, skin can resist maximum in-plane tensile strength of 63.7 MPa. As for the out-of-plane performance of the skin, shape memory test was studied in this paper. All morphing skins have 100% shape fixity rate (Rf) and fast shape recovery rate (Rr). When toughened by CTBN of 10% of 4000 molecular weight with a mass fraction, the skin can recover its out-of-plane deformed shape in 33 s. The SMP skins were proved to be a promising candidate for morphing skins.

Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Unfolding Microneedle Patch for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia.

It is hard to achieve safe, effective, and minimally invasive therapies on myocardial infarction (MI) via conventional treatments. To address this challenge, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded and near-infrared (NIR)-triggered self-unfolding graphene oxide (GO)-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microneedle (MN) patch was designed and fabricated to treat MI through a minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The folded MN patch can be easily placed into the chest cavity through a small cut (4 mm) and quickly recover to its original shape with 10 s of irradiation of NIR light (1.5 W/cm2, beam diameter = 0.5 cm), thanks to its excellent shape memory effect and fast shape recovery ability. Meanwhile, the unfolded MN patch can be readily punctured into the heart and wrap the heart tightly, thanks to its sufficient mechanical strength and adjustable morphological structure, thus ensuring a high fixation strength to withstand the high-frequency pulsation of the heart. In addition, the prepared MN patch has low cytotoxicity and controllable and sustainable release of VEGF. More importantly, the MN patch can effectively promote neovascularization, reduce myocardial fibrosis, and restore cardiac function, which indicates its promising application prospects in MIS.

Multifunctional Superelastic Cellulose Nanofibrils Aerogel by Dual Ice‐Templating Assembly

AbstractA superelastic aerogel with fast shape recovery performance from large compressive strain is highly desired for numerous applications such as thermal insulation in clothing, high‐sensitive sensors, and oil contaminant removal. Fabrication of superelastic cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) aerogels is challenging as the CNF can assemble into non‐elastic sheet‐like cell walls. Here, a dual ice‐templating assembly (DITA) strategy is proposed that can control the assembly of CNF into sub‐micrometer fibers by extremely low temperature freezing (–196 °C), which can further assemble into an elastic aerogel with interconnected sub‐micron fibers by freezer freezing (−20 °C) and freeze drying. The CNF aerogel from the DITA process demonstrates isotropic superelastic behavior that can recover from over 80% compressive strain along both longitudinal and cross‐sectional directions, even in an extremely cold liquid nitrogen environment. The elastic CNF aerogel can be easily modified by chemical vapor deposition of organosilane, demonstrating superhydrophobicity (164° water contact angle), high liquid absorption (489 g g−1 of chloroform absorption capacity), self‐cleaning, thermal insulating (0.023 W (mK)−1), and infrared shielding properties. This new DITA strategy provides a facile design of superelastic aerogels from bio‐based nanomaterials, and the derived high performance multifunctional elastic aerogel is expected to be useful for a wide‐range of applications.

Physically cross-linked chitosan/dextrin cryogels entrapping Thymus vulgaris essential oil with enhanced mechanical, antioxidant and antifungal properties

Herein, we entrapped Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO) within the physically cross-linked sponge-like architecture of cryogels by ice template-assisted freeze-drying. Their 3D cryogenically-structured network was built through hydrogen bonding formed by blending two naturally-derived polysaccharides, chitosan and dextrin. The embedment of EOs within the cryogel matrix generates porous films with an increased elasticity that allows their fast shape recovery after full compression. Thus, the swollen EOs-loaded cryogel films exhibited an elastic modulus of 3.00 MPa, which is more than 40 times higher than that of polysaccharide films without EOs (an elastic modulus of only 0.07 MPa). In addition, the encapsulation of bioactive compounds endows the bio-based films with both antioxidant and antifungal properties, showing a radical scavenging activity of 65% and a zone inhibition diameter of 40 mm for Candida parapsilosis fungi. Our results recommend the entrapment of EOs into bio-based cryogel carriers as a straightforward approach to provide ‘green’ polysaccharide-based films having both improved physicochemical properties and remarkable antifungal activity.

Facile fabrication of near‐infrared light‐responsive shape memory nanocomposite scaffolds with hierarchical porous structures

AbstractIn this work, the near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive shape memory scaffolds with hierarchical porous structures are designed and facilely formed by freeze drying of 3D printed viscous gel‐like pickering emulsions, which are stabilized by hydrophobically modified graphene oxide (g‐GO) and silica nanoparticles, and contain thermo‐responsive poly(d, l‐lactic acid‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) (PLMC) in the oil phase. The prepared scaffolds display an interconnected filament structure with hierarchical pores and high porosity. The incorporation of g‐GO nanoparticles into PLMC matrix prompts that the scaffold shape memory can be triggered by NIR light with fast shape recovery. Moreover, the in vitro mineralization experiment shows that the scaffolds have biological activity, and the drug release study demonstrates that the scaffolds can be used as drug carriers with efficient drug release capacity. Furthermore, cell culture assays based on mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells exhibit that the scaffolds own good cytocompatibility. Therefore, the facile preparation and remote activation of the shape memory nanocomposite scaffolds with hierarchical porous structure and multifunctionality represents a highly attractive candidate as minimally invasive implantation scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.

A hemostatic sponge derived from skin secretion of Andrias davidianus and nanocellulose

Excessive blood loss is one of the leading causes of death in trauma, and developing injectable and antibacterial shape-memory hemostatic materials with high blood absorption ratio and fast shape recovery for noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) remains challenging. Herein, we prepared an injectable hemostatic sponge with shape memory property, high elasticity, high blood absorption ratio, and antibacterial activity engineered from the skin secretion of Andrias davidianus (SSAD), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The good biocompatibility of the obtained [email protected]/CNF sponges (SSAD-CSs) was confirmed via cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility tests. Their excellent hemostasis ability was demonstrated in vitro via a blood-clotting assay, and their antibacterial effect was demonstrated via a bacterial contact-killing assay. Furthermore, the composition of the SSAD-CSs to achieve the best performance was determined by in vivo and in vitro experiments. SSAD-CS with CNF:[email protected] = 4:1 wt% (SSAD-CS3), which showed sufficient mechanical strength and high resilience after absorbing liquid, and when applied onto the wound, it rapidly absorbed blood and reverted to its original shape within 3 s. In addition, SSAD-CS3 showed excellent hemostatic properties in an incompressible animal bleeding model compared with a pure cellulose sponge (CS) and a gelatin sponge. This study revealed the great potential of the novel SSAD-CSs formulation for the treatment of NCTH.