Fast Handover Research Articles

The impact of the application of technological solutions in passenger transport on the environment

The main objective was to reduce the retention time at the bus stops, time for drivers’ administrative actions, fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2 and to increase the solvency of the company.For the realization of the set objectives it was needed: to introduce electronic billing system with the use of contactless - chip card as a monthly ticket, all vehicles will be equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card and receive training for direct partcipants. All vehicles are equipped with electronic conditions for the sale of individual tickets and recording contactless - chip card. All the participants involved in the use of electronic ticketing systems are trained and equipped with the necessary means.The result of the introduction of electronic toll collection system is to reduce: the retention time at the bus stops and to ensure good performance of administrative driver. The importance of introducing electronic toll collection system is the reduction of fuel consumption, air pollution emissions of SO2, faster handover and discharge of collected cards and increase the solvency of the company.

A Novel Network Architecture for C/U-Plane Staggered Handover in 5G Decoupled Heterogeneous Railway Wireless Systems

Previously, we proposed a broadband fifth-generation (5G) control/user (C/U)-plane decoupled heterogeneous railway wireless system to meet the exponentially increasing capacity demands in railway. Nevertheless, service interruptions due to the handovers in overlapping registration areas are still challenging in railway wireless systems. How to achieve soft and fast handovers to overcome these challenges attracts intensive attention finally. In this paper, we propose a novel network architecture for 5G C/U-plane decoupled heterogeneous railway wireless systems to physically separate and stagger the C-plane and U-plane handovers. During the C-plane handover process that occurs between the macro-cells, the U-plane is always kept connected without any handover, which achieves non-interruptible soft handover. Moreover, since there are no handovers in the U-plane, the handover procedure is significantly simplified, thereby accelerating the handover process. Similarly, during the U-plane handover process, which happens between the small cells, the C-plane is kept connected all the time, saving the otherwise intensive C-plane handover signaling. Besides, the coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) and bi-casting technologies are applied to establish the target U-plane connection ahead of cutting off the old one, so that no interruption occurs during the U-plane handover process. This paper demonstrates that the proposed handover schemes can greatly improve the handover performance.

Secure and efficient protocol for fast handover in 5G mobile Xhaul networks

Mobile networks are observing an all time increase in the number of users and services. These networks have hit the 5G requisites in no time. Current service providers are aiming at resolving issues of subsisting networks by exploiting the capacity and coverage enhancement features of 5G. With a broad spectrum, it has now become more facile to accommodate an astronomically immense number of devices each having multiple applications authoritatively mandating network accessibility. Despite these advantages, such networks suffer from several issues cognate to smooth operations of fronthaul and backhaul, such as interference management, link-reliability, flatness, security and flexibility. Integrating fronthaul and backhaul together as a Xhaul is suggested as one of the efficient solutions for handling these issues. Xhaul forms integrated planes which use heterogeneous switches for high optical transmissions. Despite being efficient, Xhaul links are weak in terms of security. The situations will be more serious, particularly when a massive number of User Equipment (UE) and IoT devices are now connected to it. This issue is further raised when the terminal fortifying the fronthaul and backhaul moves leading to the formation of mobile Xhaul network. The current security solutions for WiFi, WiMax, WiBro, 4G/LTE are unable to fortify privacy and perfect forward secrecy in mobile Xhaul network, which is a quandary targeted in this paper. To resolve these issues, a novel key exchange and authentication protocol is proposed, which is capable of securing Xhaul links for a moving terminal in the network. The proposed approach is tested utilizing mobile ground node and drone as moving terminal across multiple hubs. The formal analysis utilizing BAN logic and AVISPA tool slake the security requisites and performance evaluation justifies the efficiency in comparison with the existing solutions.

Efficient Management and Fast Handovers in Software Defined Wireless Networks Using UAVs

Compared to traditional networking, SDN has better controllability and visibility for network components, which enable better management by using the common controller. In this article, the standard architecture of SDN is enhanced to utilize UAVs as on-demand forwarding switches. The proposed approach can achieve efficient management and fast handovers by decreasing the handover latency, E2E delay, and signaling overheads. The illustrated scenarios will help in understanding the impact of existing handover approaches in the next generation wireless networks, especially the upcoming 5G, which includes small cells, UAVs, UEs, and so on. The simulation study shows that scenarios with both UAVs and small cells perform better than scenarios with only small cells. The results in this article show that the proposed SDNbased handover scenarios perform better than the existing 4G-LTE handover for UAVs.

Implementation of fast handover for proxy mobile IPv6: Resolving out-of-order packets.

Mobile IP allows for location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node (MN) registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the MN through the tunnel. Current Mobile IP protocols have difficulties meeting the stringent handover delay requirements of future wireless networks. Fast handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) is used to resolve handover latency and packet loss problems that occur in the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol. However, while implementing the FPMIPv6 scheme in a testbed, we encounter the out-of-order packet (OoOP) problem. The cause of this problem is the existence of two paths for data transmitted from a correspondent node (CN) to an MN. Since the problem affects the quality of service (QoS) of the network and the performance of the MN, we propose a new scheme using the last packet marker and packet buffering to solve this problem in FPMIPv6. The new Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) can control and deliver the data transmitted via the old path or the new path to an MN in order, using the last packet marker to notify the end of the data delivery in the old path and the packet buffering for holding the data delivered in the new path. We implement both the proposed scheme and FPMIPv6 in a testbed as a real network environment to demonstrate the correctness, cost effectiveness, and performance of the proposed scheme. A performance evaluation reveals that the proposed scheme can handle the OoOP problem efficiently.

Design and Performance Analysis of Sensor Proxy-AAA Authentication Scheme Based on Fast Handover and Forwarding Mode for IP-based Internet of Things

Recently interest in Internet of Things (IoT) is increasing, and a variety of the security technologies that are suitable for Internet of Things has being studied. In order to main tain the trustworthy connectivity and the accessibility of distributed IoT, it is important to establish secure links f

A fast handover protocol for 6LoWPAN wireless mobile sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are finding application in numerous fields. For many of these applications, some or all of the sensor nodes are mobile. Mobility management in WSNs is a challenging and has been the subject of intensive research. In this paper, we propose an IP-based mobility management protocol named Fast handover Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Sensor networks (FPMIPv6-S). FPMIPv6-S provides network-based mobility support for 6LoWPAN WSN when a sensor node moves between two Personal Area Networks. It is an improved version of the PMIPv6 protocol proposed for mobility management in IPv6 networks. FPMIPv6-S messages are carried by RPL protocol. Analytical evaluation of the proposed protocol shows significantly improved performance with respect to network mobility cost (signalling traffic) when compared to PMIPv6 and RPL alone. We also integrated the FPMIPv6-S protocol in the NS-3 simulator and performed a thorough performance comparison of FPMIPv6-S and RPL.

A Spectrum Access with User Cooperation in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio system consists of multiple wireless accesses that cover overlapping area, and cognitive terminals that use one or more of the wireless accesses simultaneously. In cognitive radio systems, secondary users can share the spectrum with the primary user as long as the quality of service (QoS) of the primary system is guaranteed. However, the system throughput of the cognitive system will be limited when the QoS requirement is stringent. We had proposed the architecture of the cognitive radio system, the inter-system handover protocols and packet format designed to achieve fast handover among the radio systems.

SPFP: Ticket-based secure handover for fast proxy mobile IPv6 in 5G networks

Recently, Chuang et al. introduced a secure password authentication mechanism, called SPAM, for seamless handovers in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). SPAM aimed at providing high security properties while optimizing handover latency and computation overhead, but as pointed out in this paper SPAM is vulnerable to replay and malicious insider attacks as well as the compromise of a single node. In this paper, a new Security Protocol for Fast PMIPv6, called SPFP, is proposed that provides a ticket-based secure handover for mobile nodes (MNs). In SPFP, a ticket containing authentication materials is used for fast handover authentication when an MN changes its attachment point. Moreover, the MN’s anonymity is supported for preserving location privacy. Detailed operations of initial authentication and handover authentication are presented with message flows. The formal security analysis of SPFP is provided with results of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

Fast Handover Algorithm for Mobility Management in VANETs

VANET is different from MANET due to high mobility of nodes and large scale networks. VANET is a form of network that provide vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication. The main gaol of VANET is to provide the road safety .Various wireless communication technologies used for VANET, the IEEE 802.11p is to support the medium range communication characteristics of vehicular environments. One of the main issues of VANET is handover process. It can be effectively achieved through Fast Handover for IEEE 802.11p (FHP) mechanisms and it is based on vehicle to infrastructure communications. FHP is proposed for efficient data transmission that takes place high mobility of vehicles and continuous topology change. The performance evaluation and simulation results show that the scheme can minimize the handover latency and packet loss. Keywords: VANET, Handover, IEEE82.11p,FHP, latency, packet loss

Handover in LTE-advanced wireless networks: state of art and survey of decision algorithm

The increasing demand for mobile communication calls for improvements to network operating services in terms of capacity, coverage, and Quality of Services (QoS). Ensuring QoS is one of the challenges faced by wireless network operators, which include the provision of high mobility speeds, thus the implementation of a seamless and fast handover between network cells is a prominent issue that must be addressed, especially when fulfilling QoS prerequisites. Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advance has met these demands of QoS through the use of a new Radio Access Network and distribution of Radio Resource Management including the handover decision technique to evolve NodeB instead of relying on centralized control. In this paper, we review the control plane structure of LTE/LTE-A and present a comprehensive discussion of handover procedures such as the phases, techniques, requirements, features, and challenges involved. According to the overview of the handover decision phase, we surveyed and classified the present handover decision algorithms for a LTE-A system-based technology in regard to the primary handover decision technique. For each class, we describe in detail the fundamental operations and decision parameters using representative algorithms. A summary of input parameters, techniques, and performance evaluation of the handover decision algorithms concludes this work.

Erratum to: Improved fast handover method for multiple node by using mobile nodes guide

Erratum to: Improved fast handover method for multiple node by using mobile nodes guide

Direction prediction assisted handover using the multilayer perception neural network to reduce the handover time delays in LTE networks

Nowadays, the rapid increase in the development of the wireless communication, the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) is more improved and modern technology compared with the WiMAX technology. The researchers discussed the accurate and fast handover in the LTE in the recent years. Moreover, the researchers of the evolved Node B(eNB) proposed the history of the UE visited base stations and the use of their information just to consider the target in the case of handover. While the identification of the cell and their times were kept inside the cell of the base station. In this paper, an advanced technique using the historical information to reduce the handover time delay as much as possible depending on the packet loss, the time required for the base station to reply and the region domain as much as the time domain. In conclusion, the angle of the situated target base station is computed and the distance to that base station is taken into consideration for cutting down more and more real-time of the handover procedure in the LTE system. The simulation results showed that the proposed model is more efficacious in decreasing the handover time delay by skipping unwanted base station according to their angles.

802.21-Assisted Distributed Mobility Management Solution in Vehicular Networks

Recently, distributed mobility management (DMM) solutions have been proposed to address the drawbacks of centralized mobility management (CMM) solutions. The Internet engineering task force (IETF) has stated that extending and reusing CMM protocols are one of the considerations for DMM solutions design, where it is less faulty and more effective. Therefore, IETF has proposed a network-based DMM solution based on the well-known network-based CMM protocol: Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). However, network-based DMM has marginal improvements over the handover latency and packet loss of PMIPv6. Thus, this paper enhances the handover procedure of network-based DMM using the HO-initiate process and the IEEE 802.21 media-independent handover services. We tackle the issue of binding registration latency by performing the HO-initiate process proactively. Moreover, we mitigate the latency of discovering next access network and candidate mobile anchor access routers (MAARs) with the support of the lower three layers’ information of the mobile user and surrounded MAARs. A neighbors network information container is introduced to store and retrieve the link and network layers’ information of neighboring networks. A candidate access networks cache is defined at the serving-MAAR to decrease the prediction time. Furthermore, we propose a candidate access network selector to facilitate smart handover decision making by using the information of required and available resources in the candidate networks. We derive an analytical expression to evaluate the proposed solution compared with DMM and fast handover for DMM mechanisms. Simulation is also performed to verify the analytical results, where we consider realistic urban and highway environments. Numerical and simulation results prove that the proposed solution decreases 74.61% of the overall handover latency in DMM.

A forward fast media independent handover control scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) over heterogeneous wireless mobile network

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a networked-based handover protocol for the IP layer, i.e., the layer 3 mobility management protocol. In this work, we integrate fast handover and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Services with PMIPv6 to improve the handover performance over the heterogeneous wireless network environment. Since it may have multiple candidate destination networks to which a Mobile Node can select for handover, it needs to consider not only the signal strength but also the corresponding networking situation for the proper selection of the next network. To reduce the packet loss situation, the multicast mechanism is adopted to forward packets to these candidate destination networks during the handover processing period. In this work, a Forward Fast Media Independent Handover Control Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) is proposed based on the aforementioned concerns. Through the simulations for performance analysis, it shows that the proposed FFMIH-PMIPv6 can have better handover performance in terms of handover latency, packet loss rate and throughput.

A Moving Direction and Historical Information Assisted Fast Handover in LTE-A

Handover is one of the critical features in mobility management of Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) wireless systems. It allows the User Equipment (UE) to roam between LTE-A wireless networks. LTE-A is purely on hard handover, which may cause loss data if the handover is not fast. In this paper, an advanced technique proposed which combined between the current UE moving direction and its history information. Our proposed tracks the UE positions to discover its direction. When the UE is being near to handover area the UE starts searching in its history to return back the target cell. If the UE trajectory does not exist in its history then the UE and its serving cell start searching for target cell through using cosine function in order to select target cell. Our proposed technique is expected to increase the throughput, reduce the packet delay and loss, and reduce the frequent handovers.

An architecture of IPTV service based on PVR-Micro data center and PMIPv6 in cloud computing

This paper proposes An Architecture of IPTV Services based on PVR-Micro Data Center and PMIPv6 in Cloud Computing. The proposed architecture addresses important problems exist in normal PMIPv6 (Proxy mobile IPv6) environment which is not today addressed by normal PMIPv6. The first issue is user devices secure authentication, registration and fast handover in both inter-domain/intra-domain of PMIPv6. The second issues is multimedia delivery in inter-domain/intra-domain of PMIPv6. The third issue is tunneling overhead in inter-domain/intra. Today smart devices are mobile and user use them to access the internet from anywhere at any time using different connection method while they are traveling. Providing security measures such as user device authentication, registration as well as hand over requires different security measures and configuration in inter-domain/intra-domain of PMIPv6. Furthermore we provide new method to reduce tunneling overhead by allowing multimedia content to be delivered from many different Micro data center as well as Mega data center by using their own unique addresses to create tunneling to transfer multimedia content. Our goal is not only to reduce authentication delay, handover delay and reduce signaling cost using the intelligent utilization of AAA server (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Server), binding cache entry (BCE), and proxy notification update (PNU) and proxy notification acknowledgment (PNA) but also to provide fast delivery of multimedia content. Our result shows better performance when compare with normal PMIPv6. We used network simulator 3 (NS3) to generate our experiment result.

Multi-Access Routing Switching Scheme for Smart Multimedia Transmission over Wireless Integrated Networks

Current mobile networking technology is continuously progressing to support the demand of today’s generation of Internet users who connect about with sophisticated mobile computers and digital wireless devices. Routing protocols needs to be modified in host mobility in order that packets will be sent and delivered in its right destination. In Mobile Internet protocol, the mobile node will be able to send and receive packet from its original Home IP address to its current location regardless of the location upon connection with Internet. Through this kind of connection, packet loss is inevitable during the handover process. To solve this, numerous studies on the handover process was studied in order to minimize packet loss during the handover process. In this paper, we suggest context aware based smart distributed packet (SDP) transmission mechanism using multi-access routing switching mechanism in wireless integrated networks. We will explain and discuss the scheme that supports a distributed fast handover effectively in mobile management protocol based context-awareness. New signaling messages, smart distributed packet update messages, advanced TFRC message and reverse PBUs, are defined and utilized to hasten the handover procedure.

Enhancing MISP with Fast Mobile IPv6 Security

The Mobile Broadband Association has developed the MIS and MISAUTH protocols as link-layer fast authentication protocols. A combination of MIS and MISAUTH protocols, called as MISP, provides secure and fast connection for a wireless access network, but it has been reported that MISP creates a weak session key and suffers from a denial-of-service attack. In addition, a transaction with an authentication server that is required for every authentication is considered as a delay factor during handovers. In this paper, we present an improvement of MISP that utilizes the fast handover approach of Fast Mobile IPv6 and minimizes an involvement of the authentication server while eliminating identified security drawbacks of MISP. The formal security analysis is performed to verify the correctness of the proposed scheme. Moreover, the handover performance of the proposed scheme is compared with an existing scheme.

Security analysis of fast inter-LMA domain handover scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks

The PMIPv6 is vulnerable to various security threats such as the DoS or redirect attacks. In this paper, we analyzed the Kang–Park & ESS-FH scheme, and proposed an Enhanced Security scheme for FPMIPv6 (ESS-FP). Based on the CGA method and the public key Cryptography, ESS-FP provides a strong key exchange and key independence in addition to improving the weaknesses of FPMIPv6. The proposed scheme was formally verified based on Ban-logic, and its handover latency was analyzed and compared with that of the Kang–Park scheme & ESS-FH. In addition, we proposed an inter-domain fast handover scheme for PMIPv6 using the proxy-based FPMIPv6.