Fast Handovers For Mobile IPv6 Research Articles

An efficient mobile IPv6 handover scheme

Excellent handover performance is essential for deploying real time applications over wireless Internets. In this paper, this study present a novel handover scheme for Mobile IPv6. The proposed scheme is based on an infrastructure, which is called Cross-layer Address Resolution (CAR). A smart message interaction for the Binding Update procedure is also introduced. The prototype is illustrated first and a buffering approach adopted to achieve zero packet loss. The proposed scheme, which is called Seamless Handover for Mobile IPv6 (S-MIPv6), evolved from Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (F-MIPv6). The problems in F-MIPv6, such as triangle route and sequence disorder, are solved by the proposed scheme. The S-MIPv6 avoids building tunnels and reduces registration delay. It is capable of cooperating with a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) to take advantage from hierarchical networks. The S-MIPv6 is modeled and simulated. In a practical case, the disruption duration is close to the Data Link layer handover latency (50---100 ms). We believe that the proposed S-MIPv6 is capable of providing seamless handover for time critical services.

Seamless Mobility Management in IP-based Wireless/Mobile Networks with Fast Handover

The challenges of rapidly growing numbers of mobile nodes in IPv6-based networks are being faced by mobile computing researchers worldwide. Recently, IETF has standardized Mobile IPv6 and Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) for supporting IPv6 mobility. Even though existing literatures have asserted that FMIPv6 generally improves MIPv6 in terms of handover speed, they did not carefully consider the details of the whole handover procedures. Therefore, in conventional protocols, the handover process reveals numerous problems manifested by a time-consuming network layer based movement detection and latency in configuring a new care of address with confirmation. In this article, we study the impact of the address configuration and confirmation procedure on the IP handover latency. To mitigate such effects, we propose a new scheme which can reduce the latency taken by the movement detection, address configuration and confirmation from the whole handover latency. Furthermore, a mathematical analysis is provided to show the benefits of our scheme. In the analysis, various parameters are used to compare our scheme with the current procedures, while our approach is focused on the reduction of handover latency. Finally, we demonstrate total handover scenarios for the proposed techniques and discussed the major factors which contribute to the handover latency.

A Security Analysis on Kempf-Koodli's Security Scheme for Fast Mobile IPv6

Recently, the security scheme, proposed by Kempf and Koodli, has been adopted as a security standard for Fast handover for Mobile IPv6. But, it does not prevent denial of service attacks while resulting in high computation cost. More importantly, we find that it is still vulnerable to redirection attacks because it fails to secure the Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement messages. In this paper, Kempf-Koodli's scheme is formally analyzed through BAN-logic and its weaknesses are demonstrated.

Mobility-Aware RSVP: A framework for improving the performance of multimedia services over wireless IP-based mobile networks

This paper proposes the Mobility-Aware Resource Reservation Protocol (MARSVP) in which mobility and QoS signaling are performed as a single functional block. The key concept of MARSVP is to convey mobility-specific information (binding updates and their associated acknowledgments) by using newly defined RSVP objects embedded in existing RSVP messages. An appealing feature of MARSVP is that it adheres to the current RSVP standard (RFC 2205) and thus requires minimal changes to end nodes without affecting any of the conventional RSVP routers in between. The proposed mechanism is evaluated using a simulation model for application-level performance and an analytical model for network-level signaling cost. Simulation results indicate a 27.9% improvement in QoS interruption when using Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), 12.5% when using Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), and no improvement when using Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6). On the network-level, signaling cost savings of 9.4% and 11.9% are achieved for MIPv6 and HMIPv6, respectively, while FMIPv6 achieves savings of 17.9% when using Voice-over-IP traffic and 26.7% for Video-over-IP traffic. The results of the conducted studies indicate MARSVP’s superiority to conventional RSVP when deployed over wireless networks.

Simplified fast handover in mobile IPv6 networks

The Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol provides seamless handover; it uses anticipation based on layer 2 trigger information of the mobile node (MN) to obtain a new care-of address at the new link while still connected to the previous link, thus reducing handover delay. A bidirectional tunnel is then established between access routers to minimize packet loss during the handover. However, this method incurs higher signaling costs compared with the standard Mobile IPv6 protocol. In many cases, the mobile node cannot complete the fast handover in predictive mode due to lack of time, especially with high-speed movement of the mobile node. This paper proposes an enhancement to the FMIPv6, the Simplified Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6 Networks (SFMIPv6), which significantly reduces the anticipation time of the fast handover and thereby increases the probability that the protocol can perform the fast handover in predictive mode. In this paper, we also present performance evaluations in terms of the influence of two factors, the break-down point and the velocity of the MN, using evaluation models. The numerical results prove that the network performance of the proposed protocol is effectively improved compared to the original protocols, the FMIPv6 and Fast Handover Support in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6). Moreover, the results show that the proposed protocol could appropriately operate with high-speed mobile node movement.

Mobility protocols and RSVP performance in wireless IPv6 networks: shortcomings and solutions

AbstractResource reservation protocol (RSVP) is a network‐control protocol used to guarantee Quality‐of‐Service (QoS) requirements for real‐time applications such as Voice‐over‐IP (VoIP) or Video‐over‐IP (VIP). However, RSVP was designed for end‐systems whose IP addresses do not change. Once mobility of an end‐system is allowed, the dynamically changing mobile IP address inevitably impacts on RSVP performance. Our study aims to first quantify the significance of this impact, and then propose a modified RSVP mechanism that provides improved performance during handoffs. Our simulations reveal that the deployment of standard RSVP over Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) does not yield a satisfactory result, particularly in the case of VIP traffic. Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) was found to be providing the best performance in all tested scenarios, followed by Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) with a single exception: during low handoff rates with VoIP traffic, MIPv6 outperformed HMIPv6. We then designed a new RSVP mechanism, and tested it against standard RSVP. We found that the proposed approach provides a significant improvement of 54.1% in the Total Interruption in QoS (TIQoS) when deployed over a MIPv6 wireless network. For HMIPv6, performance depended primarily on the number of hierarchical levels in the network, with no improvement in TIQoS for single‐level hierarchy and up to 37% for a 5‐level hierarchy. FMIPv6 on the other hand, provided no room for improvement due to pre‐handoff signaling and the tunneling mechanism used to ensure a mobile node (MN)'s connectivity during a handoff, regardless of the RSVP mechanism used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimized FMIPv6 Using IEEE 802.21 MIH Services in Vehicular Networks

In this paper, we optimize the handover procedure in the fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol by using the IEEE 802.21 media independent handover (MIH) services. FMIPv6 is used to enhance the performance of handovers in mobile IPv6 and its basic extension for network mobility (NEMO), i.e., the fundamental mobility management protocols used in vehicular networks. With the aid of the lower three layers' information of the mobile node/router (MN/MR) and the neighboring access networks, we tackle the radio access discovery and candidate access router (AR) discovery issues of FMIPv6. We introduce an "information element container" to store static and dynamic layer 2 (L2) and layer 3 (L3) information of neighboring access networks and propose to use a special cache maintained by the MN/MR to reduce the anticipation time in FMIPv6, thus increasing the probability of the predictive mode of FMIPv6 operation. Furthermore, we propose a cross-layer mechanism for making intelligent handover decisions in FMIPv6. The lower layer information of the available links obtained by MIH services and the higher layer information such as quality-of-service (QoS) parameter requirements of the applications are used by a policy engine to make intelligent handover decision. We will show through analysis and simulations of the signaling procedure that the overall expected handover (both L2 and L3) latency in FMIPv6 can be significantly reduced in the proposed mechanism.

IEEE 802.16e 기반에서의 Improved Fast Handover Protocol using HMIPV6

와이브로 서비스가 공식적으로 서비스됨에 따라서 이동 노드가 차량 속도로 이동시 실질적인 리얼 타임 서비스가 가능한지에 대한 사항이 고려되어야 한다. 표준문서 RFC 4140인 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management에서 다루고 있는 Fast Handover에 대한 것은 이동노드가 같은 도메인 MAP 내에서만 이동했을 경우에 대해 다루고 있고 MAP을 넘어가는 경우에 대해서는 다루고 있지 않다. 그래서 MAP간의 이동시 생기는 핸드오버 지연을 줄이기 위해 Macro Mobility Handover in HMIPv6[7]가 제안되었다. 그러나 이 방안 역시 끊김없는 서비스를 제공하는 데에는 부족함이 있다. 그래서 전체적인 핸드오버 지연을 줄이기 위해서 향상된 FHMIPv6 방안을 제안한다. 이 방안에서는 FHMIPv6에서 사용되는 3계층 핸드오버 메시지의 일부를 2계층 핸드오버 메시지에 포함시켜서 전송하는 방법을 사용한다. 이렇게 함으로서 이동노드는 핸드오버시 발생하는 전체 지연을 줄일 수 있게 되고, 수치적으로 계산하였을 때 기존의 FHMIPv6 보다 IFHMIPv6가 약 32% 향상된 성능을 보이게 된다. Since the Wibro service realize mobile network on the public, it has been considered that it is not enough to support real time service at vehicular speed. The standard Fast Mobile IPv6 Handover Protocol using HMIPv6 may guarantee seamless service as long as the Mobile Node moves in the same domain MAP however it does not regard fast handover over inter-MAP domain. Thus Macro Mobility Handover in HMIPv6 was proposed to reduce handover latency in inter-MAP domain. But it is still not enough to support real-time service. So we propose an Improved FHMIPv6 over 802.16e network to reduce the overall handover latency. We embedded Layer 3 handover messages of the FHMIPv6 into the Layer 2 handover messages. So the MN is able to <TEX>$^-nish$</TEX> overall handover procedure earlier in our scheme. The numerical results show the performance of IFHMIPv6 has improved about 32% in comparison with FHMIPv6.

A Two-Layered Mobility Architecture Using Fast Mobile IPv6 and Session Initiation Protocol

This paper proposes an integrated mobility scheme that combines the procedures of fast handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) and session initiation protocol (SIP) mobility for realtime communications. This integrated approach is based on the context of the applications utilized. Furthermore, to reduce system redundancies and signaling loads, several functionalities of FMIPv6 and SIP have been integrated to optimize the integrated mobility scheme. The proposed scheme aims at reducing the handover latency and packet loss for an ongoing realtime traffic. Using ns-2 simulation, we analyze the performance of the proposed integrated scheme and compare it with the existing protocols for a VoIP and for a video stream traffic. This mobility architecture achieves lower handover delay and less packet loss than using either FMIPv6 or SIP and hence presents a powerful handover mobility scheme for next generation IP-based wireless systems.

Multicasting with selective delivery: a SafetyNet for vertical handoffs

In the future, mobility support will require handling roaming in heterogeneous access networks. In order to enable seamless roaming it is necessary to minimize the impact of the vertical handoffs. Localized mobility management schemes such as Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 do not provide sufficient handoff performance, since they have been designed for horizontal handoffs. In this paper, we propose the SafetyNet protocol, which allows a Mobile Node to perform seamless vertical handoffs. Further, we propose the SafetyNet handoff timing algorithm, to enable a Mobile Node to delay or even completely avoid upward vertical handoffs. We implement the SafetyNet protocol and compare its performance with the FMIPv6 protocol in our wireless test bed and analyze the results. The experimental results indicate that the proposed SafetyNet protocol can provide an improvement of up to 95% for TCP performance in vertical handoffs, when compared with FMIPv6 and an improvement of 64% over FMIPv6 with bicasting. We use numerical analysis of the protocol to show that its over the air signaling and data transmission overhead is comparable to FMIPv6 and significantly smaller than that of FMIPv6 with bicasting.

Fast MIPv6 extensions supporting seamless multicast handovers

This paper presents the application of appropriate extensions to the Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol that enable mobile nodes to execute seamless multicast remote subscriptions while changing their network attachment point. The proposed handover supporting mechanism achieves minimization of the multicast service disruption period by suggesting the conditional tunneling of multicast traffic among the network nodes involved in the procedure. Tunneling is performed after the establishment of multicast membership information at the access router at which the mobile is anticipated to attach, but before the actual handover execution. In this way the mobile is enabled to receive the requested multicast traffic immediately after its attachment to the new network. The paper presents quantitative comparative OPNET simulation results, extracted from an IEEE 802.11 WLAN indoor simulation topology. Performance results are provided for metrics such as the service disruption time perceived by video streaming recipients executing inter-domain handovers and the effort consumed for tunneling, while varying parameters such as the link-layer trigger generation process configuration, the inter-access network delay and the mobile's speed. The performed evaluation shows that the proposed mechanism attains better performance in comparison to a similar mechanism, to the expense of a slight increase of the resource expenditure for the proactive to handover tunneling purposes. Furthermore, a vulnerability of the FMIPv6 protocol to the handover control and prediction mechanisms has been identified, presenting however possible ways to deal with it.

Low-latency handoff inter-WLAN IP mobility with broadband network control

Wide-bandwidth and low-cost Wireless LANs (WLANs) have emerged as a competitive choice, not only for wireless high-speed Internet access, but also for voice network access. High-speed Broadband Access Network-Controlled (BANC) mobility management greatly facilitates inter-WLAN IP mobility, through the integration of access technologies and higher layer mobility features. However, Mobile IP (MIP), the current IP solution for mobility, cannot be optimized in obtaining seamless handoff for all cases, unlike the BANC mobility management employing IEEE 802.11b WLAN infrastructure mode that we propose in Rahman and Harmantzis [M. Rahman, F. Harmantzis, IP mobility with high speed access and network intelligence, in: IEEE Wireless Communications and networking Conference, WCNC, Atlanta, GA, March 21, 2004]. Even with the proposed optimization techniques, the MIP is still not entirely tunnel-free. It is not efficient due to certain unavoidable data loss during handoff for time-sensitive services, such as the Voice-over-IP (VoIP). In this paper, we present a BANC-supported low-latency handoff mobility management scheme, by modifying the enhanced IAPP messaging for the WLAN infrastructure mode. We then examine main performance metrics for IP mobility management: delay, packet loss, handover execution time, throughput, and signaling overload for the fast handover MIPv6 (FMIPv6) [R. Koodli, Fast handovers for mobile IPv6, IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-mishop-fsat-mipv6-01.txt, February 2004] and BANC-offered mobility management schemes. Simulation results show that BANC has better performance than FMIPv6 for inter-WLAN IP mobility management. As the network server is the main component in the BANC scheme, we have evaluated the impact of the Mobile Node (MN) traffic load, the server packet forwarding rate and datagram processing schemes (central vs slot-based processing), on the CPU utilization to aid BANC service providers’ capacity and traffic planning.

CoMoRoHo: Cooperative Mobile Router-Based Handover Scheme for Long-Vehicular Multihomed Networks

To support multimedia applications effectively in mobile networks, the handover latency or packet losses during handover should be very small. Addressing this issue, we present a cooperative mobile router-based handover (CoMoRoHo) scheme for long-vehicular multihomed mobile networks. The basic idea behind CoMoRoHo is to enable different mobile routers to access different subnets during a handover and cooperatively receive packets destined for each other. In general, packet losses are directly proportional to handover latency; however, the overlapped reception of packets from different subnets makes possible to minimize packet losses even without reducing handover latency. To evaluate the scheme, we carried out performance modeling of the CoMoRoHo scheme in comparison with the Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol in regard to the handover latency, packet loss, signaling overhead, and packet delivery overhead in access networks. The analysis results show that CoMoRoHo outperforms FMIPv6 by reducing the packet losses as well as signaling overheads by more than 50%. Moreover, CoMoRoHo imposes lower packet delivery overheads required for preventing packets from being dropped from access routers. We thus conclude that CoMoRoHo is a scalable scheme because its performance remains intact even when the access network is overloaded.

A mobility management model based on users’ mobility profiles for IPv6 networks

Fourth-generation (4G) mobile systems provide access to a wide range of services and enable mobile users to communicate regardless of their geographical location and their roaming characteristics. Due to the growing number of mobile users, global connectivity, and the small size of cells, one of the most critical issues pertaining to these networks is location management. In recent years, several strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of the location management procedure in 3G and 4G mobile networks. In this paper, we propose a new model called Seamless Mobile IPv6 (SMIPv6) to improve the performance of the handover component in location management schemes. This model improves handover by predicting user location based on Users’ Mobility Profiles. The overall goals of SMIPv6 are to reduce both handover latency and signaling loads generated during the location update process. Simulation results show that the use of SMIPv6 produces a handover with low delay, as well as a significant drop of signaling overhead. Better results have been obtained by our protocol in all cases studied when compared to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6).

Seamless multicast mobility support using fast MIPv6 extensions

This paper elaborates on seamless handover support for wireless IP multicast networks with the use of a novel mobility management mechanism. The latter enables mobile nodes with active multicast sessions to execute seamless remote subscriptions while changing their network attachment point and is formulated by extending the unicast “Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6” protocol (FMIPv6). The proposed scheme minimizes service disruption due to handover, by using conditional tunneling of multicast traffic on a per flow (rather than per mobile node) basis. Moreover, a simple buffering technique is proposed, enabling the temporary storage of the tunneled before the handover packets thus eliminating packet loss occurring during the link layer handover period. Also, multicast traffic recipients experience reduced handover latency due to the timely configuration of the network routers providing the multicast service. The performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated by OPNET simulation results, for realistic IEEE 802.11 WLAN indoor simulation scenarios, incorporating spatially correlated shadowing for the propagation environment and random mobility of users. Performance results are provided in terms of service disruption time perceived by video streaming recipients as well as tunneling and buffering overhead for handover support, while varying the FMIPv6 protocol triggering configuration, the inter-domain distance and the access router buffering capacity. The performance evaluation reveals a significant reduction in the handover packet loss level when compared to similar multicast mobility schemes, causing a slight increase of resource consumption for tunneling and buffering purposes.

Flow-based fast handover for mobile IPv6 environment – implementation and analysis

Mobility Support in IPv6 (MIPv6) has been approved by the Internet Engineering Task Force as the standardized solution for mobility management in the upcoming IPv6 network. However, the MIPv6 handover procedures result in a time, when the Mobile Node (MN) cannot receive or send data. In this paper we present the Flow-based Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FFHMIPv6) for fast redirection of the MN’s downstream flows during the Care-of-Address registration (binding update) process and another method speeding up the upstream handover by using a special Hand-of-Address (HofA) during registration process. First, we have studied the FFHMIPv6 method combined with the use of HofA theoretically, followed by the Network Simulator 2 (ns-2) simulations. Finally the effectiveness of FFHMIPv6 method is verified in real Mobile IPv6 for Linux environment. The FFHMIPv6 method with the use of HofA has been found to be a simple and promising candidate for faster handovers in MIPv6 networks with only a few minor changes to the MIPv6 specification.

제2계층 트리거를 이용한 FMIPv6 구현 및 분석

본 논문에서는 신속한 이동성 관리기법인 FMIPv6(fast mobile IPv6)를 리눅스 기반으로 구현하여 기존 시스템과의 성능을 비교 실험하였다. FMIPv6 기법은 제 2계층의 동작에 의존하고 있기 때문에 이에 맞게 네트워크 드라이브를 수정하여 단말의 이동에 따라 제2계층에서의 트리거를 발생하도록 하였고 액세스 라우터와 이동 노드로 동작을 구분하여 설계하여 구현하였다. 구현된 시스템으로 기존 MIPv6(mobile IPv6)가 적용됐을 때와 비교하여 핸드오버기간동안의 패킷손실과 지연특성을 실험하였으며 FMIPv6에서의 개선된 성능을 고찰 하였다. In this paper, we implement the fast handovers for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) on Linux system. Due to its dependency on operations in layer-2 (L2), we have added some functions into the network driver to generate triggers as the mobile node moves. We design and implement the FMIPv6 functions divided into two parts as an access router and a mobile node. We compare the packet loss and delay of the FMIPv6 implementation during the handover period with those of the MIPv6 and investigate the performance improvement.

Experimental evaluation of a handover optimization solution for multimedia applications in a mobile IPv6 network

The EU IST project Moby Dick worked with the vision, shared by many other researchers, that Next Generation Networks will be based on IPv6 with mobility, security and quality of service (QoS) support. These networks will offer all kinds of services, including multimedia ones with real-time requirements, traditionally offered by circuit switched technologies. The IETF has finished the standardization of a solution for mobility in IPv6 networks: Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). Additional protocols are being discussed to improve the performance of Mobile IPv6 to support real-time traffic during handovers; one of these proposals is Fast Handovers for MIPv6. This paper analyzes experimentally—using real implementations for Linux O.S.—the performance of MIPv6 and Fast Handovers for MIPv6, to study if the performance is acceptable for multimedia applications. Both quantitative measurements and results of quality perceived by users of IPv6 multimedia applications are provided, showing that Fast Handovers for MIPv6 approach is good enough even for multimedia applications with strict real-time requirements. Copyright © 2004 AEI.

A performance comparison of Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, fast handovers for Mobile IPv6 and their combination

Mobile IP, the current IETF proposal for IP mobility support, represents a key element for future All-IP wireless networks to provide service continuity while on the move within a multi-access environment. We conducted a performance evaluation of Mobile IPv6 and its proposed enhancements, i.e., Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and our proposed combination of them, using the network simulator ns-2 for the case of a 'hot spot' deployment scenario. The simulation scenario comprises four access routers and up to 50 mobile nodes that communicate in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. The study provides quantitative results of the performance improvements obtained by the proposed enhancements as observed by a single mobile user with respect to handoff latency, packet loss rate and achieved bandwidth per station. As a complementary part of the study, the signaling load costs associated with the performance improvements provided by the enhancements has been analyzed. The simulation environment allowed us also to investigate the behavior of the protocol in extreme cases, e.g., under channel saturation conditions and considering different traffic sources: CBR, VoIP, Video and TCP transfers. While some simulation results corroborate the intention of the protocols specifications, other results give insights not easily gained without performing simulations. This study provides a deep understanding of the overall performance of the various protocols and supports the design process of a Mobile IPv6-based network when a decision of whether it is appropriate to implement any of the proposed Mobile IPv6 enhancements has to be made.