Fast Dissolving Tablets Research Articles

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF MECLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE

Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to design and evaluate fast dissolving tablet (FDT) for the oral delivery containing solid dispersion of meclizine (MCZ) hydrochloride, an antiemetic drug.Methods: The solubility of meclizine was increased by preparing solid dispersions using mannitol as a carrier by fusion method. The prepared solid dispersion, was subjected for in vitro drug release, percent practical yield, drug content, infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optimized solid dispersion was incorporated to prepare fast dissolving tablets. Preformulation studies were carried out on tablet blends. The prepared solid dispersion, as well as pure drug fast dissolving tablets, was evaluated for drug content, weight variation, hardness, friability, in vitro drug release, wetting time, disintegration time, water absorption ratio, in vitro dispersion time.Results: Meclizine pure drug, solid dispersions formulations SD1, SD3 and SD5 showed 12.8, 31.68, 38.92 and 53.28% cumulative drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 after 60 min, respectively. Thus faster dissolution rate was exhibited by the solid dispersion containing 1:5 (w/w) ratio of meclizine: mannitol. Percent cumulative drug release for control and solid dispersion tablets after 60 min in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 was 92.04 and 98.2% respectively. The release of drug meclizine from best formulation SD5 FDT was found to be faster than pure drug FDT.Conclusion: Fast dissolving tablet of optimized solid dispersion showed better in vitro dissolution result then FDT of pure drug at the end of one hour.

Recent formulation approaches to oral delivery of herbal medicines

The well-known anticancer agent, paclitaxel, is a naturally occurring diterpenoid from Taxus brevifolia. It is an effective antineoplastic agent that has been widely used for the treatment of various cancers, including breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. One of the major limitations for the therapeutic use of herbal medicines is low solubility. Moreover, despite their potential efficacy, herbal medicinal products have been widely criticized due to a lack of standardization and poor apparent quality. In the case of herbal extracts, many compounds could be degraded in the highly acidic pH of the stomach. Other ingredients could be metabolized in the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. In addition, herbal extracts are often poorly compressible and very hygroscopic powders with poor powder flowability. As herbal drugs have much potential, several researchers are trying to develop novel drug delivery systems, such as solid dispersion, fast-dissolving tablets, sustained—and extended-release formulations, microparticles, microcapsules, nanoparticles, and mucoadhesive systems. This review provides an overview of existing pharmaceutical systems of herbal medicines and recent techniques to overcome the drawbacks of conventional formulations that result in reduced efficacy of herbal medicines.

REVIEW: FAST DISSOLVING TABLET

Fast dissolving tablets is one of the most widely accepted dosage forms and also most popular dosage form, especially for pediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder or hand tremors. Some solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like the first-pass metabolism. Fast dissolving tablets are one of them. FDT have benefits such as accurate dosing, easy portability and manufacturing, good physical and chemical stability and an ideal alternative for pediatric and geriatric patients. Some tablets are designed to dissolve fastly in saliva, within a few seconds, and are true fast-dissolving tablets. Others contain agents to enhance the rate of tablet disintegration in the oral cavity and are more appropriately termed fast-disintegrating tablets, as they may take up to a minute to completely disintegrate.

The Palatability of Lopinavir and Ritonavir Delivered by an Innovative Freeze-Dried Fast-Dissolving Tablet Formulation.

Negative hedonic sensory qualities of HIV antiretroviral drugs often reduce patient adherence particularly in pediatric populations requiring oral consumption. This study examines the palatability of an innovative delivery mechanism utilizing a freeze-drying-in-blister approach to create fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) containing a fixed-dose combination of lopinavir and ritonavir (LPV/r). Consumption patterns of solutions during brief-access and long-term testing and baby foodstuff consumption were analyzed to evaluate the orosensory detection and avoidance of placebo FDTs containing no LPV/r (FDT−) and FDTs containing LPV/r (FDT+). Rats showed no change in consumption patterns for the placebo FDT− compared with control solutions. Rats can detect but do not avoid FDT+ at body-weight-adjusted dosages in both brief-access (30-s) and long-term (23 h) consumption tests. There is an aversive response to concentrated doses of FDT+ during brief-access tests that cannot be masked by 25% sucrose. However, the strongest FDT+ concentration was not rejected when mixed with 50 g of applesauce, banana sauce, or rice cereal baby foodstuffs. The averseness of the FDT+ was associated with the presence of LPV/r and not the FDT− formulation itself. The novel FDT formulation appears to be a palatable delivery mechanism for oral antiretroviral pharmaceuticals especially when mixed with baby foodstuffs.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Fast Dissolving Tablets

Pharmaceutical manufacturing has largely grown in recent years. This and many other factors have led to the ability of manipulating pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of administration. One example of such unique dosage forms is Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDTs), which are solid dosage forms intended to be dissolved in mouth in a relatively short time, ranging from a few seconds to up to 3 minutes. In this research, ketoprofen was chosen to be the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a fast dissolving tablets formulation, being a model of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ketoprofen is widely used as an analgesic, and being so, the faster the effect, the better the dosage form. Therefore solid preparation of Ketoprofen with superdisintegrants like Croscarmellose sodium, and/or Crospovidone in different ratios were prepared with a view to increase its effect by decreasing the time required for the drug to be released. The ingredients of the formulation were tested for incompatibles by using IR method; all ingredients were compatible. Ketoprofen and the excipients were mixed together and submitted to pre-formulation tests. The powders were then compressed into tablets by direct compression method. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, wetting time and in-vitro drug release which tested in comparing with Profenid®. Ketoprofen FDTs prepared showed better results than Profenid® depending on dissolution test. Formula no.5 and no.10 showed the best disintegration times of 30 seconds, and maximum drug release from Formula No 3, 4, 5, 10 about 98% in 2 minutes.

Design and Characterization of Levofloxacin Orodispersible Tablets

In order to overcome the challenges of the solid unit dosage forms, Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDT) or orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. These novel types of tablets have the ability to dissolve more rapidly when compared to standard solid dosage forms. The main objective of the present study was to develop Oral dispersible tablet formulation containing 150mg of Levofloxacin for the treatment of a number of infections including infection of Joints and bones, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin structural infections and typhoid fever etc. In our study, it was observed that all the values of pre-compression and post-compression studies were within the limits.

Formulation and evaluation of taste masked Amlodipine Besylate Fast-dissolving Sublingual Tablets

Formulation and evaluation of taste masked Amlodipine Besylate Fast-dissolving Sublingual Tablets

Bioavailability of House Dust Mite Allergens in Sublingual Allergy Tablets Is Highly Dependent on the Formulation

Background: In sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), the immune system is addressed by solubilized allergen that interacts with immunocompetent cells of the oral mucosa, the efficiency of which is governed by 2 main factors of SLIT allergen bioavailability: the allergen concentration and the mucosal contact time. Recently, 3 house dust mite (HDM) SLIT tablets were developed that differ with regard to allergen content, nominal strength (maintenance doses: 6 SQ-HDM/10,000 Japanese Allergen Units [JAU], 12 SQ-HDM/ 20,000 JAU, and 300 IR/57,000 JAU), and formulation (freeze-dried/compressed). Here, the importance of the SLIT tablet formulation for HDM major allergen bioavailability is examined. Methods: The HDM major allergen content, tablet disintegration times, and allergen release kinetics were determined. Dissolution kinetics (allergen concentration vs. time) of Der f 1, Der p 1, and Der 2 were measured. Area under the curve (AUC) was used as a surrogate parameter for allergen bioavailability. Results: The release of HDM major allergens from the freeze-dried tablets was complete after 30 s, while only partial release was achieved with the compressed tablets, even after prolonged dissolution. At 1 min, i.e., the recommended sublingual holding time for the freeze-dried tablets, the allergen bioavailability (AUC) of the compressed 300 IR/57,000 JAU tablet was 4.7-fold (Der f 1), 10.8-fold (Der p 1), and 23.6-fold (Der 2) lower than that of the freeze-dried 12 SQ-HDM/20,000 JAU tablet and similar to (Der f 1) and 5.3-fold (Der p 1) and 12.5-fold (Der 2) lower than that of the freeze-dried 6 SQ-HDM/10,000 JAU tablet. Conclusions: SLIT tablet allergen bioavailability depends highly on the tablet formulation. Only the fast-dissolving freeze-dried tablets provide maximal delivery of soluble allergens and achieve allergen concentrations that reflect the nominal tablet strengths within the recommended sublingual holding time.

FORMULATION OF FAST-DISSOLVING TABLETS OF DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE DRUG BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD

Objective: The rationale of the current research work was to formulate and evaluate fast-dissolving tablets of doxazosin mesylate with minimum disintegration time and improved dissolution efficiency using solid dispersion method.Methods: Solid dispersions of doxazosin mesylate and polyethylene glycol 8000 in different ratios were prepared using the kneading method. The prepared solid dispersions were subjected to drug interaction and dissolution studies to select the effective solid dispersion for the formulation of fast-dissolving tablets. Fast dissolving tablets containing drug-polyethylene glycol 8000 solid dispersion (1:3) were prepared using various super-disintegrants such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, mixture and coprocessed crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium in concentration range of 2% and 5% by direct compression technique. The prepared formulations (F1–F16) were evaluated for post compression parameters; hardness, thickness, friability, wetting time, disintegration time, and in–vitro drug release.Results: Drug doxazosin mesylate showed enhanced aqueous solubility of 13.3µg/ml in the presence of polyethylene glycol 8000. Differential scanning calorimetery and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed no interaction between drug and polyethylene glycol 8000and, drug-polyethylene glycol 8000 solid dispersion showed cumulative drug release of 44.48% in 60 min. Formulated FDT of drug-polyethylene glycol 8000 solid dispersion, containing coprocessed mixture of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (5%) exhibited disintegration time of 14.5s with percentage cumulative release of 92.46% in 60 min.Conclusion: The work reasonably concludes that for the formulated doxazosin mesylate-fast dissolving tablets, disintegration time was effectively reduced by the presence of coprocessed mixture of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium and dissolution efficiency was improved by preparation of solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol 8000.

FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS: A PROMISING APPROACH FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Aim of novel drug delivery system is to enhance safety and efficacy of drug molecules by formulating a convenient dosage form for administration and to achieve better patient compliance. One such approach led to development of fast dissolving tablets. Now-a-days fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) gaining significance with wide variety of drugs serving many purposes. These are novel types of tablets that disintegrate/dissolve/ disperse in saliva within few seconds (less than 60 seconds) without chewing and additional water. The basic approach used in development of FDTs is the use of superdisintegrants and the elimination of bitterness. FDTs reduces the disadvantages of conventional dosage form especially dysphasia (difficulty in swallowing) in pediatric and geriatric patients. These oral dosage forms have many benefits such as self medication, increased compliance, ease of manufacturing and noninvasive. This review presents description of fast dissolving tablets including need for development, challenges in formulation, suitability of drug candidates, composition, various technologies involved, advantages, disadvantages, and evaluation parameters. Peer Review History: Received 19 August 2017; Revised 28 August; Accepted 5 September, Available online 15 September 2017 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 4.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, summitpharm@yahoo.com Dr. Gulay B Anadolu, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, gbuyukko@anadolu.edu.tr Similar Articles: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG IN VITRO-IN VIVO BIO-EQUIVALENCE CORRELATION STUDY OF ATENOLOL, AND ITS BRANDS OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLET UNDER BIO-WAIVER CONDITIONS This article has been cited by: Recent developments in orally disintegrating mini tablets Sachin Sarashetti, Vikas Jain, Gowda D V, Pooja Mallya, Satish Babu. International journal of research in pharmaceutical sciences 2020, 11(3), 3606-3612. Pubmed

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Taste-Masked Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Solid Dispersion

Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance.
 ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation.
 Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile.
 F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile.
 Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Taste-Masked Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Solid Dispersion

Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance. ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation. Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile. F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile. Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.

ORAL DISPERSIBLE TABLETS: A REVIEW

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are those solid dosage forms when put on tongue, disintegrate or dissolve instantaneously, releasing the drug, within a few seconds without the need of water. Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) aim for designing dosage forms, convenient to be manufactured and administered, free of side effects, offering immediate release and enhanced bioavailability, to achieve better patient compliance. Fast dissolving tablets have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, and bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and traveling and may not have access to water. Such formulations provide an opportunity for product life extension in the many elderly persons which have difficulty in taking conventional oral dosage form (viz., solutions, suspensions, tablets, and capsules) because of hand tremors and dysphagia. The current article is focused on ideal requirements, need for development of FDTs, challenges in formulation, suitability of drug candidates, superdisintegrants employed, various technologies developed for FDTs and evaluation methods.

“FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF LANSOPRAZOLE”

“FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF LANSOPRAZOLE”

Development and characterization of fast dissolving tablets of oxaprozin based on hybrid systems of the drug with cyclodextrins and nanoclays

Previous studies highlighted an increase of the randomly-methylated-ß-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) solubilizing power towards oxaprozin when used in combination with L-arginine (ARG) or sepiolite nanoclay (SV). Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of maximising the RAMEB solubilizing efficacy by a joined approach based on the entrapment in SV of the drug-RAMEB-ARG complex. The quaternary nanocomposite was prepared by different techniques and characterized for solid state and dissolution properties, compared to ternary drug combinations with RAMEB-ARG, RAMEB-SV or ARG-SV. The dissolution rank order was drug-RAMEB-ARG-SV>>drug-RAMEB-ARG≈drug-RAMEB-SV>>drug-ARG-SV. The new hybrid nanocomposite enabled an increase from 60 up to 90% of oxaprozin dissolution parameters compared to the ternary systems with RAMEB-ARG and RAMEB-SV. Moreover, the lowest solubilizing efficacy of ternary systems with ARG-SV evidenced the specific synergic effect of both ARG and SV with RAMEB in enhancing oxaprozin dissolution properties. The superior performance of the quaternary nanocomposite was maintained after incorporation in a tablet formulation. In vivo studies on rats proved that the developed fast-dissolving tablet formulation, containing oxaprozin as cofused system with RAMEB, ARG and SV was more effective than the marketed tablet in terms of faster and more intense pain relieving effect in the treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Developing a Flexible Pediatric Dosage Form for Antiretroviral Therapy: A Fast-Dissolving Tablet

Current presentations of the anti-HIV drugs lopinavir and ritonavir make appropriate dosing for children difficult. We conducted a feasibility study to develop a formulation for these drugs with child-safe excipients in a flexible dosage form for children across the pediatric age spectrum. The freeze-drying in blister approach was used to produce fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs), as these can be dispersed in fluids for easy administration, even to infants, and appropriate portions of the dispersion can be given for different ages/weights. We combined various ratios of polymers, surfactants, and bulking agents to incorporate the 2 highly hydrophobic drugs while maintaining drug stability, rapid disintegration, and good handling properties. The final FDT was robust and disintegrated in 0.5 mL of fluid in 10 s with up to 4 tablets dissolving in 2 mL to achieve varying doses accommodated in a common teaspoon. Drug recovery after dissolution in small volumes of liquid or fluid foods was 90%-105%. The final candidate FDT was stable at 40°C, 75% relative humidity for up to 3 months. FDTs are a promising flexible dosage form for antiretroviral treatment for pediatric patients, especially in low-resource settings.

Polymer-free electrospun nanofibers from sulfobutyl ether7-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE7-β-CD) inclusion complex with sulfisoxazole: Fast-dissolving and enhanced water-solubility of sulfisoxazole

In this study, our aim was to develop solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex system having nanofibrous morphology in order to have fast-dissolving property and enhanced water-solubility of poorly water-soluble drug. Here, we prepared a highly concentrated aqueous solution of inclusion complex between sulfisoxazole and sulfobutyl ether7-beta-cyclodextrin (SBE7-β-CD, Captisol®), and then, without using any polymeric matrix, the electrospinning of sulfisoxazole/SBE7-β-CD-IC nanofibers was performed in order to obtain free-standing and handy nanofibrous web. As a control sample, nanofibers from pure SBE7-β-CD was also electrospun and free-standing nanofibrous web was obtained. The SEM imaging revealed that the bead-free and uniform nanofiber morphology with the average fiber diameter (AFD) of 650±290nm for sulfisoxazole/SBE7-β-CD-IC NF and 890±415nm for pure SBE7-β-CD NF was obtained. The inclusion complex formation between sulfisoxazole and SBE7-β-CD in sulfisoxazole/SBE7-β-CD-IC NF sample was confirmed by 1H NMR, TGA, DSC, XRD and FTIR analyses. Due to the combined advantage of cyclodextrin inclusion complexation and high surface area of electrospun nanofibers, fast-dissolving property with enhanced water-solubility was successfully achieved for sulfisoxazole/SBE7-β-CD-IC NF. Our findings suggest that electrospun nanofibers/nanowebs from CD-IC of poorly water-soluble drugs may offer applicable approaches for high water-solubility and fast-dissolving tablet formulations for drug delivery systems.

FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS: A REVIEW

Fast dissolving tablets emerge as one of the popular and widely accepted dosage forms, especially for pediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson’s disorder or hand tremors. Few solid dosage forms like capsules and tablets are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like first-pass metabolism, psychiatric patients, bedridden and uncooperative patients. FDTs are disintegrating or dissolve quickly in the saliva without a need of water. Fast dissolving tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably faster, within a few seconds (less than 60 seconds), and those are real fast-dissolving tablets. FDTs formulations contain super disintegrants to enhance the disintegration rate of a tablet in the buccal cavity. FDTs have advantages such as easy portability and manufacturing, accurate dosing, good chemical and physical stability and an ideal alternative for geriatric and pediatric patients. FDTs have disintegrated quickly, absorb faster so, in vitro drug release time improve and this property of drugs (dosage form) enhanced bioavailability. FDT formulations have the advantage of both conventional tablet formulation and liquid dosage form. There are several technologies that are conventional or patented based on spray drying, cotton candy process, sublimation, melt granulation, direct compression freezes drying/lyophilization, phase transition process, mass extrusion, etc. have been developed for manufacturing of FDTs. In this review contain brief information about FDTs including definition, advantages, needs or requirements of FDTs, salient features of FDTs, limitations, challenges to developing FDT, marketed formulations of fast dissolving tablets, etc.

Allerjik Rinit Tanı ve Tedavisindeki Yenilikler

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases in all age groups. It is an IgE-mediated allergic inflammation of the nasal airways and is characterized by sneezing, swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa as well as itchy and watery eyes. It is a global health problem and a burdensome disorder affecting many people from childhood to adulthood. The prevalence of childhood AR shows wide variation throughout the world, ranging from 0.8 to 45%. The prevalence rates for different regions of Turkey ranges from 2.9 to 44%. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on AR treatment and diagnosis. Because of its burden on patient’s lives and its impact on asthma, AR should be taken care of properly with effective and safe treatments. Second-generation antihistamines and intranasal steroids represent the milestone of AR therapy. New formulations of available drugs (rupatadine oral solution, ebastine fast-dissolving tablets, combination of intranasal fluticasone propionate and azelastine hydrochloride), recently discovered molecules (ciclesonide, bilastine, roflumilast, etc.), immunologic targets (omalizumab) and unconventional treatments (homeopathic treatments) are representing new frontiers in AR management. An accurate diagnosis of AR is also crucial to increase treatment success. Further promising improvements in diagnostics are expected from recombinant allergen diagnostics identifying particular molecules of risk. Purified native or recombinant allergens, identifying the individual molecules to which patients are sensitized, can be determined by molecular or component resolved diagnostics. These may decrease the need for provocation testing and improve the specificity of allergen immunotherapy. Different methods to measure nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels are currently being revealed. Decreased nNO concentration is also typical of cystic fibrosis, even though nNO is not as low as in primary ciliary dyskinesia. The clinical utility of nNO remains to be established in upper airway disorders such as AR.

Torsemide Fast Dissolving Tablets: Development, Optimization Using Box-Bhenken Design and Response Surface Methodology, In Vitro Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Assessment.

The present study planed to develop new fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) of torsemide. Solid dispersions (SDs) of torsemide and sorbitol (3:1) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) k25 were prepared. The prepared SDs were evaluated for in-vitro dissolution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry for SDs revealed no drug/excipient interactions and transformation of torsemide to the amorphous form. Torsemide/sorbitol SD was selected for formulation of torsemide FDTs by direct compression method. Box-Bhenken factorial design was employed to design 15 formulations using croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone at different concentrations. The response surface methodology was used to analyze the effect of changing these concentrations (independent variables) on disintegration time (Y1), percentage friability (Y2), and amount torsemide released at 10min. The physical mixtures of torsemide and the used excipients were evaluated for angle of repose, Hausner's ratio, and Carr's index. The prepared FDTs tablets were evaluated for wetting and disintegration time, weight variation, drug content, percentage friability, thickness, hardness, and in vitro release. Based on the in-vitro results and factorial design characterization, F10 and F7 were selected for bioavailability studies following administration to Albino New Zealand rabbits. They showed significantly higher C max and (AUC0-12) and shorter T max than those obtained after administration of the corresponding ordinary commercial Torseretic ® tablets. Stability study was conducted for F10 that showed good stability upon storage at 30°C/75% RH and 40°C/75% RH for 3months.