Fast Charging Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Cell Architecture Design for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

This paper reviews the growing demand for and importance of fast and ultra-fast charging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). Fast charging is critical to improving EV performance and is crucial in reducing range concerns to make EVs more attractive to consumers. We focused on the design aspects of fast- and ultra-fast-charging LIBs at different levels, from internal cell architecture, through cell design, to complete system integration within the vehicle chassis. This paper explores battery internal cell architecture, including how the design of electrodes, electrolytes, and other factors may impact battery performance. Then, we provide a detailed review of different cell format characteristics in cylindrical, prismatic, pouch, and blade shapes. Recent trends, technological advancements in tab design and placement, and shape factors are discussed with a focus on reducing ion transport resistance and enhancing energy density. In addition to cell-level modifications, pack and chassis design must be implemented across aspects such as safety, mechanical integrity, and thermal management. Considering the requirements and challenges of high-power charging systems, we examined how modules, packs, and the vehicle chassis should be adapted to provide fast and ultra-fast charging. In this way, we explored the potential of fast and ultra-fast charging by investigating the required modification of individual cells up to their integration into the EV system through pack and chassis design.

Principles and trends in extreme fast charging lithium-ion batteries

This perspective summarizes principles and trends in extreme fast charging lithium-ion batteries, a key enabler of the mass adoption of electric vehicles.

Conductive TiN network-assisted fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries

The partial conversion of TiN nanoparticles allows the formation of conductive Li3N–TiN clusters, enhancing the fast-charging capability of graphite.

Boosting fast-charging performance of TiNb2O7via graphdiyne coating.

The performance of TiNb2O7 (TNO) is enhanced for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries by coating with graphdiyne (GDY). This modification improves the conductivity, rate capability, and cycling stability of TNO. The GDY coated TNO (TNO@GDY) retains 73% capacity after 1000 cycles at 5C, demonstrating its potential for advanced energy storage applications.

Functionalized Polyethylene Separators with Efficient Li-Ion Transport Rate for Fast-Charging Li-Ion Batteries.

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the key to solving the range anxiety of electric vehicles. However, the lack of separators with high Li+ transportation rates has become a major bottleneck, restricting their development. In this work, the electrochemical performance of traditional polyethylene separators was enhanced by coating Al2O3 nanoparticles with a novel green binder. This binder was synthesized by grafting allyl alcohol ethoxylates (APEG) onto the backbone of poly(acrylic acid) in water solution. The presence of abundant hydroxyl and ether groups, along with a three-dimensional structure, not only ensures a homogeneous and stable physical structure for the separator but also functionalizes the separator-electrolyte interface to facilitate Li+ transport. Consequently, the separator exhibits a high electrolyte uptake of 95.16% and a good peeling strength of 1.243 N cm-1. The electrolyte in the separator has an excellent Li+ transference number of 0.69. Especially, a cell with the optimized binder (with the APEG ratio of 10%) exhibits a 34% and 40% increase in capacity at 10 C compared to cells using polyvinylidene fluoride and lithium polyacrylate (PAALi) binders, respectively. These promising results could guide the development of more advanced binder materials for fast-charging LIBs.

Voltage-Induced Bromide Redox Enables Capacity Restoration of Fast-Charging Batteries.

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential for electric vehicles (EVs) to compete with conventional gasoline ones in terms of charging viability, yet the aggressive capacity drop in fast-charging scenarios gives rise to concerns regarding durability and sustainability. Herein, it is clarified that for fast-charging batteries, the excessive lithium (Li) plating on graphite anode inevitably brings capacity fading, and the concurrent accumulation of Li2O-dominant passivation species that form dead Li is the main reason for their poor rechargeability. To refresh the passivated graphite, a voltage-induced activation mechanism is developed to leverage bromide (Br-/Br3 -) redox couple for Li2O and isolated Li0 activation in situ. Along with a tiny amount of lithium bromide (LiBr) added into theelectrolyte, the cut-off voltage of activation processes is controlled to initiate and maximize the effectiveness of Br-/Br3 - redox couple. The capacity of degraded fast-charging cells can increase from lower than 30 to ≈118 mAhg-1 before and after the activation, respectively. Notably, the process is not one-off; a subsequent activation is feasible. For the same battery that suffered from another round of fast charging, this design still restores the reversible capacity to ≈100 mAhg-1. Such a voltage-mediated mechanism can effectively prolong the service life of practical fast-charging batteries.

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries electrodes enabled by self-regulating micro-channels networks

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries electrodes enabled by self-regulating micro-channels networks

Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Design for Extreme Fast-Charging

As the transition to electric vehicles accelerates, the need for fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) becomes increasingly important to address key consumer concerns such as range anxiety and limited charging infrastructure. Fast charging not only boosts the effective service capacity of charging infrastructure but also allows the use of higher-capacity batteries without long downtime. To advance the transition to EVs, the Department of Energy (DOE) has set high goals for extreme fast charging (XFC), where batteries should be charged to 80% capacity in under 10 mins[1].Operating under XFC conditions gives rise to high overpotentials in LIBs. The graphite electrode potential can be driven to below 0 V vs Li/Li+ due to the fast-charging overpotential, making Li plating thermodynamically favorable. Metallic lithium can grow as dendrites that pierce the separator and short the battery, creating safety concerns.[2] Some metallic lithium can also become electronically isolated, referred to as “dead lithium”, that cannot be recovered upon discharge.[3] Consequently, lithium plating remains a critical problem during fast charging that decreases total Li inventory and degrades the battery's overall capacity. In addition, charging under XFC conditions usually results in poor charge acceptance due to a combination of overpotential and extreme concentration gradients in the electrolyte.[4], [5], [6] Poor charge acceptance limits effective XFC protocol charging time and prolongs the overall time needed to charge LIBs.Our research investigates two concurrent strategies to enhance fast charging performance from fundamental considerations related to the electrolyte. In the first, a low-viscosity co-solvent such as acetonitrile is used to demonstrate the effect of improved electrolyte transport properties on fast charging. In the second, we show that the interfacial chemistry of graphite electrodes also plays a crucial role in fast charging. By developing a better understanding of the voltage-dependent formation mechanisms of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) with electrolyte additives such as FEC, we hope to leverage those insights into designing a better interface for XFC applications.[1] S. Ahmed et al., “Enabling fast charging – A battery technology gap assessment,” J. Power Sources, vol. 367, pp. 250–262, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.055.[2] X. Lin, K. Khosravinia, X. Hu, J. Li, and W. Lu, “Lithium Plating Mechanism, Detection, and Mitigation in Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., vol. 87, p. 100953, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100953.[3] Z. M. Konz et al., “High-throughput Li plating quantification for fast-charging battery design,” Nat. Energy, pp. 1–12, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41560-023-01194-y.[4] M. Weiss et al., “Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review of Materials Aspects,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 11, no. 33, p. 2101126, 2021, doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101126.[5] A. M. Colclasure, A. R. Dunlop, S. E. Trask, B. J. Polzin, A. N. Jansen, and K. Smith, “Requirements for Enabling Extreme Fast Charging of High Energy Density Li-Ion Cells while Avoiding Lithium Plating,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 166, no. 8, p. A1412, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1149/2.0451908jes.[6] A. M. Colclasure et al., “Electrode scale and electrolyte transport effects on extreme fast charging of lithium-ion cells,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 337, p. 135854, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135854.

Lithium Plating on Graphite Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is a critical advancement in achieving more efficient and sustainable energy storage, particularly in electric vehicles. However, fast charging often leads to lithium plating, significantly impacting battery performance and longevity. While it is essential to reduce the amount of lithium plating, characterization of lithium plating is challenging due to high sensitivity of lithium to oxygen and water, small feature sizes, and the complex morphology of the porous electrode and the deposits (dendrites with solid-electrolyte interphase, SEI). Consequently, understanding the mechanism of lithium plating and SEI's influence on it remains elusive.In our study, we utilize operando atomic force microscopy (operando-AFM) to investigate the dynamic behaviors during lithium plating and stripping on graphite nanoplatelets. This technique allows real-time, nanoscale observation of lithium plating and stripping, providing insights into lithium nucleation, growth, and distribution on the anode surface. Notably, we observe graphite exfoliation during plating and stripping, indicating the loss of active materials and its implications for battery capacity and cycling stability. Additionally, our research explores the interaction between SEI and lithium plating. Understanding how SEI influences lithium plating dynamics is essential for developing strategies to optimize fast charging capabilities.By gaining insights from our investigations, we aim to inform the design of electrode materials, artificial SEI materials, and electrolyte additives that promote and facilitate fast charging in lithium-ion batteries. These strategies hold promise for enhancing battery safety, reliability, and overall performance, thereby accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles and other energy-intensive applications.

Unraveling Lithium Plating and SEI Properties during Fast Charging of Li-Ion Batteries

As the electric vehicles market expands rapidly, the need for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries become increasingly imperative. However, the persistence of lithium plating, particularly on graphite negative electrodes in state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), continues to pose performance degradation and safety hazards. Understanding the dominant limitation mechanism remains a subject of controversy. To evaluate the dominant role among particle-level diffusion and charge-transfer at the electrode interphase, we utilized ultra-thin electrodes with different-size graphite particles in conjunction with a pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) model to evaluate the most likely plating mechanism. The superior performance of small graphite particles, coupled with well-matched modeling data, indicated that particle-level diffusion is the primary mechanism contributing to plating at high rates. Furthermore, we investigated how fast-charging rates influence the morphology of lithium dendrites and their solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) properties using 1.6 Ah pouch cells featuring a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 cathode and graphite anode provided by Nanoramic Laboratories. Our investigation involved a comparative analysis of the aging behavior of NMC/Gr cells subjected to various charging rates — 0.5C, 2C, 4C, and 6C. Through a series of post-mortem characterizations, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), we identified distinct dendrite morphologies at the graphite anode under varying charging rates, along with fluorine-richer SEI for faster charging process. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of lithium plating mechanisms, offering valuable insights into the fast-charging behavior in practical Li-ion battery applications. Acknowledgement This material is based upon work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, award number DE-EE0009111. This work was mainly conducted at the Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. We used resources of the Center for Nanoscale Materials, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facilities operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Fast-Charging Li4Ti5O12 Anode Driven By Light

The development of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for achieving significant market adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The successful achievement of fast-charging LIBs depends on efficient charge transfer and the diffusivity of lithium ions. The photo-assisted battery system exhibits promising fast-charging properties. Previous research has shown that direct exposure to white light can induce a more oxidized center in a spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode, accelerating its charging rate.[ 1] Recently, our group found that illumination with red light on an operating LMO cathode induces an Mn d-d electron excitation, simultaneously shrinks the Mn-Mn lattice, and facilitates faster delithiation of the LMO cathode.[ 2] Consequently, the charging time of the battery decreases. This encourages us to consider whether the photon energy from a specific wavelength of light can also enhance the lithiation process on the anode side. Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising material for faster-charging anodes due to its small volume charge and high-rate capability in lithium intercalation. However, the system displays slow lithium diffusivity due to poor bulk ionic conductivity. To examine the photon effect of light on these anodes, we demonstrate the photo-accelerated fast-charging (lithiation process) mechanism with an LTO spinel anode.The thin film LTO's energy band gap (Eg), approximately 3.4 eV, was determined through intense UV-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum analysis, assessed in a transmission mode employing Tauc’s Law. This indicates that an LED light with photon energy around 3.4 eV might trigger rapid charging by exciting electron transfer to the T-t2g band. To explore the impact of light on the fast-charging behavior of the LTO electrode, current was measured while applying a constant voltage of 1.2 V. During the 20-minute chronoamperometry experiment, utilizing the 3.4 eV UV LED to illuminate the cell resulted in a progressive increase in current. This current increase peaked at approximately 200s, leading to a maximum average capacity increase of 13 mA h g-1. This suggests that UV illumination accelerates the lithiation process compared to the dark state, particularly favoring the early lithiation stage. Subsequently, a red LED emitting 2 eV photon energy was used to illuminate the same cell, resulting in no discernible change in current levels compared to the dark state. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further revealed a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance of the window cell when illuminated with UV light compared to both the dark state and red illumination. This alteration in electrode reaction kinetics at the interface suggests a distinct influence of different light wavelengths on the charging process.In addition to assessing charge transfer at the electrode interface, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis was conducted at a 2 C rate to further elucidate diffusion within the LTO electrode. The GITT curves reveal that the diffusion of Li+ ions was approximately 1.3 times faster when the cell was illuminated by UV light compared to dark conditions. Consequently, we deduce that photo-accelerated fast charging can also occur during the lithiation process (reduction reaction) of anode materials, driven by optical forces.To delve into the underlying mechanisms, we conducted first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The outcomes revealed that the generation of additional electrons in LTO results in a reduction in the bandgap and shifts the Fermi level above the conduction band minimum, effectively transforming LTO into an active conductor of electricity. These calculations indicate that UV light illumination has the capability to surmount the bandgap of LTO, generating electron-hole pairs and thereby facilitating charge transfer and lithium-ion diffusion.In conclusion, our study showcased that UV light illumination on the LTO anode can lead to a faster charging speed of approximately 17% compared to dark conditions. We posit that the observed phenomenon of photo-accelerated fast charging in LTO is linked to the formation of electron-hole pairs in intrinsically wide-bandgap insulators or semiconducting materials. This discovery holds considerable implications for the advancement of fast charging technologies for lithium-ion batteries, potentially mitigating range anxiety concerns and facilitating the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.Acknowledgments: This work was supported by funding from Royal Dutch Shell plc. Argonne National Laboratory operates under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357 with the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. We gratefully acknowledge use of the Bebop or Swing or Blues cluster in the Laboratory Computing Resource Center at Argonne National Laboratory and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.Reference[1] A. Lee et al., Nat. Commun., 10, 4946 (2019).[2] J. Lipton et al., Cell Reports Physical Science, 3, 101051 (2022).

Design of Localized High Concentration Electrolytes for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) have emerged as a promising class of electrolytes to improve the cycle life and energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While their application in batteries with lithium-metal anodes is extensively investigated, their behavior in systems with graphite anodes has received less research attention. Herein, the behaviors of four electrolytes in Graphite | LiNiO2 cells are compared. By systematically varying the electrolyte compositions, the impacts of the solvation structure, solvent composition, and salt composition of LHCEs are identified on the rate capability, stability, and propensity for lithium plating in LIB full-cells. It is found that while the solvation structure and solvent composition each play an important role in determining rate capability, the substitution of LiPF6 salt with LiFSI maximizes the rate capability and suppresses irreversible lithium plating. It is now demonstrated via constant-potential cycling, that an appropriately formulated LHCE can, therefore, maintain high reversible capacity and safety under arbitrarily fast charging conditions.

In-situ reconstruction of N-doped carbon nanoflower coating layer for enhancing high pseudo-capacitance in Bi-based fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

In-situ reconstruction of N-doped carbon nanoflower coating layer for enhancing high pseudo-capacitance in Bi-based fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in the Development of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in the Development of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

Pseudo Two-Dimensional Model for the Design of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Pseudo Two-Dimensional Model for the Design of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Ultrasound-enabled adaptive protocol for fast charging of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract This paper introduces an ultrasound-assisted multi-stage constant current (UA-MSCC) charging protocol to enhance the charging performance of lithium-ion batteries. In this approach, ultrasound is applied during the final portion of each multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charging phase. Experimental results demonstrate that ultrasound decreases the internal resistance of pouch cells by up to 7%, leading to significant increase in charging capacity during each MSCC stage. The overall charging time is reduced by 26% compared to the conventional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) protocol. The performance improvement delivered by this ultrasound-assisted charging approach is especially large when the battery is charged at low temperatures and to a partial capacity. Notably, the application of ultrasound improves the coulombic efficiency to levels comparable to that at the room temperature when charging in cold environments (0°C). This approach can be applied to commercial batteries to immediately improve their charging performance, and can be seamlessly integrated into battery management systems. Unlike approaches that necessitate electrode material modifications or electrolyte additives, which require a long development time, this UA-MSCC charging protocol offers a practical and easily applicable solution for improving the battery charging performance.

Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries While Accounting for Degradation and Cell-to-Cell Variability

Safety and maintaining high performance are key considerations during the operation of lithium-ion batteries. Battery degradation, in particular lithium plating and loss of active material, is often accelerated by fast charging. This study explores a strategy for the design of fast charging protocols that takes into account the influence of the variability between battery cells on factors that can impact degradation. We employ a non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion to identify the key parameters for each degradation condition. We explore the reduction of battery degradation by adjusting constraints such as the maximum C-rate and voltage. Tight control of the key adjustable parameters contributes significantly to reducing the confidence interval of the degradation factors, allowing reduced charging time with minimal degradation. The application of our approach to two state-dependent fast charging protocols for a LiC6/LiCoO2 battery indicates the value in explicitly accounting for uncertainties when designing charging protocols that minimize degradation.

A novel lithium-ion battery state-of-health estimation method for fast-charging scenarios based on an improved multi-feature extraction and bagging temporal attention network

Accurately estimating the state of health (SOH) of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries is crucial for safely and reliably operating battery systems. However, handling data scarcity and rapid charging scenarios under diverse operational conditions is challenging. In this paper, a novel approach for estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is introduced based on an improved multisegment feature extraction and bagging temporal attention network. First, four health features, including the time differences observed at equal voltages, the cumulative integral of voltage changes, the total circuit charge variation and the levels of slope peaks, are identified. Second, a residual bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) attention mechanism is designed to focus on the temporal dimension of battery data by incorporating a multilayered complex neural network design comprising convolutional layers, pooling layers, Bi-LSTM layers and fully connected layers. This design effectively captures the features and relationships contained in battery data. The predictions derived from randomly initialized parameters and multiple submodels are stacked to improve the generalizability of the model. Finally, comprehensive evaluations are conducted through comparative experiments, ablation studies and noise experiments, with six evaluation metrics considered across three datasets. The MAE, RMSE, MAEP and MAXE of the proposed model reach 0.366, 0.605, 0.519 and 1.56, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed method enhances the robustness, resilience and generalizability of the estimates produced under different conditions and noise scenarios.

A novel framework for low-temperature fast charging of lithium-ion batteries without lithium plating

This paper proposes a novel framework for low-temperature fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without lithium plating. The framework includes three key components: modeling, constraints, and strategy design. In the modeling phase, a new electro-thermal coupled model is introduced, which integrates both frequency-domain and time-domain electro-thermal coupled models. They optimize the bidirectional pulsed current (BPC) heating parameters and charging current, respectively. Terminal voltage boundaries and lithium plating serve as constraints. Terminal voltage is confined within upper and lower limits to prevent battery overcharge and overdischarge. Lithium plating avoidance entails setting a minimum frequency for BPC heating. During charging, lithium plating is mitigated by maintaining negative potential above 0 V. To obtain calculated negative electrode potential, a three-electrode battery is employed to calibrate the electro-thermal coupled model parameters. Subsequently, a novel low-temperature fast charging strategy is devised. This strategy enables intelligent switching between BPC heating and charging, while also synergistically optimizing BPC heating parameters and charging current. The strategy also achieves optimization of both charging speed and energy consumption. Charging the battery SOC from 0.2 to 0.9 in 42 min at −10 °C, without triggering lithium plating, is feasible with this proposed strategy. Compared to strategies focusing solely on current amplitude optimization, heating followed by charging, and traditional methods, this heating strategy exhibits the highest charging speed.

Novel Electrochemical Methodology for the Removal of HF from Carbonate-Based LiPF6-Containing Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes

Baseline Li-ion battery (LIB) electrolytes typically consist of LiPF6 salt dissolved in carbonate solvents. Due to trace amounts of water and the hydrolysis of PF6 - in carbonate solvents, these electrolytes always contain trace amounts of HF. [1] On the cathode, HF has negative effects, including transition metal dissolution and capacity fading. [2] On the anode, HF is involved in the formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). [3] The SEI originates in the thermodynamic instability of electrolyte moieties (salt, solvent, impurities) on the anode surface. As a result, electrolyte moieties are reduced and may then react with Li+ ions to form solid, insoluble products on the anode surface. This limits electron and solvent transport while permitting Li+ transport, kinetically stabilizing the interface. [4] The mechanism of nucleation and growth remains poorly understood despite their significance. The formation of LiF is one example. Although it is believed that direct PF6 - anion reduction is important, it is difficult to observe this reaction unambiguously because it frequently coexists with electrochemical signatures of electrocatalytic HF reduction or even acts in concert with one another. [5]The objective of this work is to remove ppm-levels of HF from carbonate-based LiPF6-containing electrolytes to enable foundational studies of SEI nucleation (e.g., direct PF6 - anionic direction) without interfering HF effects. We propose an electrochemical purification approach, which is complementary to conventional approaches using scavenging molecules. [6] Utilizing the knowledge that all other electrolyte moieties in baseline carbonate LiPF6-containing LIB electrolyte remain intact at relatively high potentials (significantly > 1.5 V vs. Li/Li+), we postulate to solely and selectively electrocatalytically reduce HF on metal electrodes. Therefore, our basic hypothesis is that all the HF in the electrolyte will be electrocatalytically reduced when an appropriate potential is applied to a high-surface area catalytically active electrode, while all other moieties essentially stay unchanged. To achieve this, we employed a porous Cu-foam working electrode that is integrated into a Teflon cone-type cell that has a second Pt working electrode. This allows us to use cyclic voltammetry (CV) to electrochemically test the HF concentration in the electrolyte. We report on the successful removal of HF to levels below a few ppm. Additionally, we observe CV features which we tentatively assign to direct anion reduction. Investigations are underway to gain deeper insight into the specifics of this reaction. We anticipate that the developed electrochemical method could lead to new opportunities for HF removal and basic research on the SEI reaction in electrolytes containing LiPF6.Literatur:[1] S.F. Lux, J. Chevalier, I.T. Lucas, R. Kostecki, HF Formation in LiPF6-Based Organic Carbonate Electrolytes, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 2 (2013) A121.[2] C. Ye, W. Tu, L. Yin, Q. Zheng, C. Wang, Y. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Q. Huang, K. Xu, W. Li, Converting detrimental HF in electrolytes into a highly fluorinated interphase on cathodes, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6 (2018) 17642-17652.[3] D. Strmcnik, I.E. Castelli, J.G. Connell, D. Haering, M. Zorko, P. Martins, P.P. Lopes, B. Genorio, T. Østergaard, H.A. Gasteiger, F. Maglia, B.K. Antonopoulos, V.R. Stamenkovic, J. Rossmeisl, N.M. Markovic, Electrocatalytic transformation of HF impurity to H2 and LiF in lithium-ion batteries, Nature Catalysis, 1 (2018) 255-262.[4] A. Wang, S. Kadam, H. Li, S. Shi, Y. Qi, Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries, npj Computational Materials, 4 (2018) 15.[5] C. Cao, T.P. Pollard, O. Borodin, J.E. Mars, Y. Tsao, M.R. Lukatskaya, R.M. Kasse, M.A. Schroeder, K. Xu, M.F. Toney, H.-G. Steinrück, Toward Unraveling the Origin of Lithium Fluoride in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase, Chemistry of Materials, 33 (2021) 7315-7336.[6] J.-G. Han, M.-Y. Jeong, K. Kim, C. Park, C.H. Sung, D.W. Bak, K.H. Kim, K.-M. Jeong, N.-S. Choi, An electrolyte additive capable of scavenging HF and PF5 enables fast charging of lithium-ion batteries in LiPF6-based electrolytes, Journal of Power Sources, 446 (2020) 227366.