Fast-changing Environment Research Articles

The Growth of Global Risks After the COVID-19 Pandemic

The 2006 Global Risks Report sounded the alarm on pandemics and health-related risks. Unsurprisingly, the global pandemic became a reality, and the immediate human and economic costs were affected. The efficiency of managing risks is accompanied by high levels of uncertainty, and the planning is unable to ensure accountability and yield reliable projections. This work aims to examine the complex system of risks and their interconnectivity with COVID-19 pandemic. Each risk itself may be considered a complex system that upon interaction with the global system of risks might be unstoppable and trigger a sequence of catastrophic events. This calls for a systematic examination of risks in a complex system to project the probability of risks becoming events, initiated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Risks have proliferated in recent years and the pandemic is an ascending factor. This paper analyzes the risks indicated by World Economic Forum, The Global Risk Reports from 2006 to 2022. We form our model by defining the risks associated with COVID-19 pandemic. The association between risks accelerating the probability of risk occurring, and increasing its impact. The most important elements are the virtually unheard factors produced in a fast-changing environment, which changes so fast because the system of factors is not a national or regional one, but the world functions uniformly. Informative and predictive functions under this reality does not provide information for the future, and the more important qualification of this information is uncertain unless the information from the past and the present has all the qualitative historical data, and the proportionate analysis is used. Dealing with risk under the development of a model would result in exclusion of certain factors or variants from this model, which could become a restricted perception and subject of imposing certain influential theories which demolished in conflict with reality. Risk events demonstrate the success and failure of risk management, which consistently point to poor planning as a major cause of risk management failure. This may be not the only reason for poor planning under conditions of high uncertainty. Furthermore, business is unaware of risk governance and lacks an understanding of risk situations, promoting individualism when governance necessitates broader participation. This lack of understanding or refusal of collective contribution is a societal malfunction and an avoidance of corporations’ respective responsibilities in social welfare.
 Keywords: COVID-19, global risks, economic crisis, risk management, governance

The Effect Of Green Banking Initiatives Of Indian Banks On Customer Satisfaction

In This era of globalization going green is the popular trend in the banking sector. In this fast changing environment green Banking plays an important role in the banking sector as green banking initiative has provoked banking institutions to introduce digital & Technology impelled services. Retaining customers & customer satisfaction in a bank is more difficult nowadays. The perception of customers and their satisfaction is an important factor that has to be taken into consideration before investing and implementing such Green services as they use this services.This study aims to find out the impact of Green Banking Initiatives on customer satisfaction. Green banking refers to making the banking transactions electronically/ digitally and to avoid paperwork in transactions.  Green banking, a eco -friendly banking operation, ascertains high retention of customers for a bank. Green banking practices in the private sector banks provide a comfortable access to the customers. A study was conducted in the Banks to investigate the impact of green banking Initiatives and overall services of these banks on customers’ satisfaction. The total 377 respondents have been considered for the stud.

The Mediation of Knowledge Management on the Relationship between HRM Practices and Employees' Performance in Qatari Hospitals

Today, a competitive, uncertain, and fast-changing environment requires knowledge management. In this globalized world, the health sector can offer knowledge management in addition to human and physical resources. Knowledge management gathers experience, knowledge, and expertise; develops new skills; delivers job quality; fosters innovation, and improves the customer experience. Hence, this study examined the mediating effect of knowledge management on human resource management (HRM) practices on employees’ performance in the Qatari Hospitals. Out of 500 self-administered questionnaires distributed among employees, only 315 were valid for analysis. Moreover, the data were analyzed using the Partial Least Square Structural Equational Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the research hypotheses of this study. The findings of the study indicate that (HRM) practices and knowledge management have a significant influence on employees’ performance in the Qatari Hospitals. Also, knowledge management has had a major impact on employees’ performance in the Qatari Hospitals. Finally, knowledge management mediated the effect of HRM practices on employees’ performance in the Qatari Hospitals. The performance of this study will be a policy dialogue between the department of human resources, regulators, researchers, and policy makers. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the examination of the mediating role of knowledge management between HRM practices and employee performance in the healthcare sector. Keywords: employees’ performance, HRM practices, knowledge management, partial least square structural equational modelling, Qatari hospitals. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.3.1

Chinese High-Tech Export Performance: Effects of Intellectual Capital Mediated by Dynamic and Risk Management Capabilities

This study analyzed the effect of intellectual capital on Chinese exporters’ performance and the joint mediating effect of two-way capabilities to explain the relationships. With a sample of 197 firms responsible for exporting Chinese high-tech products, we empirically evaluated higher-order constructs in a partial least squares structural equation model using a two-stage approach. The results show that firms’ intellectual capital generates dynamic capabilities, which lead human, structural, and relational capital to improve overseas export performance. Furthermore, the study shows risk management capability also has a complementary mediating role in improving overseas export performance. These findings point to the significant role of two-way capabilities, clarifying how risk management capabilities can be used to enhance export performance and highlighting the role of dynamic capabilities in leveraging export performance. Our findings hold managerial implications on how Chinese high-tech exporting businesses adapt to fast-changing environments.

Stochastic decision tree acceptability analysis with uncertain state probability

In a fast-changing environment, state in the future is difficult to predict. Traditional approaches are unable to support decision-makers to find out optimal alternative effectively when the probability of future’s environmental state is unknown or uncertain. In this study, we propose a stochastic decision tree acceptability analysis (SDTAA), which aims to manage this decision-making problem effectively. In SDTAA, state probability space with random distribution is utilized to capture unknown or uncertain state probabilities and stochastic values or ordinal values are used to model uncertain attributes values. Then, by computing rank acceptability, holistic expected value and value variance of each alternative, SDTAA can help decision makers find the optimal alternative effectively when state probability is uncertain, unknown or missing. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation based algorithms are proposed to calculate the rank acceptability, holistic expected value and value variance. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the SDTAA method.

Systematic Literature Review on Human Resource Management Effect on Organization Performance

Purpose: The current study is the outcome of a thorough evaluation of the literature on functionalism in human resource management as it relates to organizational performance. It examines the role of human resource management and looks into various issues with human resource management in firms in such situations. Research Methodology: The theoretical underpinnings are accomplished through a systematic review and subsequent thematic content analysis of literature, including reports from published literature and research papers that have been published. These were critically examined, and the best matching documents were then carefully chosen for inclusion to reach a conclusion. Result: The result emphasizes the necessity for human resource management managers to implement cutting-edge strategies for faculty and staff empowerment so they may traverse the fast-changing environment and perform to their full potential against the odds. To engage stakeholders in amicably avoiding recalcitrance, a conceptual qualitative framework is established and recommended for the functionalism of tailored human resource management. This approach can help managers of human resources find opportunities during this crisis and help them come to significant conclusions about how to address issues and create a positive culture. Limitation: Risks of bias such as selection bias, insufficient blinding, attrition bias, and selective outcome reporting may be among the limitations. Future Implications: By working together to overcome predicted difficulties, this framework can help an educational leader manage stakeholders' expectations and benefit academics and practitioners alike. Novelty: Research novelty was a brand-new concept that might result in new knowledge or contribute to already-existing knowledge. Keywords: 1. Human Resource Management 2. Functionalism 3. Organization Performance 4. Systematic Literature Review

Developing Global Competences via University Internationalization Activities—A Comparative Analysis of Business Students’ Opinions before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis

For the last two years the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the main activities in higher education institutions (HEIs), including teaching activities and internationalization activities, activities that are directly involved in the development of student graduates’ competences. The present study analyzes the perceptions of students on the results of a university’s internationalization activities, in terms of competences they develop at two different moments in time: before the pandemic and during the pandemic. The research started in 2019, before the pandemic, having as objective to identify how various types of competences are associated with HEIs’ internationalization activities. Once the pandemic started and given the changes in the activities of HEIs, it was of interest to see what the perceptions of students were of the contribution of different HEIs’ internationalization activities to the development of their competences in the new conditions. Therefore, the present research has the purpose of investigating if the perceptions of students on the types of competences the university develops through its internationalization activities before the pandemic are different from their perceptions on the development of the same competences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the conditions of modified international activities. This can help universities to decide on possible changes needed in their activities (given the fast-changing environment) in order to support the development of competences for their students. Two quantitative studies were organized in Romania. The first was conducted in 2019 with 148 students in the terminal year of bachelor studies at a particular business faculty in Bucharest. In order to see if there were shifts in the opinions of students about how the university contributes to the development of their competences in the new COVID-19 context and the new forms in which higher education took place, the research was replicated at the beginning of 2022 with 179 students in the terminal year at the same business faculty. The results show both different and common opinions of the two analyzed groups of students (before and during the pandemic) regarding the role of the business university’s activities in providing specific, generic and global competencies that are demanded in the national and international labor markets. The paper contributes theoretically by extending the HE literature on the developments of skills and competences for students and graduates and also by extending the literature on changes determined in HE by the COVID-19 crisis. The research also has practical implications for universities willing to offer sustainable education by better adapting their strategies for the development of various competences for their students in the continuously changing environment and uncertain situations determined by the COVID-19 crisis, for example, the need for universities to offer special course content, new courses and events focused on the most recent international events in all spheres of activity.

Media and information literacy to counter disinformation

Over the past decade there is increasing recognition and acceptance that technological advancement and explosion of media and other information providers, including those on the Internet, have made it urgent for all citizens to acquire media and information competencies. Survival in knowledge societies requires that women, men, children and youth, in general all citizens, have the competencies to purposefully navigate the flood of information, decipher media messages they meet with, and to create and participate in media and interact online despite their race, gender, age, beliefs, ability or location. This rapid growth in technologies and media has opened up new forms of citizen engagement. Women/girls and men/boys’ use of social networking platforms has created a virtual second world. Meanwhile a large number of studies show that citizens do not have the competencies to effectively exploit the opportunities provided by this virtual world and at the same time minimize the potential risks. The risks are connected to the reliability of information, privacy, safety and security issues, and potential abuse of media, the Internet and other information providers. The spread of disinformation and ‘fake news’ poses a serious challenge for people in different countries, especially in the Arab World. This situation is even more serious in our part of the world where our young people in general use the new media with a kind of addiction. Students in particular and indeed all citizens need to develop pertinent competences to navigate these fast-changing environments and in order to be able to be empowered against “fake news”, "rumors" and "hate speech" spread all over the digital media. Education in media literacy can have positive outcomes on students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes in analyzing and critically understanding the media and disinformation/misinformation. Media and information literacy competences are also required in order to enable citizens to actively participate in democratic society; these competences enable citizens in general to access, understand and deal with the media, and encourage them to become participatory agents. Media and Information Literacy empowers citizens, including children and youth, with competencies related to media, information, information and communication technology (ICT) and other aspects of literacy which are needed for 21st century. These competencies include the ability to: access, find, evaluate, use the information they need in ethical and effective ways; understand the role and functions of media and other information providers such as libraries, museums and archives, including those on the Internet, in democratic societies and in the lives of individuals; understand the conditions under which media and information providers can fulfil their functions; critically evaluate information and media content; engage with media and information providers for self-expression, life-long learning, democratic participation, and good governance; and update skills (including ICTs skills) needed to produce content, including user-generated.

When your value proposition is to improve others' energy efficiency: Analyzing the internationalization dilemma of eco-innovations in SMEs

In a scenario of growing demand for energy, technology applications that monitor industrial companies' energy consumption will support the integration of the value chain of suppliers, companies, and clients in a process of eco-innovation. We relate the drivers of eco-innovation to the key factors of internationalization of business models based on supporting industrial companies' energy efficiency. From a dynamic perspective, this study allows us to highlight that an entrepreneur's preestablished personal network, the lack of opportunities in domestic markets, and the fast-changing environment complicate the international growth pattern of eco-innovations.

Bird Communities in a Changing World: The Role of Interspecific Competition

Significant changes in the environment have the potential to affect bird species abundance and distribution, both directly, through a modification of the landscape, habitats, and climate, and indirectly, through a modification of biotic interactions such as competitive interactions. Predicting and mitigating the consequences of global change thus requires not only a sound understanding of the role played by biotic interactions in current ecosystems, but also the recognition and study of the complex and intricate effects that result from the perturbation of these ecosystems. In this review, we emphasize the role of interspecific competition in bird communities by focusing on three main predictions derived from theoretical and empirical considerations. We provide numerous examples of population decline and displacement that appeared to be, at least in part, driven by competition, and were amplified by environmental changes associated with human activities. Beyond a shift in relative species abundance, we show that interspecific competition may have a negative impact on species richness, ecosystem services, and endangered species. Despite these findings, we argue that, in general, the role played by interspecific competition in current communities remains poorly understood due to methodological issues and the complexity of natural communities. Predicting the consequences of global change in these communities is further complicated by uncertainty regarding future environmental conditions and the speed and efficacy of plastic and evolutionary responses to fast-changing environments. Possible directions of future research are highlighted.

Genetic manipulation for abiotic stress resistance traits in crops.

Abiotic stresses are major limiting factors that pose severe threats to agricultural production. Conventional breeding has significantly improved crop productivity in the last century, but traditional breeding has reached its maximum capacity due to the multigenic nature of abiotic stresses. Alternatively, biotechnological approaches could provide new opportunities for producing crops that can adapt to the fast-changing environment and still produce high yields under severe environmental stress conditions. Many stress-related genes have been identified and manipulated to generate stress-tolerant plants in the past decades, which could lead to further increase in food production in most countries of the world. This review focuses on the recent progress in using transgenic technology and gene editing technology to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants, and highlights the potential of using genetic engineering to secure food and fiber supply in a world with an increasing population yet decreasing land and water availability for food production and fast-changing climate that will be largely hostile to agriculture.

Twelve-year changes in palm populations from a tropical lowland forest in the Philippines

Arecaceae (Palmae) is an ecologically and economically important family characteristic of the vegetation in tropical and subtropical regions, with at least 125 species occurring in the Philippines, most of them endemics. We monitored changes in stem density, mortality and recruitment of palm populations for 12 years within a 16-ha Forest Dynamic Plot located in northern Luzon, the Philippines. We recorded a total of 4060 stems, dominated by Pinanga insignis (46%) and P. maculata (34%), followed by Caryota cumingii (19%), and a few stems (< 1%) of Orania decipiens and Areca whitfordii. Half (51%) of the initially recorded stems in the 2004 census died by the time of the 2016 census, while 1086 (36%) additional stems were recorded in the same period. Overall palm population declined with the decreasing populations of P. insignis and P. maculata due to higher mortality than recruitment during the 2004–2010 and 2010–2016 census intervals while C. cumingii population increased in the same period. Regarding topographic position, the stem density of P. maculata is higher in valleys > midslopes > ridges across censuses, higher in valleys and midslopes than ridges for C. cumingii across censuses, and higher in midslopes than valleys for P. insignis during the 2016 census only. Mortality and recruitment were weakly observed along topographic positions between species and across censuses. Our result presents how palm population may change within 12 years with population trends differing between species, indicating the importance of palms in understanding the population dynamics of plant communities in a fast-changing environment.

A Study on Effectiveness of E-Recruitment Method in IT Industries in Bangalore City, India

Abstract: This E-recruitment is also known as Online recruitment where companies and HR professionals use Online methods such as posting the job online, on social media, or on their in-house platforms to post their job advertisements in search of potential candidates. E-recruitment is faster and more effective compared to the traditional methods of hiring and due to this fast-changing environment and trends, Companies/HR professionals want to adopt E-recruitment as a part of their hiring process. The title of my study is "A study on the effectiveness of adoption of E-recruitment method in IT industries in Bangalore city". Bangalore city is the IT Capital of India and is the fastest growing industry in the world and hence provides millions of job opportunities and there is a need for an effective and faster hiring process to fill this massive need. As Bangalore is called the Silicon Valley of India, I felt that there was a need to study how effective the E-recruitment methods are. This study was done to understand how effective the E-recruitment methods are in IT industries in Bangalore. This study was done using research methodologies where the sample size is 6 and sampling technique is Random Sampling method, data collection tool is Structured Questionnaire and Telephonic interview with HR professionals in Bangalore city. Variables like time saved, organizational change, unqualified candidates, etc. are chosen to collect and analyze the data. In this study, how effective the adoption of Erecruitment is in IT industries in Bangalore city is measured. To measure and analyze this, a Structured Questionnaire with a set of questions was administered via Google Forms and received 50 responses from HR professionals who reside in Bangalore City. The analysis for the study was carried out using SPSS Software and conclusions were drawn with the help of that analysis. This study concludes that there is good effectiveness of adoption of E-recruitment methods in IT industries in Bangalore city. HR professionals feel that time is saved in E-recruitment as many unqualified candidates do not apply to the unqualified job and the satisfaction of the candidates they hired, organization change in E-recruitment is important. HR professionals think that there is a need for good verification of candidates during online job postings.

Mongolian Hedging Strategy

The aim of this text was to evaluate Mongolian foreign policy by applying the hedging strategy. We have arrived at the conclusion that the way Mongolia strives to secure itself against insecurities and risks in the fast-changing environment of East Asia corresponds to main principles of the hedging strategy and in basic outlines that it is not different from procedures applied by countries in Southeast Asia. After 1990, Mongolians enrolled in the Non-Aligned Movement; they voluntarily enlisted their country in the nuclear-free zone and started to apply to a friendly relation policy towards powers in their neighbourhood. These are basically same methods copied by all ASEAN member states. In its foreign policy, Mongolia applies a full range of hedging options: both acceptance and rejection of China’s power. In the context of East and Southeast Asian smaller state strategies, we consider Mongolian efforts as a light form of hedging.

Speed breeding to accelerate crop improvement

Global food security has become a major issue as the human population grows and the environment changes, with the current rate of improvement of several important crops inadequate to meet future demand. Crop plants have extended generation times, which contributes to the slow rate of progress. However, speed breeding has revolutionized the entire world by reducing generation time and speeding up breeding and research programs to improve crop varieties. In the absence of an integrated pre-breeding program, breeding new and high-performing cultivars with market-preferred traits can take more than ten years. After the first cross with parental genotypes, a large amount of time, space, and resources are committed to the selection and genetic advancement stages during the early stages of breeding. Speed breeding has the ability to shorten the time it takes to develop, market, and commercialize cultivars. Crop improvement in the face of a fast-changing environment and an ever-increasing human population is a major concern for scientists around the world. Current crop enhancement projects are progressing at a rate that is insufficient to meet food demand. Crop redesign is urgently needed for climate resilience, as well as long-term yield and nutrition. Crop progress is slowed significantly by the long generation time required by crop plants during the breeding process. Speed breeding is now being used on a large scale to shorten generation time and support multiple crop generations per year as a solution in this approach. Researchers are now using an integrated approach to improve breeding efficiency, combining speed breeding with current plant breeding and genetic engineering methods. Speed breeding is a promising approach for achieving nutritional security and sustainable agriculture by shortening breeding cycles for food and industrial crop enhancement. Speed breeding is a methodology that allows plant breeders to improve crop production by adjusting temperature, light duration, and intensity to boost plant development. It uses an artificial source of light, which is kept on continuously, to activate the photosynthetic process, which leads to growth and reproduction much earlier than normal. This will assist in meeting the demands of the future’s rising population. This can be accomplished using a variety of technologies, including genotyping, marker-assisted selection, high throughput phenotyping; gene editing, genomic selection, and re-domestication, all of which can be combined with speed breeding to allow plant breeders to keep up with a changing climate and growing human population.

Dynamic Optimization in Fast-Changing Environments via Offline Evolutionary Search

Dynamic optimization, for which the objective functions change over time, has attracted intensive investigations due to the inherent uncertainty associated with many real-world problems. For its robustness with respect to noise, Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) have been expected to have great potential for dynamic optimization. Many dynamic optimization methods such as diversity-driven methods, memory methods, and prediction methods have been proposed based on EAs to deal with environmental changes. However, they face difficulties in adapting to fast changes in dynamic optimization as EAs normally need quite a few fitness evaluations to find a near-optimum solution. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new framework of applying EAs in the context of dynamic optimization to deal with fast changing environments. We suggest that, instead of online evolving (searching) solutions for the ever-changing objective function, EAs are more suitable for acquiring an archive of solutions in an offline way, which could be adopted to construct a system to provide high-quality solutions efficiently in a dynamic environment. To be specific, we formulate the offline search as a static set-oriented optimization problem. Then, a set of solutions is obtained by an EA for this set-oriented optimization problem. After this, the obtained solution set is adopted to do fast adaptation to the corresponding dynamic optimization problem. The general framework is instantiated for continuous dynamic constrained optimization problems, and the empirical results show the potential of the proposed framework. The superiority of the framework is also verified on a dynamic vehicle routing problem with changing demands.

Traditional Crafts. What About?

Abstract The (re)connection of contemporary society with traditional knowledge and its expression, traditional crafts, is a contradictory endeavor in itself. On one hand, traditional crafts are socially perceived as a burden, as a useless part of social life, and in the best case, as an exotic remanence of the past, good only for the hobbyists. On the other hand, as UNESCO and WIPO stated, traditional knowledge, and, by extension, traditional crafts are (or should be) an essential part of humankind’s history, part of the present, and the potential keepers of answers for future challenges. The presented paper aims to point out, mainly for general public use, the characteristics of traditional crafts and their richness. Traditional crafts might possess valuable answers for the present and future, related to sustainable use of natural resources; techniques and technologies for restoration and preservation of cultural heritage; holistic approaches in education; social and economic cohesion, especially for challenged communities. One of the main challenges in the active preservation of traditional crafts is that their protection and further acceptance at a social scale are connected with communities and not with individuals. In this respect, societies must find those instruments to address the communities of knowledge bearers and not companies or individuals. This understanding of the exceptional significance of communities in the present and future of traditional crafts is part of the solution for a desired sustainable life on this planet. Modern technologies will not offer all the answers to a dramatically fast-changing environment.

Determinants of performance drivers in online food delivery platforms: a dynamic performance management perspective

PurposeThis study aims to demonstrate that the Dynamic Performance Management (DPM) framework, integrating performance management with system dynamics modelling, enables decision-makers to identify sustainable strategies in online food delivery platforms, thereby avoiding company failure.Design/methodology/approachThis study undertakes a multistep methodological approach. After the literature review, a retrospective case study approach was used. To build the DPM framework and the system dynamics simulation model, primary and secondary data were collected and analysed.FindingsThis study by adopting the DPM perspective highlights the critical role performance drivers play to assess the viability of alternative growth strategies in food delivery digital platforms. As such, the findings complement extant studies which highlighted the need for adopting a dynamic perspective in Performance Measurement and Management (PMM), particularly in complex and turbulent environments. Findings also highlight that in food delivery platforms, network effects may result insufficient to reach a critical volume of users and factors such as key drivers impacting platform attractiveness must be considered to design effective PMM.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies may apply the DPM framework here suggested to multiple digital platforms, to validate this study's findings.Practical implicationsThis paper offers a guidance to practitioners and scholars to design effective PMM in food delivery digital platforms.Originality/valueThis study offers an innovative perspective to analyse the interdependences among main mechanisms underpinning the performance of food delivery platforms. As such, it contributes to enrich prior PMM literature and addresses the call for more empirical and theoretical PMM contributions in fast-changing and turbulent environments.

INCULCATING VALUES IN SCHOOL STUDENTS: A RECOMMENDED PROGRAMME

School Education Systems are charged with the daunting task of preparing the next generation of citizens. However, the research shows that School Education Systems, both government aided and government unaided, have struggled to effectively inculcate human and social values to meet the needs of our fast-changing Environment and Society. The affective development of a child is focused very less compared to cognitive development. Moral science as a subject is not focused as much as it deserves. Inculcating human and social values in students aims at sensitizing them in their life and making them responsible towards different components of the Society and Environment. To this end, this article recommends the human and social values inculcating programme for School Education Systems. In this article, advantages of inculcating human and social values in school students are discussed. Furthermore, this article presents a conceptual programme for inculcating human and social values in school students.This article is a conceptual paper that builds upon the hallmarks of human and social values inculcating programme, absence of which is reflected and manifested at every level in the society and the environment.A conceptual programme for inculcating human and social values in school students is presented. A school education system that does not inculcate human and social values may not have socially and environmentally conscious alumni and alumnae. A deliberate action to inculcate human and social values in school students is urgently required.It is recommended that United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) start an activity based Global School Students' Values Inculcation Programme (GSSVIP) across the world to achieve its overarching objectives. The knowledge partnerships and the programme execution partnerships can be done with bodies having a proven track record like Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford Jesuit Institutions, Stanford University etc. The other terms and conditions may be set as per the, feasibility of different stakeholders.A pilot study can be conducted before the actual programme.Running programmes for inculcating human and social values in school students is imperative to support a sustainable society and environment.

Cooperation and punishment mechanisms in uncertain and dynamic social networks

This paper examines experimentally how reputational uncertainty and the rate of change of the social environment determine cooperation. Reputational uncertainty significantly decreases cooperation, while a fast-changing social environment only causes a second-order qualitative increase in cooperation. At the individual level, reputational uncertainty induces more leniency and forgiveness in imposing network punishment through the link proposal and removal processes, inhibiting the formation of cooperative clusters. However, this effect is significant only in the fast-changing environment and not in the slow-changing environment. A substitution pattern between network punishment and action punishment (retaliatory defection) explains this discrepancy across the two social environments.