Fast Activity Research Articles

Inflammation Mediated By TNFα Disrupts the Autophagic Flux and Oxidative Phosphorylation of Megakaryocytes and Platelets through the Downregulation of STX17

Background. JAK2 V617F-positive polycythemia vera (PV) is the most common Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Elevated levels of TNFα, and a significantly higher risk of thrombosis and bleeding (thrombohemorrhage) are hallmarks of JAK2 V617F PV. Platelets from patients with PV are characterized by hyperreactivity (fast activation of the αIIbβ3 integrin), higher P-selectin exposure (thromboinflammation), and phosphatidylserine (procoagulant potential). We have also found that in addition to these phenotypes, platelets from PV patients have dysfunctional autophagy promoting mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of dysmorphic mitochondria, and decreased clot retraction. Therefore, we hypothesized that inflammation mediated by TNFα (like in some cancers) dysregulates autophagy in JAK2 V617F PV by reprogramming (immunometabolism) metabolism of MKs and platelets. Methods. Platelets from sex and age-matched healthy subjects and patients with PV were analyzed. Platelets were treated with chloroquine (CQ) to analyze the autophagic flux by western blot and electron microscopy. Platelet bioenergetics was analyzed using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Semi-quantitative metabolomics was performed using the Vanquish UHPLC system. Thrombus formation was measured by microfluidics using T-TAS and ATLAS equipment. Clot retraction was assessed by measuring the weight of serum extruded from the clot. Platelets for clot retraction were treated with CQ or EACC. The MEG-01 cell line was treated with TNFα to analyze its impact on the autophagic flux, mitochondrial metabolism, and transcription (RNAseq). Murine studies using platelets from wild type (WT), DARE (transgenic mice with constitutive expression of TNFα or a neutralizing antibody against TNFα were performed. Results. Platelets from patients with PV have significantly impaired autophagic flux (p<0.01), mitochondrial dysfunction (p<0.002), and accumulation of dysmorphic mitochondria (p<0.007). Platelets from PV patients have significantly lower levels of STX17 (p<0.008), a key regulatory molecule of autophagosome and lysosome fusion (Figure 1). The inhibition of STX17 from healthy donor platelets decreased clot stability (p<0.004). Moreover, platelets from chronically (DARE) and acutely inflamed mice (WT mice treated with TNFα) exhibited the same autophagic defect (p<0.03 and 0.02, respectively) secondary to the downregulation of STX17 (p<0.01 and 0.02, respectively). In vitro experiments showed that megakaryocytes downregulate the transcription and translation STX17 (p<0.006 and p<0.03, respectively) in response to TNFα. Finally, in vivo treatment of inflamed mice with a neutralizing anti-TNFa antibody restored the expression of STX17 (p<0.0001) and the autophagic flux (p<0.002). Conclusion. Using several in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrated for the first time the immunometabolic effect of TNFα in platelets and megakaryocytes. TNFα is a key regulator of the autophagic flux in platelets inducing platelet hyperreactivity and decreasing clot stability. Our findings may explain why patients with JAK2 V617F PV are at increased risk for both thrombo-hemorrhagic events and suggest that targeting autophagy might lower this risk.

Photosynthesis of widespread lichen species in pine forests of Central Siberia

Lichens and other terrestrial photosynthetic unicellular organisms of the planet consume nearly 14.3 billion tons of atmospheric CO2. Due to climate change, such important components of the forest ground cover as lichens are very vulnerable. This study evaluates the photosynthetic activity in widespread lichens by measuring the indices of net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and prompt fluorescence. Hence, cryptogams of pine forests in Central Siberia near the Zotino tall tower observatory (ZOTTO) are characterized as highly active. Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Brodo and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) are the main representatives of ground cover species. The purpose of this study was to determine the photosynthetic activity in dominant species of ground cover lichens during a growing season. We found the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis with the lowest values being observed in June, and the highest ones in August. Dark respiration peaks in June and is the lowest in September. Fluorescence values are within the range of 6.7 ± 0.3. The species under study that grow on podzol soils in pine forests show fast kinetic activation.

Attenuation of aircraft noise-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress by exercise, fasting and pharmacological activation of α1AMPK or NRF2/HO1 pathway

Attenuation of aircraft noise-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress by exercise, fasting and pharmacological activation of α1AMPK or NRF2/HO1 pathway

Fluorogenic Photo‐Crosslinking of Glycan‐Binding Protein Recognition Using a Fluorinated Azido‐Coumarin Fucoside

AbstractGlycan recognition by glycan‐binding proteins is central to the biology of all living organisms. The efficient capture and characterization of relatively weak non‐covalent interactions remains an important challenge in various fields of research. Photoaffinity labeling strategies can create covalent bonds between interacting partners, and photoactive scaffolds such as benzophenone, diazirines and aryl azides have proved widely useful. Since their first introduction, relatively few improvements have been advanced and products of photoaffinity labeling remain difficult to detect. We report a fluorinated azido‐coumarin scaffold which enables photolabeling under fast and mild activation, and which can leave a fluorescent tag on crosslinked species. Coupling this scaffold to an α‐fucoside, we demonstrate fluorogenic photolabeling of glycan‐protein interactions over a wide range of affinities. We expect this strategy to be broadly applicable to other chromophores and we envision that such “fluoro‐crosslinkers” could become important tools for the traceable capture of non‐covalent binding events.

Fluorogenic Photo-Crosslinking of Glycan-Binding Protein Recognition Using a Fluorinated Azido-Coumarin Fucoside.

Glycan recognition by glycan-binding proteins is central to the biology of all living organisms. The efficient capture and characterization of relatively weak non-covalent interactions remains an important challenge in various fields of research. Photoaffinity labeling strategies can create covalent bonds between interacting partners, and photoactive scaffolds such as benzophenone, diazirines and aryl azides have proved widely useful. Since their first introduction, relatively few improvements have been advanced and products of photoaffinity labeling remain difficult to detect. We report a fluorinated azido-coumarin scaffold which enables photolabeling under fast and mild activation, and which can leave a fluorescent tag on crosslinked species. Coupling this scaffold to an α-fucoside, we demonstrate fluorogenic photolabeling of glycan-protein interactions over a wide range of affinities. We expect this strategy to be broadly applicable to other chromophores and we envision that such "fluoro-crosslinkers" could become important tools for the traceable capture of non-covalent binding events.

Periodic discharges plus fast activity on EEG predict worse outcomes in post-stroke epilepsy.

Post-seizure functional decline is a concern in post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). However, data on electroencephalogram (EEG) markers associated with functional decline are scarce. Thus, we investigated whether periodic discharges (PDs) and their specific characteristics are associated with functional decline in patients with PSE. In this observational study, patients admitted with seizures of PSE and who had scalp EEGs were included. The association between the presence or absence of PDs and post-seizure short-term functional decline lasting 7 days after admission was investigated. In patients with PD, EEG markers were explored for risk stratification of short-term functional decline, according to the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology. The association between EEG markers and imaging findings and long-term functional decline at discharge and 6 months after discharge, defined as an increase in the modified Rankin Scale score compared with the baseline, was evaluated. In this study, 307 patients with PSE (median age, 75; range, 35-97 years; 64% males; hemorrhagic stroke, 47%) were enrolled. Compared with 247 patients without PDs, 60 patients with PDs were more likely to have short-term functional decline (12 (20%) vs. 8 (3.2%), p < 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.26 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.44-12.6; p = 0.009). Patients with superimposed fast-activity PDs (PDs+F) had significantly more localized (rather than widespread) lesions (87% vs. 58%, p = 0.003), prolonged hyperperfusion (100% vs. 62%, p = 0.023), and a significantly higher risk of short-term functional decline than those with PDs without fast activity (adjusted OR, 22.0; 95% CI, 1.87-259.4; p = 0.014). Six months after discharge, PDs+F were significantly associated with long-term functional decline (adjusted OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.27-13.88; p = 0.018). In PSE, PDs+F are associated with sustained neuronal excitation and hyperperfusion, which may be a predictor of post-seizure short- and long-term functional decline.

Metode Pengenalan Puasa Ramadhan Untuk Menguatkan Pemahaman Islami Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Fasting Ramadan is one of the pillars of Islam, obligatory worship for Muslims who must be commanded by Allah SWT. Fasting not only suppresses thirst and hunger but also takes care of emotions, lust and also behavior from dawn to sun sunset, fasting teaches us tocare socially, get closer to Allah SWT, and have sensitivity to the surroundings. So the children already have to be taught to fast even if you are not a child required for them to implement itHowever, this is done to familiarize children with worship so that children get used to fasting. The formulation of the problem in the research, namely 1) identifying Ramadan fasting as strengthening Islamic understanding, 2) methods that teachers apply to introduce Ramadan fasting, 3) Strategies for controlling children to carry out fasting activities Ramadan. Research methods use qualitative descriptive with interviews, observations and documentation carried out at SDN 71 Bengkulu City with subject teachers and students at school. Data analysis uses triangulation sources. Research result obtained that during the month of Ramadan teachers will fill the school with Islamic activities, such as religious lectures,boarding school express and fill in an activity diary during Ramadan to control children's activities at home, such as prayer,read Al-Qur’an, prayers tarawih, listentalk, and how many fasts have been fulfilled.

Tailored hydrogel entrapped catalyst with highly active, controlled catalytic activity for the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP)

In catalytic reactions, achieving large specific surface area immobilisation of the catalyst is an important factor affecting the catalytic effect, however, the primary challenges in utilizing hydrogels as catalyst carriers are to enhance the mechanical properties of the hydrogel to improve the activity and controllability of the catalyst. In this study, a new structure of P(AM-co-AA)/SMA/NH2-SiO2 hydrogels was synthesized via free radical polymerization, and the effects of the content of AA and NH2-SiO2 on the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. Without the use of additional cross-linking agents, both a chemical cross-linking network and a hydrophobic linkage network were established, which effectively reconstructed the structure of the hydrogels and dissipated energy. As a result, P(AM-co-AA-1.5 %)/SMA/NH2-SiO2-0.5 % hydrogel exhibited high mechanical properties, with tensile strength, elongation, and toughness reaching 1456 KPa, 4605 %, and 23.59 MJ/m3, respectively. This hydrogel can be utilized as a template for in situ and stable Ag NPs. Additionally, P(AM-co-AA)/SMA/NH2-SiO2@Ag composite hydrogels were prepared using cation exchange and in situ reduction methods for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The composite hydrogel exhibited fast catalysis, high efficiency, stable cycling, recyclability and adjustable catalytic activity at 35 °C with Kapp = 0.811 min−1. Furthermore, using this composite hydrogel alleviated the need for separating metal nanoparticle catalysts from the reaction system, thereby enabling the development of robust hydrogel materials with controlled catalytic activity for the wastewater treatment industry.

Illumination of Hydroxyl Radical in Kidney Injury and High-Throughput Screening of Natural Protectants Using a Fluorescent/Photoacoustic Probe.

The hydroxyl radical (•OH) is shown to play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, the development of a robust •OH probe holds great promise for the early diagnosis of AKI, high-throughput screening (HTS) of natural protectants, and elucidating the molecular mechanism of intervention in AKI. Herein, the design and synthesis of an activatable fluorescent/photoacoustic (PA) probe (CDIA) for sensitive and selective imaging of •OH in AKI is reported. CDIA has near-infrared fluorescence/PA channels and fast activation kinetics, enabling the detection of the onset of •OH in an AKI model. The positive detection time of 12 h using this probe is superior to the 48-hour detection time for typical clinical assays, such as blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine detection. Furthermore, a method is established using CDIA for HTS of natural •OH inhibitors from herbal medicines. Puerarin is screened out by activating the Sirt1/Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway to protect renal cells in AKI. Overall, this work provides a versatile and dual-mode tool for illuminating the •OH-related pathological process in AKI and screening additional compounds to prevent and treat AKI.

Achieving Fast Oxygen Reduction on Oxide Electrodes by Creating 3D Multiscale Micro-Nano Structures for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

Fast oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is a key requirement for the realization of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). While the design of three-dimensional (3D) structures has emerged as a new and promising approach to improving the electrochemical performance of SOFC cathodes, achieving versatile structures and structural stability is still challenging. In this study, we demonstrate a novel architectural design for a superior cathode with fast ORR activity. By employing a completely new fabrication process comprising a 3D printing technique and pulsed laser deposition (PLD), we design 3D La0.8Sr0.2CoO3-δ (LSC) micro-nano structures with the desired shape. 3D-printed yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) microstructures significantly increase the ratio of surface area to volume while maintaining suitable ionic conductivity comparable to that of single-crystalline YSZ substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis reveal the formation of crack- or void-free YSZ microstructures and the uniform deposition of LSC films by PLD on the YSZ microstructures. The 3D LSC micro-nano structures show significantly enhanced oxygen surface exchange coefficients (kchem) extracted from electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) measurements by up to 3 orders of magnitude relative to the bulk LSC. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements verify the kchem values from ECR and no directional difference in the measured ORR activity depending on the shape of 3D microstructures. The dramatic enhancement of the ORR activity of LSC is attributed to the increased film surface areas resulting from the 3D YSZ microstructures.

Propofol’s EEG Fast Activity is Dose-Dependent

Introduction: For patients with a first-time suspected seizure, electroencephalograms (EEG) are part of the initial evaluation. Most sedatives result in EEG artifact “fast activity” (FA), making the EEG difficult to read. During propofol-sedated EEGs, we noticed that FA would diminish when the propofol infusion rate was low. The purpose of this study is to investigate propofol dosing and its relationship to EEG FA artifact. Methods: This study involved retrospective chart reviews of a pediatric database for sedated EEG encounters in patients under 7 years of age. Data was collected from a total of 55 charts. Total doses of propofol (mg/kg/hr) were calculated for the first half and second half. The actual EEGs were reviewed by a pediatric neurologist study investigator, to classify the degree of FA as: none, mild, moderate, severe. We then examined whether total doses of propofol given during the EEG (mg/kg/hr) halves affected the severity of FA using ordinal logistic regression. Results: The results are summarized in Table 1, which shows that propofol doses (paired T-test, p&lt;0.001) and EEG FA (Bowker’s test of symmetry, p=0.002) were higher in the first half compared to the second half. Figure 1 graphs each data point independently, which shows via linear and ordinal logistic regression a positive relationship between propofol dosing and FA severity (p=0.0014, OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.08-1.34, respectively). Results: The results are summarized in Table 1, which shows that propofol doses (paired T-test, p&lt;0.001) and EEG FA (Bowker’s test of symmetry, p=0.002) were higher in the first half compared to the second half. Figure 1 graphs each data point independently, which shows via linear and ordinal logistic regression a positive relationship between propofol dosing and FA severity (p=0.0014, OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.08-1.34, respectively).

Quantitative Electroencephalography Objectivity and Reliability in the Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

Background. Persons with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may exhibit short- and long-term cognitive deficits as well as psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms often reflect functional anomalies in the brain that are not detected by standard neuroimaging. In this context, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is more suitable to evaluate non-normative activity in a wide range of clinical settings. Method. We searched the literature using the "Medline" and "Web of Science" online databases. The search was concluded on February 23, 2023, and revised on July 12, 2023. It returned 134 results from Medline and 4 from Web of Science. We then applied the PRISMA method, which led to the selection of 31 articles, the most recent one published in March 2023. Results. The qEEG method can detect functional anomalies in the brain occurring immediately after and even years after injury, revealing in most cases abnormal power variability and increases in slow (delta and theta) versus decreases in fast (alpha, beta, and gamma) frequency activity. Moreover, other findings show that reduced beta coherence between frontoparietal regions is associated with slower processing speed in patients with recent mild TBI (mTBI). More recently, machine learning (ML) research has developed highly reliable models and algorithms for the detection of TBI, some of which are already integrated into commercial qEEG equipment. Conclusion. Accumulating evidence indicates that the qEEG method may improve the diagnosis and management of TBI, in many cases revealing long-term functional anomalies in the brain or even neuroanatomical insults that are not revealed by standard neuroimaging. While FDA clearance has been obtained only for some of the commercially available equipment, the qEEG method allows for systematic, cost-effective, non-invasive, and reliable investigations at emergency departments. Importantly, the automated implementation of intelligent algorithms based on multimodally acquired, clinically relevant measures may play a key role in increasing diagnosis reliability.

Behavioral neuroscience: Computation in individual neurons

Information coding is generally thought to emerge from fast activity across thousands of neurons. A recent study shows that many features of a sophisticated decision-action sequence are encoded by the slow activity of individual command neurons.

TWDM-assisted passive quadrature phase demodulation for a Fabry-Perot-based ultrasound localization detection.

We propose a time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM)-assisted passive quadrature phase demodulation mechanism in this Letter. Combining wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs) with a programmable modulated grating Y-branch (MG-Y) laser, this method realizes both fast switching of discrete wavelengths and fast activation of multiple sensing paths simultaneously. Deploying it on a fiber-optic dual-cavity Fabry-Perot (F-P) ultrasound sensor array, we achieve high-precision localization of partial discharge (PD) signal sources in a two-dimensional (2D) plane with a maximum distance error of 1.53 cm and a maximum angle error of about 3.02°. This demodulation scheme can balance the relationship between sensitivity, sampling rate, and time-delay-induced errors, and provides an innovative solution for high-frequency phase demodulation applications of sensor arrays, which is especially significant for high-frequency detection in specific environments like partial discharges, industrial nondestructive testing, and so on.

Single-compartment model of a pyramidal neuron, fitted to recordings with current and conductance injection.

For single neuron models, reproducing characteristics of neuronal activity such as the firing rate, amplitude of spikes, and threshold potentials as functions of both synaptic current and conductance is a challenging task. In the present work, we measure these characteristics of regular spiking cortical neurons using the dynamic patch-clamp technique, compare the data with predictions from the standard Hodgkin-Huxley and Izhikevich models, and propose a relatively simple five-dimensional dynamical system model, based on threshold criteria. The model contains a single sodium channel with slow inactivation, fast activation and moderate deactivation, as well as, two fast repolarizing and slow shunting potassium channels. The model quantitatively reproduces characteristics of steady-state activity that are typical for a cortical pyramidal neuron, namely firing rate not exceeding 30Hz; critical values of the stimulating current and conductance which induce the depolarization block not exceeding 80mV and 3, respectively (both values are scaled by the resting input conductance); extremum of hyperpolarization close to the midpoint between spikes. The analysis of the model reveals that the spiking regime appears through a saddle-node-on-invariant-circle bifurcation, and the depolarization block is reached through a saddle-node bifurcation of cycles. The model can be used for realistic network simulations, and it can also be implemented within the so-called mean-field, refractory density framework.

Renal tubular function and morphology revealed in kidney without labeling using three-dimensional dynamic optical coherence tomography

Renal tubule has distinct metabolic features and functional activity that may be altered during kidney disease. In this paper, we present label-free functional activity imaging of renal tubule in normal and obstructed mouse kidney models using three-dimensional (3D) dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT) ex vivo. To create an obstructed kidney model, we ligated the ureter of the left kidney for either 7 or 14 days. Two different dynamic OCT (DOCT) methods were implemented to access the slow and fast activity of the renal tubules: a logarithmic intensity variance (LIV) method and a complex-correlation-based method. Three-dimensional DOCT data were acquired with a 1.3 upmum swept-source OCT system and repeating raster scan protocols. In the normal kidney, the renal tubule appeared as a convoluted pipe-like structure in the DOCT projection image. Such pipe-like structures were not observed in the kidneys subjected to obstruction of the ureter for several days. Instead of any anatomical structures, a superficial high dynamics appearance was observed in the perirenal cortex region of the obstructed kidneys. These findings suggest that volumetric LIV can be used as a tool to investigate kidney function during kidney diseases.

Teaching ChatGPT for Grant Writing

In the spring of 2023, stirred by reports that AI was radically transforming the writing industry (and "creating an epidemic of cheating"), I taught my Department of English senior capstone students how to use ChatGPT to write grants. In this brief write-up, I describe my rationale for teaching about the AI (to get students jobs); how it can fit into writing studies best practices (e.g., process pedagogy); ways to create assignments that might limit its use (localization and contextualization); as well as a few fast and messy activities and student process examples that evolved over thesemester. The students chose to offer their writing using a first name only and a pseudonym.

Gaussian process-based quasi-coherent noise suppression in magnetic confinement devices with superconductors

Gaussian process (GP)-based technique suppressing quasi-coherent noises, i.e. structured noises, is developed which is more effective than conventional denoising techniques such as using frequency-domain filters. Superconducting devices like KSTAR, EAST, JT-60SA and ITER require separate sets of normal conducting magnetic coils inside the tokamak vacuum vessels to achieve a prompt control of fusion-grade plasmas in response to various fast and abrupt plasma activities such as vertical displacement events. Hence, these in-vessel control coils are typically operated with high-frequency switching power supplies which generate quasi-coherent noises. Semi-conductor based bolometers in KSTAR, for instance, are vulnerable to the quasi-coherent noise that makes a tomographic reconstruction for the 2D poloidal radiation map with the noise-contaminated signals flawed. By modeling the quasi-coherent properties of the noise as multivariate Gaussian distribution and generating the kernel function for the GP solely based on the measurements, the proposed method is able to suppress the noise whose performance is superior to the conventional filtering schemes. The method not only suggests an estimate of the denoised signal but also informs the consistent (with the measurements) uncertainty of the estimate at a level smaller than the standard deviation of the quasi-coherent noise. Performance of the method is confirmed with synthetic data containing the quasi-coherent noises, and it is applied to the measured data obtained by the KSTAR bolometers.

Construction of filterable and intelligent flexible NiB-Based catalytic electrode toward efficient overall seawater splitting

It is significance to develop non-precious metal catalytic electrodes that can be used for electrolysis of seawater to produce hydrogen to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. In this work, a stable, efficient and filterable flexible self-supporting electrode is prepared by in-situ growth of nickel and boron on porous hydrophilic filter paper (HP) via mild electroless plating at 298 K (Ni-B@HP). Due to NiB in-situ growth on the surface of the fiber, which has fast electron transfer ability and high intrinsic activity. In the electrolytic water hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction process (HER and OER), the overpotentials are only 32 mV and 300 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and there is no attenuation after stable operation for>3 days at industrial current density (>500 mA cm−2). More attractively, with filterable paper as the substrate, the Ni-B@HP electrode maintains its own filterability to realize seawater and sewage self-filtration, and has flexible characteristics of bending, folding and variant. This strategy of constructing electrodes can be applied to various extreme conditions and provides a new strategy for current sewage treatment and seawater hydrogen production.

Deep learning for automated detection of generalized paroxysmal fast activity in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome

ObjectivesGeneralized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA) is a key electroencephalographic (EEG) feature of Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). Automated analysis of scalp EEG has been successful in detecting more typical abnormalities. Automatic detection of GPFA has been more challenging, due to its variability from patient to patient and similarity to normal brain rhythms. In this work, a deep learning model is investigated for detection of GPFA events and estimating their overall burden from scalp EEG. MethodsData from 10 patients recorded during four ambulatory EEG monitoring sessions are used to generate and validate the model. All patients had confirmed LGS and were recruited into a trial for thalamic deep-brain stimulation therapy (ESTEL Trial). ResultsThe correlation coefficient between manual and model estimates of event counts was r2 = 0.87, and for total burden was r2 = 0.91. The average GPFA detection sensitivity was 0.876, with an average false-positive rate of 3.35 per minute. There was no significant difference found between patients with early or delayed deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment, or those with active vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). ConclusionsOverall, the deep learning model was able to accurately detect GPFA and provide accurate estimates of the overall GPFA burden and electrographic event counts, albeit with a high false-positive rate. SignificanceAutomated GPFA detection may enable automated calculation of EEG biomarkers of burden of disease in LGS.