Fasciola Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-helmintic activity of Zingiber officinale roscoe extract on Fasciola hepatica miracidia In vitro

Aims: The control of fascioliasis has depended on the utilization of a predetermined number of anthelmintic drugs. Nonetheless, the resistance of antifasciolid is presently boundless, and there is a need for potential drug properties of medicinal plants as new medications against Fasciola spp. to interrupt the parasite transmission. Materials and Methods: This investigation is meant to assess the potential anti-fasciolicide impacts of Zingiber officinale roscoe hydroalcoholic extract against the Fasciola miracidia. The eggs of Fasciola hepatica were gathered from the livers contaminated goats and sheep and washed 20 times with chlorine-free water, and afterward incubated at different pH, temperature, and light density for embryonic development. Concentrated miracidia of Fasciola spp. were incubated at different concentrations (2, 5, and 10 μg/mL) of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. officinale at different time intervals. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA statistical test. Results: The extract at different concentrations showed antifasciolid effects in comparison to triclabendazole. This braking action was dose-proportional and further related firmly to the disclosure time ( P

Effects of Fasciola gigantica infection and released excretory-secretory products on the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors in mice

Effects of Fasciola gigantica infection and released excretory-secretory products on the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors in mice

Molecular characterization and histopathological studies on Fasciola gigantica in Mithun (Bos frontalis)

Mitochondrial DNA sequence of the sub-unit 1 of cytochrome c oxidase (Cox1) and ribosomal DNA sequence of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of Fasciola collected from mithun and cattle from Arunachal Pradesh, India were characterized at molecular level in order to identify the species of parasite. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the identity of the parasite was confirmed as Fasciola gigantica in mithun as well as from cattle. In order to know histopathological alteration in Fasciola infection, a histopathological study was performed on eight liver specimens, out of 110 animals studied during the period from 2010-2016. Histopathological examination of F.gigantica infected liver showed extensive fibrous connective tissue proliferation with necrosis of hepatocytes and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cell. There was evidence of migratory tracts of parasites with losing of normal lobular hepatic architecture. Bile duct proliferation was followed by congestion of portal vein with perivascular cuffing with surrounding degeneration of hepatocytes. The hepatocytes showed pyknosis with hyperplasia of bile duct.

Occurrence and public health implications of gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Billiri Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria

A cross-sectional study was designed, from February, 2016 to October, 2016 using systematic random sampling technique. For the determination of (GIT) parasites, faecal samples were collected from the study animals and subjected to faecal floatation and sedimentation technique. A.suum has the highest prevalence of 147 (24.5%), then followed by Trichuris suis 96 (16.0%), Emeria species 73 (12.2%), Oesophagostomum species 58 (9.7%), strongyloides spp 41 (6.8%), Fasciola species 28 (4.7%), Isospora suis 17 (2.8%), paragonimus suis 11 (1.8%), schistosoma suis 8 (1.3%) and Taenia solum 28 (0.3%) respectively. Pigs with single infection are (53.2%), double infections (18.5%) and triple infections (80.2%). For sex boars have prevalence of (34.0%) and sows have (46.2%) with P-value of 0.0007 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 1.208. For age the young have prevalence of (27.2%) and the adults (53.0%) with P-value of 0.0066 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 1.166. For management system the extensive have a prevalence of (64.7%) while the semi intensive (15.5%) with p-value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 0.7884. Dry season has prevalence of (30.2%) and (50.0%) for rainy season with p-value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 0.8017. The overall prevalence for households is (66.7%) out of 485 sample pigs while for abattoir is (13.5%) out of 115 sample pigs. The overall prevalence from this study is (80.2%) out of 600 pigs sampled.

In vitro assay of alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in liver and fasciola hepatica parasite

The present work was designed to determine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity level in Fasciola hepatica parasite and Fasciola infected livers to evaluate the effects of liver infection on enzyme activity and to compare enzyme activity in liver and parasite. The sheep livers were collected and adult Fasciola hepatica parasites were isolated and washed with PBS buffer. Collected healthy and infected livers and parasite were homogenized and extract solutions were centrifuged and stored at -20°C. ALP enzymes activity was measured in the extract solution of samples. Proteins of the samples were measured and protein bands were detected through using Bradford and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods respectively. Independent two samples t-test was performed to determine significant difference between different groups. The mean values of the assayed ALP specific activities of infected and healthy livers and Fasciola hepatica parasite were estimated 0.163,0.133,0.048 U/mg protein/ml correspondingly. Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Fasciola hepatica and liver extract solution samples displayed different protein bands, including ALP enzyme. Statistical analysis did not show significant difference between enzyme’s activity in infected and healthy livers (P>0.05). However, the liver demonstrated more than ALP activity level to parasite (P<0.05). The findings show that ALP enzymes activity in Fasciola hepatica infected livers could not be concerned as a specific pathological biomarker in fascioliasis, but meanwhile this enzyme displays interest activity in parasite.

Helmintos de la República de Costa Rica IV. Algunos Tremátodos de animales domésticos y silvestres

In this contribution seven forms of digenetic trematodes, some parasitic on cattle and some in wild animals, are described. Excepting Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758, whose presence in cattle and horses in Costa Rica has been cited by Chavarria in 1940, all the species considered are new to the helminthologic fauna of Costa Rica. Specimens of a paramphistomid found in Costa Rica catt1e have been classified as Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) Fischoeder, 1901, in view of the presence of a genital sucker, the configuration of the digestive apparatus, and the structure and disposition of the reproductive organs and vitelline glands. Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 is also a frequent parasite in Costa Rica, the precise life cycle of this parasite is unknown in the Republic but studies have been undertaken to determine its intermediate mollusean host. Choledocystus intermedius Caballero, Bravo and Cerecero, 1944 has been found for the first time in Costa Rica, in toads Bufo marinus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 thus allowing its range to be defined from southern Mexico to Panama. Gorgoderina megalorchis Bravo, 1948 is another species of trematode parasite of the amphibian host cited above; our specimens differ from those studied by M. Bravo Hollis only in size, the specimens from Costa Rica being larger than those from Mexican toads; the new locality record extends its geo­graphical distribution to Central America. Urotrema scabridum Braun, 1900 has been collected in Costa Rica for the first time, from the bat Eptesicus propinquus Peters which is also considered to be a new host record. Two species of the genus Rhapalias: R. coronatus (Rudolphi 1819) Stiles and Hassall, 1898 and R. horridus (Diesing, 1850) Stiles and Hassall, 1898 are registered from the Costa Rican opossum, Didelphis marsupialis etensi Allen; both species are known to parasitize various South American and Mexican marsupials and the Costa Rican specimens do not differ from these in structural or measurable details. Finally, the trematode Heronimus chelydrae Mac Callum, 1902 has been collected from the lungs of freshwater turtles of the genus Kinosternon. According to the studies of E. Caballero y C. 1940, it is believed that this is the only species in the genus; it has also been reported from turtles of Panama, Mexico and the United States in North America. It has been noted that an early regression of the testes occurs in this species, since these were persistent in only a few of the specimens described.

Estudio preliminar sobre Fasciola hepatica en Costa Rica

The literature on Fasciola hepatica in Costa Rica is briefly reviewed. The first report of an intermediate host in this country is made: Lymnaea (PIeudosuccinaea) columella Say, found showing heavy natural infestation in Grano de Oro, Moravia de Chirripo, Cartago. Part of the life cycle was experimentatIy observed, infecting rabbits oratIy with melacercariae and finding adult trematodes in their bite ducts three months later. Human inhabitants of the same district were tested with total F. hepatica antigen; out of 82 tests, 47(57%) gave positive reactions.

Prevalence, economic analysis and chemotherapeutic control of small ruminant fasciolosis in the Sargodha district of Punjab, Pakistan.

This study describes the epidemiology, the economic significance of small ruminant fasciolosis in animals slaughtered in the abattoirs of the Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan between January and June 2012. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of commercially available compounds was examined using a randomised complete block design. Microscopically screened faecal samples revealed 40.51% positive animals for fasciolosis. The prevalent species included Fasciola hepatica (35.64%) and Fasciola gigantica (8.21%). Mixed infections were noted in 3.33% subjects. Prevalence rates were significantly higher in females (42.25%) than in males (39.52%), and in adults (51.20%) compared to younger animals (33.98%). The disease was recorded more often in emaciated animals (63.63%) followed in order by average (43.45%), thin (43.22%), and fat (32.12%) animals. Between January and June 2012, fasciolosis in Sargodha district, Punjab, Pakistan, was estimated to incur US$0.036 million and US$0.177 million direct (liver condemnation) and indirect (carcass depreciation) economic losses, respectively. In vivo fasciolicidal efficacy of oxyclozanide proved to be the most effective method of control, compared to triclabendazole, and levamisole. Results provide useful information on the frequency distribution of fasciolosis and its economic significance. Finally, data on in vivo fasciolicidal trials show that oxyclozanide is the most efficacious compound for the treatment of the disease in the district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of a triploid form of Fasciola in Japan.

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was characterized in a triploid form of Fasciola found in Japan in comparison with F. hepatica, F. gigantica and Korean Fasciola worm. Seventy worms of Fasciola from Japan, three of F. hepatica from Uruguay and Australia, two of F. gigantica from Thailand and one of Fasciola from Korea were used in the study. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using eight restriction enzymes, BamH I, Bgl II, Dra I, EcoR I, EcoR V, Hind III, Mfl I and Sca I. Three different types (types 1, 2 and 3) were detected from 76 Fasciola worms used in the study. Eight of 70 Japanese worms were categorized in type 2 (F. gigantica type), and the remaining 62 were in type 3 (F. hepatica type).

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths on equines in and around Debre Markos, Ethiopia

The study was conducted from October-2013 to June-2014 in and around Debre Markos, Ethiopia to assess the major gastrointestinal helminthes of equines (donkeys and horses), to determine their prevalence and find associations between measurable parameters and parasites burden. A total of 384 faecal samples (215 donkeys and 169 horses) were collected randomly for qualitative and quantitative faecal analysis. The overall prevalence of different parasites was found to be 86.51% in donkeys and 78.10% in horses. In the study area, 3.87% of donkeys and 6.13% of horses harbored only one type of parasite (single infection), whereas 96.13% of donkeys and 93.87% of horses harbored two or more types of parasites (mixed infection). The parasites encountered in both donkeys and horses in the study period were Strongyles (75.27% and 59.85%), T. strongylus axei (41.94% and 40.15), T. dontophorus (43.01% and 34.85) P. equorum (18.82 and 18.94) and Fasciola (22.58% and 18.94), respectively. Based on sex only the prevalence rate of strongyle was statistically significant (p<0.05) in both donkeys and horses. The prevalence of T. strongylus, T. dontophorus, P. equorom and Fasciola was statistically significant (p<0.05) between age groups of donkeys, but only the prevalence of T . s trongly was statistically significant (p<0.05) between age groups of horses. Parasitism and other health problems were identified affecting the health and welfare of equines. Government or other development agencies should include donkeys and horses in their priority lists of research and develop sustainable prevention and control methods that would prevent the high transmission of gastrointestinal helminths and other parasites of equines.

Prevalence of pasture-associated metazoal endoparasites in Bavarian dairy goat herds and farmers' approaches to parasite control.

The majority of dairy goat farms in Bavaria operate pasture-based systems. Endoparasites are therefore a common problem affecting health and productivity of these herds. Pooled faecal samples from 37 commercial dairy goat farms in Bavaria were examined by modified McMaster, flotation, sedimentation and Baermann funnel techniques. In addition, a questionnaire was used to gather information on farmers' perceptions and parasite management efforts. The average trichostrongyle faecal egg count across the 37 farms was 620 epg, with a median of 450 epg (1st quartile: 135 epg; 3rd quartile: 930 epg; range: < 30 to 3090 epg). Fasciola hepatica eggs were detected on four farms, Moniezia expansa eggs on one, Muellerius capillaris larvae on 13 and Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs in none of the samples. Following coproculture third stage larvae of trichostrongyle species were identified morphologically. Sufficient larval numbers were obtained from samples from 23 farms. Haemonchus spp. was the most abundant larval genus and accounted for 30.4% of all larvae examined (n = 4868), followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (27.5%), Teladorsagia spp. (21.8%) and Oesophagostomum spp./Chabertia spp. (19.0%; these two genera were not differentiated). Further nematodes were identified according to their egg morphology: Nematodirus spp were present on nine farms, Skrjabinema spp. on nine, Trichuris spp. on five and Strongyloides spp. were not detected in any of the samples. The questionnaire results indicated a widespread lack of farmer awareness of appropriate parasite management and treatment measures. Farmer and veterinary education is therefore important to avoid future resistance problems caused by under-dosing or inappropriate treatments.

Efecto de la espirulina (Arthrospira platensis) (Oscillatoriales: Cyanobacteria) en la cría experimental de Pseudosuccinea columella (Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae)

&lt;p&gt;Snails of the family Lymnaeidae, as &lt;em&gt;Pseudosuccinea columella&lt;/em&gt;, are the intermediate hosts of &lt;em&gt;Fasciola hepatica&lt;/em&gt;, the causative agent of fasciolosis in human and livestock all over the world. A thorough knowledge of snail biology is essential for describing the transmission dynamics and for controlling this disease. Since food quality has had a significant effect on snail growth, fecundity and fertility, in this study we evaluated the use of spirulina (&lt;em&gt;Arthrospira platensis&lt;/em&gt;) as a food resource for the artificial breeding of &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt;, an invasive snail and the main intermediate host of &lt;em&gt;F. hepatica&lt;/em&gt; in Northeastern Argentina. The main purpose was to measure the effect of spirulina on fitness parameters such as survival rate, growth rate, size at first reproduction, lifetime fecundity and viable offspring. A total of 20 676 newly-laid F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; eggs were used; half of them were fed with lettuce (treatment L) and the other half with lettuce plus spirulina (treatment L+S). In comparison with &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt; snails fed only with lettuce, we found that &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt; fed with lettuce plus spirulina: &lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; showed higher survival rates, &lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; grew faster and showed higher growth increments, &lt;strong&gt;3)&lt;/strong&gt; attained sexual maturity earlier in time (L+S:60 days vs. L:120 days) and at a smaller size (L+S:4.8mm vs. L:8.2mm), &lt;strong&gt;4)&lt;/strong&gt; had a longer reproductive period (L+S:150 days vs. L:90 days), &lt;strong&gt;5)&lt;/strong&gt; produced a higher number of eggs/snail (L+S:29.6 vs. L:13.3), and &lt;strong&gt;6)&lt;/strong&gt; showed a higher offspring hatching rate (L+S:70% vs. L:40%). The supplementation of &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt; diet with commercial spirulina enhances it fitness and improved the artificial breeding of this species. Spirulina may have a direct positive effect on &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt; development by consuming it, along with an indirect positive effect by improving the water quality. This rearing technique provided large number of reproducing adults and a continuous production of offspring, which are essential for developing future experimental studies in order to improve our knowledge on &lt;em&gt;P. columella&lt;/em&gt; biology.&lt;/p&gt;

Prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and economic loss due to liver condemnation at Debre Markos municipal abattoir, Northern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The study was carried out from November 2012 to May 2013 to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis and the economic loss incurred due to liver condemnation in cattle slaughtered at Debre Markos municipal abattoir. From 384 faecal and liver samples tasted, a prevalence of 43.23% and 90.88% was found respectively. There was also an association ( p < 0.05 ) among age and BCS groups of bovine fasciolosis prevalence. According to the intensity of pathological lesions in affected livers, 60 (61.89%) constituted severely affected; the rest, 100 (28.65%) and 33 (9.46%) were moderately and lightly affected respectively. The number of flukes recovered in moderately affected livers was higher (Mean = 90.84) than in either severely (Mean = 33.17) or lightly (Mean = 47.33) affected livers. Species identification revealed that Fasciola hepatica was more prevalent (36.10%) than Fasciola gigantica (1.72%), mixed (1.43%) and unidentified (immature) fluke (3.72%). The average economic loss because of liver condemnation was 13,268,480 Ethiopian Birr (698,341.05 USD) per annum, indicating that the disease has high economic importance. It is therefore concluded that fasciolosis causes significant losses to farmers, butchers and consumers. Finally, the abattoir based prevalence recorded in the study area and the loss incurred suggest that a detailed epidemiological study as well as assessment of the overall economic loss due to fasciolosis is required to implement systematic disease-prevention and control methods. Keywords: - Abattoir, Bovine, Economic importance, Fasciolosis .

First record of Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817) from Salta province, northwest Argentina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

Fil: Davies, Dora Ana. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium Fungi as Biological Control of Fasciolosis

Fasciolosis is a worm disease caused of Fa sciola gigantica and an important problem in husbandry especially for cattle. Controlling of this worm disease can be conducted by prevention and treatment. The use of antihelminthic is commonly causes a resistance problem. Natural control by mold such as Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium can be applied to reduce egg of F . gigantica . Although it was recently found, in vitro study gave satisfied result. This gives a new hope in controlling the disease although the extend application still needs to be studied. This paper discussed about the use of P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium for reducing F. gigantica population. K e y words: Natural control, F . gigantica, P. lilacinus, V. chlamydosporium

Differential Activities of Glutathione S-Transferase Isoenzymes in Strains of &lt;i&gt;Fasciola Hepatica&lt;/i&gt; Susceptible and Resistant to Triclabendazole

Fil: Fernandez, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernacion. Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina

In vitro potential anthelmintic activity of bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L. on earthworms and liverflukes

Ethnobotanical information from Nigeria specifies the usage of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) in treatment of parasitic diseases in human and thus, could be of value in preventing the development of resistance to common synthetic anthelmintics. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of methanolic extracts of the flesh and peel of the bulbils of D. bulbifera, on Fasciola gigantica and Pheritima posthuma at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg/ml. Albendazole and normal saline were included in the assay as standard reference drug and control, respectively. Thin layer chromatography was used to screen the methanol extracts of the flesh and peel of the bulbils of D. bulbifera for important secondary metabolites in comparison with gallic acid and quercetin. The median lethal concentration values of the flesh and peel extracts of D. bulbifera were 39.67 and 30.40 mg/ml for earthworm and 61.73 and 41.79 mg/ml for liverfluke, respectively. The peel was more potent at 100 mg/ml, causing paralysis in 5.6 ± 0.51 min and death in 10 ± 0.45 min in earthworm. The findings from this study show that D. bulbifera possess in vitro anthelmintic compound worthy of further evaluation. Key words: Albendazole, anthelmintic, Dioscorea bulbifera, Fasciola gigantica, Pheritima posthuma.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism of cattle in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene district, Ethiopia

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and monthly distribution of helminth parasites of cattle in Gedebano Gutazer Wolene district, Southern Ethiopia, from November 2008 to May 2009. A total of 406 faecal samples were collected and subjected to qualitative and quantitative coprologic parasitological examination. From the cattle examined an overall prevalence of 39.6% (n=161) was recorded. The study revealed an overall prevalence of 37.9% Strongyle, 22.4% Toxocara species, 16.1% Fasciola species, 13.7% Trichuris species and 9.9% Paramphistomum species, Strongyle and Toxocara species were the most prevalent parasites encountered in the study area. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the prevalence of helminthosis between season and different age groups of cattle was noted. The prevalence of helminth parasites during wet season was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the dry season. Out of 61 Strongyle egg type positive cattle, 14 (22.95%) were massively, 29 (47.55%) moderately and 18 (29.50%) were lightly affected. Intensity of Strongyle infection in terms of egg per gram (EPG) showed no variations when different age group and sex are compared. The current study indicated that season and age of animals are important factors associated with helminth parasites of cattle of the study area. The study identified high prevalence of parasitism demanded due attention to enhance the productivity of cattle. Therefore, strategic control approach by using effective broad spectrum anthelmintics at the beginning of rainy season is recommended and awareness creation to the farmers should be instituted in the study area. Key words: Ethiopia, cattle, gastrointestinal parasitism, prevalence.

Epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in ruminants in Jakiri, Bui Division, North West Region of Cameroon

Goats recorded the highest (90.4%) prevalence of GIT parasites, followed by sheep (73.1%), and the least prevalence was observed in cattle (56.7%). Concerning the various management techniques, prevalence of GIT parasites were higher in tethered animals (88.1%) followed by free range grazing animals (60.9%). Animals confined in paddocks had the least prevalence (45.5%). Eimeria species recorded the highest prevalence (20.9%) among the various species of parasites encountered during the study in cattle, Trichostrongylus species and Eimeria spp. in sheep (28.8%) while the highest prevalence in goats was Trichostrongylus spp. (55.8). Mixed infections of Trichostrongylus spp., Eimeria spp. and Haemonhus species were most prevalent in all the animal species. The prevalences of Fasciola species and Moneiza species were significantly low in all the three animal groups in the study area. Adults were more infected compared to young stock animals (lambs and kids). This work provides an important step to minimize economic losses in ruminants by providing information that will help farmers practice the right traditional management techniques. Key words: Gastrointestinal parasites, ruminants, prevalence, management systems, Jakiri, Cameroon.

Phytotherapy of intermediate host snail by ferulic acid to kill the Fasciola gigantica larvae in different months of the year 2011-2012

Fasciolosis is a parasitic helminthes disease caused by Fasciola gigantica. The different larval stage (sporocyst, redia and cercaria) are found in intermediate host snail Lymnaea acuminata. In the present study it has been tried to kill the F. gigantica larvae in vitro/ in vivo condition by the use of ferulic acid there is no mortality of snails. Mortality of larvae in in vivo and in vitro condition were observed at 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h, exposure of ferulic acid. Effect of seasonal variation on abiotic factors is one of the crucial phenomenon, which ultimately affect the toxicity of ferulic acid in different months of year 2011-2012. In in vitro treatment highest toxicity of ferulic acid against redia was noted in between July to August (8h LC50 0.37,-0.34 mg/ml), where as in case of cercaria highest toxicity was noted in month of September- October (8h LC50 0.10,-0.17 mg/ml). Highest toxicity in in vivo treatments against redia was noted in between July- August (8h LC50 0.43- 0.42 mg/L respectively). The lowest toxicity were observed in between the months of December to January. The highest temperature, free carbon dioxide, and lowest pH, dissolved oxygen was noted in the months of June to August.