Farms Of Different Sizes Research Articles

Genetic evolutionary analysis of a strain of Senecavirus A in Anhui and the establishment of its detection method

BackgroundSenecavirus A (SVA) is the only member of the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae, and is one of the pathogens of porcine blistering disease. SVA has been reported in the United States, Canada, China, Thailand, and Colombia. MethodsIn this study, positive SVA infection was detected by RT-PCR in sick materials collected from pig farms of different sizes in Anhui Province. ResultsIn this study, a virulent strain of SVA was successfully obtained by viral isolation on BHK21 cells and named SVA-CH-AHAU-1. Meanwhile, a simple, rapid and accurate nano-PCR method for the detection of SVA infection was established in this study, using the recombinant plasmid pClone-SVA-3D as a template. ConclusionsThe complete genome of SVA-CH-AHAU-1 is 7286 bp, including a 5′ non-coding region (UTR), an open reading frame (ORF) of 6546 nucleotides, encoding 2182 amino acids (aa), and a 3’ UTR with Poly(A) features, and phylogenetic analysis showed that this isolate had the highest nucleotide homology (97.9 %) with the US isolate US-15-41901SD. In this study, the virulent strain SVA-CH-AHAU-1 was found to recombine in the ORF region with isolates SVA-CH-SDGT-2017 and SVA/Canada/ON/FMA-2015-0024 T2/2015. The complete genome has been submitted to GeneBank with the accession number OM654411. In addition, our results suggest that the established nano-PCR assay can be used as an economical, reliable and sensitive method for the field diagnosis of SVA method, especially in resource-limited areas.

Current state of ‘Majhoul’ date palm in the Tinejdad region, Tafilalet area, Morocco

This research work was carried out on about twenty farms of different sizes where ‘Majhoul’ date palm is cultivated in the various oases extensions in the Tinejdad region, Tafilalet area. It focused on the cultivation practices of this variety, mainly fruit thinning which is crucial in the production of ‘Majhoul’ date palm and concerned about farmers because of its high cost as it requires skilled labor. And this in order to study the impact of this manual thinning on the production costs of ‘Majhoul’ date palm in the region and to make an alternative to this manual practice which is expensive, by using another method, mainly chemical thinning which is not expensive. Obtained results showed that 60% of the surveyed farmers practiced manual fruit thinning and that the cost of this operation seems to be expensive for the farmers. It costs 20 MAD per palm tree in large farms (containing more than 300 palm trees), 10 MAD per palm tree in the medium farms (100-300 palm trees) and 6 MAD per palm tree in the small farms (less than 100 palm trees). This cost represents 14 to 15% of the production costs of large and medium-sized farms of ‘Majhoul’ date palm in the region.

Analysis of genetic variations of a recombinant strain derived from the three lineages of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2

Since the rise of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China, gene mutations have frequently occurred. To understand the current prevalence and evolution of PRRSV in Shandong Province, 1,528 samples suspected of PRRSV were collected from local pig farms of different sizes. The complete genome sequence of the PRRSV strain SDLY-27 was determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The genomic sequence of SDLY-27 was 15,363 nucleotides (nt) in length, comparative analysis of the whole genome sequence suggested that the homology between SDLY 27 and 81 PRRSV strains from China and other countries in genbank was 61.9 ~ 96.4%. This study is the first to detect recombinants from multiple recombination events among the Lineage 8 (JXA1-like strains), Lineage 5 (RespPRRSV-MLV and VR2332 strains) and Sublineage 1.5 (NADC34-like strains) in Shandong, China, and provides new data for the epidemiological study of PRRSV in China. This study enriches the epidemiological data on PRRSV in Shandong Province, China. It provides an important reference for the development of new vaccines and for the prevention and control of PRRSV in China.

An improved analytical framework for flow prediction inside and downstream of wind farms

This study evaluates available analytical wake models for flow prediction inside and downstream of wind farms of different sizes and layouts using large-eddy simulation (LES), and introduces an enhanced analytical framework. All the tested analytical wake models, based on the superposition of individual turbine wakes, systematically overestimate the wake recovery both inside and downstream of the wind farms. The results indicate that the overestimation is linked to the assumption of linear or quasilinear wake expansion, which does not hold at large downstream distances. To address this issue, an enhanced analytical framework is proposed based on the extension of a recently developed streamwise scaling model for single wakes that eliminates the need for the linear wake expansion assumption. Since the new framework computes the wake expansion based on the near-wake length and the local turbulence intensity, different methods for their calculation and the superposition of turbulence intensity within wind farms are evaluated against the LES data. The identified best methods are incorporated into the new analytical framework. The proposed framework consistently yields more accurate power estimates and flow predictions inside and downstream of finite-size wind farms with different sizes and configurations.

Crop Rotation Practiced by Romanian Crop Farms before the Introduction of the “Environmentally Beneficial Practices Applicable to Arable Land” Eco-Scheme

The main objective of this article is the analysis of crop rotation applied to three crop farms of different sizes in Romania. The period under study is before the implementation of the “Environmentally beneficial practices applicable to arable land” eco-scheme, included in the National Strategic Plan of Romania, 2023–2027, in the section on direct payments related to subsidies. The analysed crop farms have different areas, as follows: Farm A—64.97 ha, Farm B—615.50 ha and Farm C—2881.33 ha. This research aims to highlight the agro-environmental conditions specific to each farm that are required to be met by 2023. The data analysis highlights the fact that farms under 100 ha, such as Farm A, must apply the conditions of the eco-scheme as follows: 3.25 ha with non-productive elements, including uncultivated land; 6.50 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, 16.25 ha cultivated with cereals, 19.49 ha cultivated with corn, 12.99 ha cultivated with sunflowers, 3.25 ha cultivated with watermelon and 3.25 ha cultivated with vegetables. These farms do not apply modern technologies and have fragmented surfaces, and must have both uncultivated areas and areas planted with nitrogen-fixing crops, but must also practice crop diversification. Farms of over 100 ha, such as Farm B, must have 30.78 ha of non-productive elements and 246.20 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, of which 30.78 ha are perennial crops and 215.42 ha are annual crops, such as soy. Crop diversification is also recommended, with 92.33 ha cultivated with cereals, 184.65 ha cultivated with corn and 61.55 ha cultivated with oil crops, sunflower and/or rapeseed. Farms the size of Farm C must have 144.07 ha of non-productive elements, 720.33 ha must be cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, such as soy, and diversify crops as follows: 720.33 ha—cereals, 720.33 ha—corn, 518.64 ha—sunflower and/or rapeseed and 57.63 ha—potatoes.

New Directions for the Development of Agricultural Cooperation

The directions of using digital technologies in farms of different sizes and their economic efficiency are presented. The creation of a digital agricultural consumer cooperative for small and medium-sized enterprises and the organizational and economic mechanism of its functioning are substantiated, an assessment of the effectiveness of the cooperative’s activities is given on the example of individual participating farms.

Economic assessment of investment in automatic feeding systems for sea bass grow‐out farms of different sizes

AbstractThe aim of this work was to run an economic assessment of investment in automatic feeding systems for grow‐out farms of different sizes producing European sea bass in the Mediterranean Sea. For this, we have used an economic model to simulate the annual income statement of a typical farm with different production volumes: a small‐sized farm with a production of 413 tons/year, a medium‐sized farm of 1122 tons/year, and a large‐sized farm of 2539 tons/year. With the values obtained in the simulation, we have carried out partial budget and investment analyses to estimate the economic value of this investment decision. To complement our economic assessment, a sensitivity analysis has also been run to include risk in the investment decision. Our findings show that the implementation of automatic feeding systems in sea bass grow‐out farms would be a good economic decision, regardless of the farm size, since there are technological options suitable for different farm sizes and capital investment capacities. Consequently, innovation and investment in feeding management should not be impeded or limited by the farm size.

On-farm or off-farm? Diversification processes in the livelihood strategies of farming families in Poland

We discuss the factors that have influenced the increase in the importance of non-agricultural sources of income in the budget of family farms with well-established contacts with the market. We analyse these phenomena in farms of different sizes, bearing in mind that decisions on diversification of income sources are made within the family, taking into account income opportunities inside and outside agriculture. In the study we used panel data on 3754 individual farms for the years 2009–2016. It has been proved that only relatively small farms (with economic size below EUR 8000 Standard Output) show tendenciesto undertake diversification of agricultural activities. Farms with a larger economic size have already developed strong relations with the market, which influences family members’ decision to engage in agricultural activity, excluding non-agricultural sources of income and the relatively decreasing importance of public support in this respect.

A comprehensive case study on the sustainability of tropical dairy cattle farming in Oaxaca, Mexico

ABSTRACT: Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization.

Influencing the Success of Precision Farming Technology Adoption—A Model-Based Investigation of Economic Success Factors in Small-Scale Agriculture

Even more than 30 years after the introduction of precision farming technologies and studies of their benefits in terms of productivity gains and environmental improvements, adoption rates, especially for variable-rate technologies, are very low. In particular, in smallholder areas, farm managers are reluctant to adopt these technologies. Therefore, this study identifies factors that hinder or facilitate adoption from an economic perspective. Using a model-based sensitivity analysis with three farms of different sizes (11 ha, 57 ha and 303 ha), it is shown that larger farms have higher resilience to external factors due to economies of scale. In addition, it is clarified that the certainty of obtaining additional benefits with GPS guidance systems can explain the higher adoption rates in farming practice, although the additional benefits (per hectare and year) are much lower for this technology than for variable-rate technologies. Small farms (>30 ha) are by no means excluded from the use of digital technologies, as it is shown that the influence of learning costs on profitability is very low, low subsidies can lead to a drastic reduction in the minimum farm size and the presence of low-cost technologies is an efficient solution which allows small farms to participate in the digital transformation of agriculture.

Epidemiological survey of PRRS and genetic variation analysis of the ORF5 gene in Shandong Province, 2020–2021

Since the rise of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China, mutations have occurred regularly. In particular, the emergence of HP-PRRSV has significantly improved the pathogenicity of PRRSV. It has brought huge economic losses to the Chinese pig farming industry. To understand the current prevalence and evolution of PRRSV in Shandong Province, 1,344 samples suspected of having PRRSV were collected from local hog farms of different sizes. Genetic variation in the isolated PRRSV ORF5 gene was analyzed using the RT-PCR method. The results showed that the detection rate of PRRSV in the collected samples was 25.44%. The predominant strain of PRRSV in Shandong Province is still NADC30-like. However, it cannot be ignored that NADC34-like is also starting to become a prevalent strain. Mutations in ORF5 amino acids 13, 151 and neutralizing epitope (aa36-aa52) in some isolates can cause changes in virulence and ability to escape immunity. This study enriches the epidemiological data on PRRSV in Shandong Province, China. It provides an important reference for the development of new vaccines and for the prevention and control of PRRSV.

Piggery wastewater treatment with algae-bacteria consortia: Pilot-scale validation and techno-economic evaluation at farm level

The efficiency of an outdoor pilot-scale raceway pond treating the wastewaters generated by a large-scale piggery farm in Northern Italy was evaluated. The biomass productivity over 208 days of experimentation was 10.7 ± 6.5 g TSS·m−2·d−1, and ammoniacal nitrogen, orthophosphate, and COD average removal efficiencies were 90%, 90%, and 59%, respectively. Results were used to perform a comprehensive techno-economic analysis for integrating algae-based processes in farms of different sizes (100–10000 pigs). The amount of N disposed of on agricultural land could be reduced from 91% to 21%, increasing the fraction returned to the atmosphere from 2.4% to 63%, and the fraction in the biomass from 6.2% to 16%. For intensive farming, the release of 110 t N·ha−1·y−1 contained in the digestate could be avoided by including algae-bacteria processes. The biomass production cost was as low as 1.9 €·kg−1, while the cost for nitrogen removal was 4.3 €·kg N−1.

The mechanism and heterogeneity of environmental regulations' impact on the technological progress of dairy farming

The study analyses the theoretical mechanism through which environmental regulation affects the dairy industry's technological progress, with a particular focus on how the effect is conditional on farm size. Using the input–output data of dairy farms of different sizes from 2009 to 2019 in 10 Chinese provinces/autonomous regions in China and the quantitative measurement index of environmental regulation, the study estimates environmental regulation's heterogeneous influences on the dairy industry's technological progress by dynamic panel data models. The empirical results suggest that, first, environmental regulation has a U-type influence on the technological progress of dairy farming. The U-type influence means moving from pollution control's high cost and low technology progress to the high profit and high innovation input generated by optimizing the breeding structure. Second, the promotion of dairy farming technology depends on farm size. The effect of environmental regulation on technological progress in moderately large-farms showed a U-type relationship. In contrast, the effect in free-range and large-size dairy farms showed a linear and positive relationship. The government should further strengthen environmental regulation based on advancing moderately large-farms in compliance with market mechanisms in the long run. Particular attention should be paid to the forms of environmental regulation so that dairy cattle breeding technology can break through the inflection point of the “U” curve as soon as possible and ensure the significance of the rising stage. Along the way, technical support should be provided for realizing environmental protection and economic growth.

Poređenje kalkulacija proizvodnje mrkve na gazdinstvima različitih veličina

In Serbia, carrots are produced on various land areas within agricultural companies and family farms. This study includes detailed analytical calculations of the realized value of production, cost calculation, and the realized financial results of carrot production on three farms of different sizes, as well as comparison of the obtained results. The cost calculation presented in the production calculations is based on the actual costs made during the technological process of carrot production and obtained from the producers. The economic categories were included and calculated for carrot production per hectare at all three farms. Production calculations provide producers with an insight into the costs of production, giving them the opportunity to better manage them. The calculations confirmed that each of the mentioned three farms had a specific production technology. The amount of costs in the surveyed farms was different, while the value of production and the achieved volume of production were at approximately the same level. Land consolidation and farm expansion would result in increased efficiency of agricultural production on smaller farms with a larger number of plots. Profits from carrot production can be increased by association of agricultural producers, for the purpose of a more favourable supply of inputs, more efficient product distribution with joint marketing, higher share of machinery as opposed to using manual labour, as well as careful monitoring of innovations introduced in the production process. All three farms achieved a positive financial result, which indicates that carrot production is profitable on both smaller and larger areas.

The Prevalence and Characterization of Fecal Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs on Farms of Different Sizes in Latvia.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fecal ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in pigs on large and small farms in Latvia, to characterize beta-lactamase genes and establish an antimicrobial resistance profile. Fecal samples (n = 615) were collected from 4-week, 5-week, 6-week, 8-week, 12-week and 20-week-old piglets, pigs and sows on four large farms (L1, L2, L3, L4) and three small farms (S1, S2, S3) in Latvia. ChromArt ESBL agar and combination disc tests were used for the screening and confirmation of ESBL-producing E. coli. The antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disc diffusion method and ESBL genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequently, ESBL-producing E. coli was confirmed on three large farms, L1 (64.3%), L2 (29.9%), L3 (10.7%) and one small farm, S1 (47.5%); n = 144 (23.4%). The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli differed considerably between the large and small farm groups (26.9% vs. 12.7%). Of ESBL E. coli isolates, 96% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), demonstrating there were more extensive MDR phenotypes on large farms. The distribution of ESBL genes was blaTEM (94%), blaCTX-M (86%) and blaSHV (48%). On the small farm, blaSHV dominated, thus demonstrating a positive association with resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime and cefixime, while on the large farms, blaCTX-M with a positive association to cephalexin and several non-beta lactam antibiotics dominated. The results indicated the prevalence of a broad variety of ESBL-producing E. coli among the small and large farms, putting the larger farms at a higher risk. Individual monitoring of ESBL and their antimicrobial resistance could be an important step in revealing hazardous MDR ESBL-producing E. coli strains and reviewing the management of antibiotic use.

Early impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the molluscan shellfish supply chain in China

A farm-level survey and a market survey were conducted in China to study the impact of the COVID-19 on the shellfish supply chain in the early stage of the pandemic in 2020. 114 farms of 36 cites participated in an online survey from mid-July to late August, and 23 markets in five cities were investigated from June to November. The series results are expected to provide an insight for the fisheries and aquaculture sector to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on participants in the shellfish supply chain and to improve of the ability of the government to respond to such events in the future. Shellfish farmers and sellers have experienced a sharp drop in profits, largely due to shrinking demand. Relying on local employees and suppliers, shellfish farming activities have rapidly resumed since the gradual reopening from February. Nevertheless, demand has been slow to recover due to public concern about contamination of seafood with the virus. Additionally, we analyzed the ability and attitude of farms of different size to cope with the pandemic and the plight of shellfish sellers, and discussed government supports for different size farms and improvements in seafood distribution channels.

Environmental sustainability of Nile tilapia net-cage culture in a neotropical region

The present study evaluated the environmental sustainability of Nile tilapia net-cage farms of different sizes by applying a set of environmental sustainability indicators and exploring benchmarks combined with the indicators. One large-scale (LS), one medium-scale (MS), and two small-scale farms (SSI and SSII) placed in Southeastern Brazil were studied. Data from three batches were obtained from each farm during a production cycle, with durations ranging from 189 to 263 days, totaling twelve sample units for each variable. During fish production, samples of water, sediment, fish, feed, and greenhouse gases were collected and used to calculate the Environmental Sustainability Indicators (ESI). These indicators were grouped into five principles: the use of natural resources; efficiency in the use of resources; release of pollutants and unused by-products; pollutants accumulated on the bottom of the water body; conservation of genetic diversity and biodiversity. Each indicator was converted into a performance scale. Data of ESI obtained from each farm, and a literature review was used to develop a “standard” value, allowing the benchmarking of the environmental sustainability of the farms. The best environmentally sustainable index was obtained in the farm MS (87), followed by farm SSI (85), and the worst was farm SSII (73); farm LS achieved an index of 82. Farm SSI was positively influenced by the use of energy, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, which was on average 17% lower than the other farms, and by the highest efficiency in the use of nitrogen and phosphorus (32.7% and 23.6%, respectively). Farm MS was positively influenced by the lowest phosphorus accumulation and organic matter (1 and 90 kg/t, respectively). Farm SSII was negatively influenced by the high levels of accumulated phosphorus and organic matter (10 and 723 kg/t, respectively). The results showed that environmental sustainability is independent of the farm size. Other factors, such as feed composition, management techniques, and water temperature, were more critical. The use of the benchmarking tool has shown to be a way to better use ESI to assess the sustainability of aquaculture in the absence of defined endpoints for each indicator. This tool provides a reference value for each environmental sustainability indicator, allowing improvements to reach desirable states.

ЕКОНОМІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПРОЕКТНИХ РІШЕНЬ ТВАРИННИЦЬКИХ ФЕРМ

The purpose of the work - to conduct a study of economic efficiency developed in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT design solutions for family dairy and fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms of different sizes, adapted to EU requirements. Research methods. During the analytical research, an economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed design solutions of dairy and fattening farms of cattle, as well as sheep farms of different sizes was made. Investments in the creation of livestock facilities were determined by the following components: construction of farms, acquisition of machinery and technological equipment, the cost of purchasing livestock. The estimate for the construction and technical equipment of the farms included the costs of construction materials, machinery, equipment, construction and installation work. The calculated method was determined by the cost of funds per animal place and the output of gross output, taking into account the planned productivity. The need for land for the operation of farms was calculated according to the needs of animals in feed for the production of planned livestock products. Calculations of profitability of production and payback period for the creation of livestock facilities were carried out according to generally accepted methods of determining economic efficiency. Research results. According to the results of research on the economic efficiency of projects of livestock facilities, developed in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT and adapted to EU requirements, the following expected indicators were obtained. To create dairy farms for 10, 15 and 25 cows with young livestock, respectively: the need for total investments is 1535.89 thousand UAH, 2038.78 and 2964.20 thousand UAH; expenditures per animal - UAH 76 thousand, UAH 68 thousand and UAH 59 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 16 hectares, 24 and 40 hectares; the level of profitability of farms, provided that the planned productivity is reached, will be 60, 64 and 61%; payback period -5.2; 4.4 and 4.0 years, respectively. In order to create family farms for fattening young cattle, respectively, by 25, 50, 100 heads: the need for total investment is 489.3 thousand UAH, 764.1 and 1253.0 thousand UAH; expenditures per animal - UAH 19.5 thousand, UAH 15.3 and 19.5 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 10, 20 and 40 hectares; level of profitability - 40%; the payback period for the creation of such farms is 5, 4.5 and 4 years, respectively. To create family sheep farms for 25, 50, 100 heads of fattening and 100 heads of dairy sheep farms, respectively: the need for total investments is UAH 252.20 thousand, UAH 357.81 thousand, UAH 568.39 and 76.47 thousand; expenditures per animal - UAH 10.20 thousand, UAH 7.10 thousand, UAH 5.60 and 10.20 thousand; the need for land for the operation of farms - 3.1, 6.2, 12.3 and 13.8 hectares; level of profitability - 25%; payback period for the creation of farms - 5, 4,5, 4 and 4 years. Conclusions. Studies of the economic efficiency of livestock projects developed in L. Pogorily UkrNDIPVT and adapted to EU requirements, namely different sizes of family dairy and fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms testified to the high economic feasibility of their creation and use. Key words: sheep breeding, economic efficiency, capital investments, estimate, level of profitability, cattle breeding, livestock farms, payback period.

Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated?

Abstract Numerous attempts have been made to estimate the share of the world’s food produced by family farms and by farms of different sizes. This paper updates estimates of the number of farms worldwide, their distribution and that of farmland, using the most recent agricultural censuses available, in combination with survey data where needed. It finds there are more than 608 million farms in the world, more than 90% of which are family farms (by our definition), and they occupy around 70–80% of farmland and produce roughly 80% of the world’s food in value terms. The paper also underscores the importance of not referring to family farms and small farms (i.e., those of less than two hectares) interchangeably: small farms account for 84% of all farms worldwide, as per the available census information, but operate only around 12% of all agricultural land, and produce roughly 35% of the world’s food (well below the 80% produced by family farms). A comprehensive examination of changes in farmland distribution over time is also provided to showcase the increased concentration of farmland among large farms as economies grow. The largest 1% of farms in the world (those larger than 50 ha) operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. These estimates are not free from bias given existing data gaps. The paper underscores the need to ensure that agricultural censuses cover non-household farms in order to enhance our understanding of agriculture and food production worldwide.

The Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere (KEBA) model 1.0: a simple yet physical approach for estimating regional wind energy resource potentials that includes the kinetic energy removal effect by wind turbines

Abstract. With the current expansion of wind power as a renewable energy source, wind turbines increasingly extract kinetic energy from the atmosphere, thus impacting its energy resource. Here, we present a simple, physics-based model (the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere; KEBA) to estimate wind energy resource potentials that explicitly account for this removal effect. The model is based on the regional kinetic energy budget of the atmospheric boundary layer that encloses the wind farms of a region. This budget is shaped by horizontal and vertical influx of kinetic energy from upwind regions and the free atmosphere above, as well as the energy removal by the turbines, dissipative losses due to surface friction and wakes, and downwind outflux. These terms can be formulated in a simple yet physical way, yielding analytic expressions for how wind speeds and energy yields are reduced with increasing deployment of wind turbines within a region. We show that KEBA estimates compare very well to the modelling results of a previously published study in which wind farms of different sizes and in different regions were simulated interactively with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model. Compared to a reference case without the effect of reduced wind speeds, yields can drop by more than 50 % at scales greater than 100 km, depending on turbine spacing and the wind conditions of the region. KEBA is able to reproduce these reductions in energy yield compared to the simulated climatological means in WRF (n=36 simulations; r2=0.82). The kinetic energy flux diagnostics of KEBA show that this reduction occurs because the total yield of the simulated wind farms approaches a similar magnitude as the influx of kinetic energy. Additionally, KEBA estimates the slowing of the region's wind speeds, the associated reduction in electricity yields, and how both are due to the depletion of the horizontal influx of kinetic energy by the wind farms. This limits typical large-scale wind energy potentials to less than 1 W m−2 of surface area for wind farms with downwind lengths of more than 100 km, although this limit may be higher in windy regions. This reduction with downwind length makes these yields consistent with climate-model-based idealized simulations of large-scale wind energy resource potentials. We conclude that KEBA is a transparent and informative modelling approach to advance the scientific understanding of wind energy limits and can be used to estimate regional wind energy resource potentials that account for the depletion of wind speeds.