Farmers In Ethiopia Research Articles

Genetic diversity and population structure of selected tef core germplasm lines based on microsatellite markers.

Tef is an indigenous and important food, feed, and cash crop for smallholder Ethiopian farmers. Knowledge of the natural genetic composition of the crop provides the option to further exploit its genetic potential through breeding. However, there are insufficient reports on the genetic variability of Ethiopian tef using a medium-throughput marker system. Hence, the current study was designed to evaluate the genetic variability of released and core germplasm that was collected earlier. Eighty-one tef genotypes collected from eight Ethiopian ecological zones and released varieties were targeted using 14 SSR markers. The study yielded a total of 122 alleles across the entire locus and population. The molecular variance analysis indicated the existence of large genetic differentiation (FIS and FIT = 0.87), with 86% and 13% of the total variation accounted for among genotypes within the population and across all genotypes used for this study, respectively. However, low genetic differentiation among the populations (FST = 0.014, which accounts for 1%) was observed. Multivariate analyses such as clustering and PCoA did not cluster genotypes into distinct groups according to their geographical areas of population. This is presumably due to gene flow among populations. In conclusion, our findings show that there is significant genetic diversity within populations, particularly in the Jimma, Tigray, and released varieties, as well as the presence of private alleles and heterozygosity. The study also indicates the existence of genotypic admixture in the studied materials. The identification of private alleles and their differentiation will be helpful in selecting breeding materials and creating breeding plans.

Metabolomics targets tissue-specific responses in alleviating the negative effects of salinity in tef (Eragrostis tef) during germination

Main conclusionSalinity induced metabolite responses resulted in differential accumulation of flavonoids and antioxidant metabolites in shoots and roots suggesting improved antioxidant capacity in providing salt-adaptive phenotype of tef seedling.Tef [(Eragrostis tef) (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important ‘cash crop’ of Ethiopia grown mainly for human food, and development of elite tef cultivars with better performance is vital to Ethiopian farmers and breeders. Soil salinity is one of the key constraints that affects tef yield in the Ethiopian lowlands and Rift valley where cultivation of tef is limited. Being a minor crop, the responses of tef towards salinity is unknown. Salinity involves physiological and metabolite reprogramming that can have major impact on germination and seedling establishment. Here we evaluate the in vitro effect of NaCl on tef germination and associate this with metabolomic approaches to suggest salt tolerance mechanisms. In this study, 19 tef varieties were screened for NaCl tolerance and were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Screened tef varieties showed differential germination rates with NaCl treatment varying from < 20 to 100%. Viable seedlings exposed to NaCl exhibited purple-red pigment accumulation in the roots except for Beten and Tullu nasy varieties. Metabolite comparisons between shoots and roots showed significant differences and, in particular, roots of salt tolerant tef varieties accumulated flavonoid derivatives as well as sugars and cell wall associated metabolites. These metabolic changes were correlated with patterns of antioxidant capacities and total flavonoid content in shoots and roots and suggested a mitigating response by tef to salinity. Our study highlights the role of flavonoid accumulation following salt stress on tef seedlings and further these findings could be used as targets for selective tef breeding.

Adoption of Biosecurity Practices in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Ethiopia

Dairy production is an important livelihood source for smallholder dairy farmers who produce the majority of milk consumed and traded in Ethiopia. Dairy production is, however, constrained by livestock diseases that impact farm productivity, food safety, and animal welfare. Biosecurity measures (BSM) include all risk reduction strategies designed to avoid the introduction of pathogenic infections from outside and minimise the spread of diseases within dairy herds. This study used a cross-sectional survey to investigate the adoption of BSM in dairy farms in Addis Ababa and Oromia regions of Ethiopia. Using a questionnaire, scores for adopted external and internal BSM were calculated based on the Ghent’s University Biocheck tool to compare the performance of different farms in Ethiopia. The weighted external biosecurity score was 49.1%, which was below average (below 50% adoption), while the weighted internal biosecurity score was 55.5%. Low adoption of crucial BSM increases the risk of disease introduction into dairy farms and transmission within herds. Adoption of BSM at the farm level was driven by individual, demographic, and socio-economic drivers, including education, farming system, milk value chain, and farming experience among others. Results of this research reveal low adoption of BSM and the imperative to encourage farmers to implement BSM can lead to a reduction in disease pressures and, thus, a reduction in antibiotic use and increased dairy farms productivity, and improved animal health and welfare. Farmers can be encouraged through proactive engagement with veterinarians and extension professionals. Moreover, creating a favourable policy environment can support farmers to adopt and implement BSM, given the known fact that “prevention is better and cheaper than curing diseases.”

Epidemiology and identification of Eimeria species affecting poultry in East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia.

Despite the expansion of modernized poultry farming in Ethiopia, the presence of high prevalence of Eimeria species is the bottleneck in the sector causing high morbidity and mortality rate in poultry. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and identify Eimeria species and investigate the major risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to April 2020 in East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia. A total of 384 chickens were used. Both floatation and McMaster coprological techniques were employed. Univariate and multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio for the associated risk factors. Analysis of variance was used to analyse differences in Eimeria oocyst counts among the groups. Overall prevalence of Eimeria species in poultry from the study area was 26.5%. Age (OR=0.25, p=0.001), management system (OR=12.44, p=0.001) and production system (OR=0.37, p=0.001) were found significantly (p<0.05) associated with the risk of Eimeria species in poultry. The mean Eimeria oocyst count was significantly different by age and management system (F=6.526, p=0.002), (F=5.369, p=0.005), respectively. The mean Eimeria oocyst count was significantly greater in 6-12 weeks (p=0.004) and <6 weeks of age (p=0.025). A total of 6 Eimeria species were identified. Eimeria tenella (46.07%), Eimeria necatrix (24.5%) and Eimeria acervulina (8.82%) were the most common Eimeria species encountered. The prevalence of Eimeria species was higher in poultry in North West Ethiopia. Therefore, tailor-made intervention is required to mitigate risk factors and reduce the prevalence of Eimeria species in poultry from the study area.

Adoption and intensity use of malt barley technology package by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia: A double hurdle model approach

Ethiopia has an enormous production potential for malted barley due to its ideal agroecology, notably in the central and Bale highlands. However, local production cannot meet the demand for both new and old malt and brewing plants. Millions of dollars have been invested to import malt at the national level. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence smallholder farmers' adoption and level of use of the malt barley technology package. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to choose representative kebeles and households. The study relied on actual data collected from 201 randomly selected barley-producing households. Descriptive statistics and Double Hurdle economic models were used to analyze the data. The descriptive findings show that malt barley varieties and the malt barley technology package were adopted at rates of 0.3 and 0.9, respectively. The Double Hurdle model results reveal that factors such as the household head's age, the total area under cultivation, the availability of information on malt barley production, distance from the main road, participation in the field day program, and membership in the agricultural cooperative all had an effect on smallholder farmers' decisions to adopt and use the malt barley technology package. The recommendation made by this research was to boost farmers' knowledge of malt barley production through training and field trip programs. Organizing smallholder farmers in nearby agricultural cooperatives, as well as ensuring access to roads and public transit for easy access to agricultural inputs and output markets.

Opportunities and Challenges of Urban Farming in Ethiopia: Evidence from Vegetable Producers in Addis Ababa

Purpose: Despite barriers that make it less productive, vegetable production is becoming an important activity among urban dwellers in developing countries, including Ethiopia, to achieve food security. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the challenges faced by small-scale vegetable producers and the opportunities for urban farming in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&#x0D; Methodology: In this research, data were collected using questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions. A probability sampling technique was employed to select the respondent households. Household survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multinomial logistic regression. The challenges of urban vegetable production were analysed through the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT) and Force field analysis.&#x0D; Findings: According to the study's findings, respondents have positive perceptions for vegetable production, and the majority of them intend to engage in vegetable production in the future. The main challenge of vegetable production activities were limited access to land, pests and diseases and water shortages. The results of the regression analysis show that land size, gender, age and shelter are the most significant factors that determine vegetable production.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study's findings suggest that there are opportunities for expanding existing production networks, such as home food gardens, and enhancing community food sovereignty by leveraging local knowledge of urban vegetable production.

Comparing maize storage technologies for managing post-harvest loss in Bako, Ethiopia

Ethiopian stored maize is expected to lose between 20 and 30% of its stock due to insect damage. To reduce these losses, Ethiopian farmers use chemically treated traditional storage structures and chemical-free Hermetic Storage Technologies (HSTs). We evaluated the storage techniques used in the area in this study. SPSS software was used to analyse the collected data, and mean differences were compared. The findings showed that after nine months of storage, maize stored in plastic containers, Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags, chemically treated polypropylene bags, and chemically treated Goteras had grain damage of 4.83%, 5.65%, 56.83%, and 71.06%, respectively; the weight loss was 2.00%, 2.95%, 37.44%, and 56.87%. The percentage germination of maize grains stored in treated polypropylene bags and Goteras decreased from 55.33% to 48.48%, whereas maize contained in plastic containers and PICS bags dropped only slightly and was 98.83% and 95.80%, respectively. Insect development, maize grain damage, and weight loss were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) for plastic containers, PICS bags, chemically treated polypropylene bags, and treated Goteras. As a result, secure maize storage technology, such as hermetic storage technology, may alleviate poverty by increasing household income.

Investigation of insect population density, species composition and associated losses in chickpea seeds stored on farms in Ethiopia

This survey aimed to investigate the extent of insect infestations, associated losses, and insect species abundance in farm-stored chickpea seeds across five chickpea growing districts in Ethiopia. Despite being the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of chickpea in Africa, insect pest infestations have caused significant losses to Ethiopia's chickpea industry. Results showed that Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) was the most prevalent insect species, followed by Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium confusum (J. du Val). The insect pests infested both local and improved chickpea varieties, and traditional containers and polypropylene bags were used for storage. The percentage of insect-damaged seed ranged from 4.61% to 14.48%, while the seed weight loss ranging from 1.13% to 4.55%. The range of seed germination percentages was from 65% to 88%, with a mean rate of 71%. These losses significantly affect the market value of the crop as grain and its use as seed, affecting farmers' income and food security. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective solutions to prevent the loss of farm-stored chickpea in Ethiopia.

What Is the Possibility of Commercializing African Indigenous Crops?—The Case of Ethiopia

Africa has a rich diversity of indigenous crops whose commercial and economic value have been underutilized. Eragrostis tef is a crop with great potential for production and commercialization in Ethiopia. The nutritional and curative values of tef are recognized not only in Ethiopia but also in the global market. Economically, tef and its value chain are a source of livelihood for more than six million small-scale Ethiopian farmers. Its large-scale commercialization has the potential to transform the livelihoods of many impoverished people. However, little research has been conducted to assess Ethiopian consumers’ attitudes toward tef products. The objective of this study is to understand product attributes that would affect consumer purchasing decisions. The study is based on pasta and baby food, the two most important products that could be made out of tef. The attributes analyzed are the inclusion of tef in the products, price, organic certification, and brand origin. The study relies on survey data that were randomly collected from 318 respondents and secondary data from the central statistical agency. The attributes were subjected to conjoint analysis, a method that is commonly used in consumer market research with hypothetical products consisting of multiple attributes to understand customers’ preference for different components of the product. The results of the analysis show that the inclusion of tef flour in the products is the most important factor consumers would consider when buying pasta or baby food. Further, consumers are interested in brand origin as they have a strong inclination to buy domestic brands and prefer products with organic certification. In the case of baby food, Ethiopians are likely to buy products containing more tef flour, packaged in sealed can rather than a paper bag, and concentrated in iron or protein. However, they are less willing to pay a premium even for products they perceive to be of greater utility. The preference for domestic brands and processed food with tef implies that there is opportunity for local brands to grow if they can understand and satisfy consumer expectations. It also means that consumers are interested in business practices that promote sustainable livelihoods. Overall, these findings suggest the potential for commercialization of tef products in Ethiopia and that the development of its value chain could combat nutritional deficiencies in the country.

Does cooperative membership enhance inorganic fertilizer use intensity? Panel data evidence from maize farmers in Ethiopia

AbstractAgricultural cooperatives are increasingly being viewed as an effective means of promoting agricultural technologies in developing countries. This paper examines the effects of cooperative membership on inorganic fertilizer use intensity. Employing a three‐wave panel dataset relating to smallholder maize farmers in Ethiopia, we model inorganic fertilizer application as a two‐step decision‐making process involving both fertilizer adoption and its use intensity. To reflect these two related steps, we use a double‐hurdle model. We account for unobservable household heterogeneity and endogeneity utilizing a correlated random‐effects framework and a control function approach. The findings reveal that cooperative membership increased inorganic fertilizer use intensity, as well as the probability of it being used in the first place by 4.2% and 5.3%, respectively. Following further examination of who benefits most among cooperative members, we discovered that membership benefits all farmers in terms of fertilizer use intensity, irrespective of the members’ poverty status. However, we did not observe a significant effect of cooperative membership on the likelihood of fertilizer use by land‐poor and less asset‐endowed households. This highlights the necessity of implementing policies that provide poor and marginalized Ethiopian maize farmers with resources that enhance the contribution agricultural cooperatives make to their well‐being.

An assessment of the Ethiopian national rural land administration information system conceptual model using LADM as a reference

The Land Administration and Use Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture in Ethiopia designed a National Rural Land Administration Information System (NRLAIS). Its purpose was to align with the development of international standards in the land administration domain, specifically the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), and to ensure the security of cadastral data. The findings revealed the necessity of designing the conceptual model and comparing NRLAIS classes with the LADM basic classes accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 19152). Though the comparison showed compatibility between the two, some differences are observed in classes and attributes between the LADM and the NRLAIS. Gaps were identified on recording types of rights, restrictions, responsibilities and land legislation gaps. This study highlights the importance of adopting the LADM to restructure the NRLAIS conceptual model and reconsider the missing components to enhance the conceptual model and management of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities.

Review on Post-Harvest Grain Treatments (Filter Cake, Triplex Powders and Eucalyptus Tree Powder)

Grains are harvested seed and edible dry seeds from plants cereals. They are the basis of daily diets for many populations worldwide. In addition, they are fundamental in the regular foods of many people and used for the production of different popular food. Grain losses due to insect pests in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Ethiopia are very high. Therefore, to get those daily diets and reduce loss occurred by insects, treatment of grain is very important. The objective of this review is to review studies made by various researchers and reviewers on grain treatments (filter cakes, triplex and powder eucalyptus tree leaves). Application of chemical pesticides is important to protect stored grain from insect pests. However, most of smallholder farmers challenged with many problems related to unsafe handling and use of pesticides due to improper training in safe use of pesticides, and inadequate infrastructure to regulate safe use of pesticides. Filter cake and Triplex powders applied to different grains to determine effectiveness against the grains. Filter cake is products of aluminum sulfate and Triplex is products of soap factories. Defense of stored grain from insect pests using Filter cake, Triplex powders and eucalyptus leaves tree has been practiced in Ethiopia. Filter cake and Triplex have a higher atomic percentage of silicon and oxygen in the form of silicon dioxide. Generally, grain treatment is very important through filter cake and triplex as well as by using eucalyptus tree powder, due to they have properties of toxic against insects and no health problems on humans. Therefore, Filter cake Triplex and eucalyptus leave recommended for protecting and managing grain stored by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia to discourage farmers from using dangerous chemical insecticides.

Impact of adoption of climate smart agricultural practices to minimize production risk in Ethiopia: A systematic review

Climate change influences agriculture in sub Saharan Africa. The climate-smart agriculture approach is emerging as a new paradigm for adapting agriculture to the changing climate and mitigation. The main aim of this review was to assess the climate smart agriculture practice, factors affecting it and impact of climate smart agriculture. It was conducted by following systematic review procedures. It includes defining a research problem, conducting a literature searches, evaluating relevant material, data analysis, synthesis, and interpretation; and presentation. The result indicated that the climate smart agriculture implemented in Ethiopia were agronomic practices, integrated soil fertility management, conservation agriculture, agroforestry system, irrigation. The factors that affect climate smart agriculture in Ethiopia were age of the family head, sex, household size, education level, distance to farm land, farm size, farming system, farm income source, off-farm income, access to irrigation, market access, access to agricultural credit, access to extension service, membership to organizations, farmers’ perceptions of rainfall shocks, crop yield, access to climate information, access to agricultural inputs, slope, agro ecology, change in precipitation, tenure security and livestock ownership. The impact of climate smart agriculture practice improves soil fertility status, increased crop yield, per capita nutrition consumption and dietary diversity, increased income of smallholder farmers, hence reducing poverty. Therefore, adopting different climate smart agriculture practice should be promoted in different parts of the country. In addition, the study was limited geographically to Ethiopia and it is better to incorporate the study in Africa and worldwide level.

Resource recovery potential from source-separated organic municipal solid waste: opportunities for organic fertilizer production and creating sustainable urban agriculture in Ethiopia

Resource recovery potential from source-separated organic municipal solid waste: opportunities for organic fertilizer production and creating sustainable urban agriculture in Ethiopia

Does access to improved grain storage technology increase farmers' welfare? Experimental evidence from maize farming in Ethiopia

AbstractSeasonal price variability for cereals is two to three times higher in Africa than on the international reference market. Seasonality is even more pronounced when access to appropriate storage and opportunities for price arbitrage are limited. As smallholder farmers typically sell their production after harvest, when prices are low, this leads to lower incomes as well as higher food insecurity during the lean season, when prices are high. One solution to reduce seasonal stress is the use of improved storage technologies. Using data from a randomised controlled trial, in a major maize‐growing region of Western Ethiopia, we study the impact of hermetic bags, a technology that protects stored grain against insect pests, so that the grain can be stored longer. Despite considerable price seasonality—maize prices in the lean season are 36% higher than after harvesting—we find no evidence that hermetic bags improve welfare, except that access to these bags allowed for a marginally longer storage period of maize intended for sale by 2 weeks. But this did not translate into measurable welfare gains as we found no changes in any of our welfare outcome indicators. This ‘near‐null’ effect is due to the fact that maize storage losses in our study region are relatively lower than previous studies suggested—around 10% of the quantity stored—likely because of the widespread use of an alternative to protect maize during storage, for example a cheap but highly toxic fumigant. These findings are important for policies that seek to promote improved storage technologies in these settings.

Contract farming as an alternative to large‐scale land acquisition and promoting inclusive and responsible agricultural investment: Evidences from Ethiopia

AbstractThe acquisition of large tracts of land for agricultural investment from developing countries, including Ethiopia, by commercial firms has been aggravated after global food crisis in 2007–2008. Given the current attention to large‐scale land acquisition or land grabbing phenomenon, contract farming has been identified as a participatory and inclusive farming model which does not require agricultural firms to purchase or lease land in order to operate agricultural investments. Contract farming enables local smallholder farmers to produce agricultural products on their own land and ensure the benefits of land‐based agricultural investments remain with them. Unfortunately, the understanding and practice of contract farming as an alternative to large‐scale land acquisition to protect the land rights of the local people is underexplored in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, is aimed to examine the practice and conceptual understanding of contract farming in the context of agricultural investment in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, mixed research approach was employed. Intensive document reviews, questionnaire, key informant interview and FGD were used as data collection tools. The results show that the practice of contract farming in Ethiopia is very insignificant and commercial farming is almost entirely relied on land acquisition. Moreover, gaps in policy and legal framework to guide contract farming has made difficult to effectively implement contract framing at national level. Finally, this study advised to introduce contract framing as a viable alternative to land acquisition for agricultural investment that fosters local smallholder farmers' participation in agricultural production and contributes to sustainable development.

Adoption of dairy technologies in smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia

The adoption of modern agricultural technologies in Ethiopia’s dairy production system remains underutilized and under-researched yet it is a promising sector to aid in reducing poverty, improving the food security situation and the welfare of rural households, and in ensuring environmental sustainability. This paper uses the Negative Binomial regression model to examine determinants of multiple agricultural technology adoption in the Addis Ababa and Oromia regions of Ethiopia. Data was collected from 159 smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia’s Addis Ababa and Oromia regions exploring 19 technologies used by the farmers during the study period. The findings show that farm location and herd size impact adoption decisions. Increasing herd size is associated with increased uptake of multiple technologies. Further, as farmer education level increases the more likely farmers are to adopt multiple technologies. The increase in the number of female workers is positively associated with the adoption of multiple dairy technologies. In terms of farmers’/workers’ years of experience, those with no years of work experience are less likely to have adopted multiple technologies than those with more than 5 years of experience. However, this could be due to a number of factors where experience stands as a proxy value. Trust in information from government agencies was associated with a higher propensity to adopt multiple dairy technology as was farmer perception of fellow farmers as peers compared to those who perceive them as competitors. This is an important finding as it may help policymakers or institutions explore knowledge exchange and diffusion of innovation strategies tailored to specific farming and community situations. Studies have shown that farmers within a social group learn from each other more fully about the benefits and usage of new technology. These findings are of value in future technology adoption studies, particularly which factors influence the intensity of adoption of multiple technologies by smallscale producers.

Hydrochemistry and quality appraisal of groundwater in Birr River Catchment, Central Blue Nile River Basin, using multivariate techniques and water quality indices

Due to the continuous population growth and the expansion of industry and agriculture in Ethiopia, groundwater demand has been increasing to supplement the erratic surface water. Therefore, the availability of sufficient and clean groundwater should be appraised and tracked regularly to secure its multi-purposes. This work aims to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking, and irrigation uses and identifies the key factors controlling groundwater quality in the Birr River Catchment (BRC), Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 79 groundwater samples were assessed for physicochemical parameters. Major ion analysis, multivariate techniques (MCA, HCA, and PCA), and multi-hydrochemical indices wereapplied in the analysis of groundwater quality data. Hydrochemical analysis indicated that the principal cation and anion were Ca2+ and HCO3-, respectively. The spatial analysis of the major ions revealed a positive trend for Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42- along the groundwater flow path from the upland to the Birr river valley. Conversely, Ca2+ shows a deleterious tendency along the groundwater flow direction. The aquifer has three principal hydrochemical facies: Ca-HCO3, Ca/Mg-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. The water quality analysis indicates that with the exception of TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- in a few locations, most of the parameters analyzed are within the WHO allowable limits and are thus considered suitable for drinking water. The combined use of Gibbs and ionic ratio plots confirmed that silicate weathering was invariably prevailing in the region. The Chloro-Alkali Indices (CAIs) have indicated that cation exchange occurs in more than 85% of groundwater samples. However, there were indications of the influence of reverse ion exchange in the rest of the data. The MCA, PCA, and HCA disclosed that geo-genic sources accompanied by human activities mainly control the groundwater quality of the catchment. However, water quality assessment indices show that groundwater in the highest proportion of the catchment is suitable for human consumption and agricultural use.

Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution on Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review on the Safety and Quality of Vegetable Crops

Lack of nutritive and consumption of polluted food sources are the main health implications in African countries. Vegetable production is an optional balanced food source easily grown in the urban and rural areas. However, the levels of contaminant heavy metals in cultivated vegetables have not yet been identified. This review scrutinizes the contamination route, sources, health effects, environmental problems, food safety complications, and remedial activities of vegetable production in Ethiopian agriculture. Informal settlement, the rapid rate of urbanization, and the lack of community-based industrial expansion lead to massive increases in toxic heavy metals in ecosystems. They are supplied with food source diets unrestrictedly, mainly for vegetable consumption. Among the assessed metals, Zn (112.7 mg/kg), Cr (47.7 mg/kg), Pb (17.76 mg/kg), and Cd (0.25 mg/kg) existed in vegetables, with the highest concentrations in Ethiopia. They have negative effects on public safety, environmental security, and nutrient levels in horticultural crops. Hence, Ethiopia has no permissible standards for vegetable consumption and hazard analysis, critical control point, or food safety system. Additionally, physical, biological, and natural remedial strategies such as phytoremediation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizofiltration, bioremediation, and phytovolatilization are not applied to curtail deadly substance contents in Ethiopia. Despite this, some mitigation strategies, such as industrial waste treatment activities, are underway in Ethiopia’s universities and beer and sugar factories. This review found that the use of integrated remedial strategies could help to improve the efficiency of strategies in a sustainable manner, solid safety control for heavy metal management in Ethiopia, and management should begin with local solutions.

Technical Efficiency Analysis of Barley Producing Farmers in Ethiopia

Technical Efficiency Analysis of Barley Producing Farmers in Ethiopia