Farmland Wireless Sensor Network Research Articles

A mobile sink–integrated framework for the collection of farmland wireless sensor network information based on a virtual potential field

To overcome the limitations of traditional data collection methods in large-scale farmland wireless sensor network, in this study, we introduce a mobile sink and propose a virtual potential field-based strategy for mobile sink path planning. Virtual potential field-based strategy constructs a virtual field based on the residual energy, data generation rate, location information and cache urgency of nodes in the monitoring area. The stronger the virtual field, the more attractive it will be to mobile sink, which consequently affects the mobile path of sink node. Rendezvous points are selected in accordance with the maximum-farthest criterion, and the shortest path connecting all rendezvous points is taken as the mobile path of sink. Furthermore, the monitoring nodes employ the distance probability transmission strategy to have the transmission moment selected and the energy consumption optimized with reference to the path control information sent by the sink. The virtual potential fields and the rendezvous points are recalculated periodically according to the dynamic changes of both the node residual energy and the real-time cache. The simulation results showed that excellent transmission efficiency and network lifetime, and the combination of virtual potential field-based strategy and distance probability transmission strategy can have the fairness and real time of nodes guaranteed, thus it may meet the needs of large-scale farmland data collection.

Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption

Wireless sensor network (WSN) can achieve real-time data collection and transmission of environment, soil, meteorology, crop physiology and other information in agriculture. The data provided by WSN could be used for decision making and management, which is very important in precision agriculture. Wheat farmland wireless sensor network has the characteristics of wide coverage area, long planting period, inconvenient energy supply, and serious impact of crop environment on wireless signal transmission. Routing protocol is an important method to achieve long-term WSN monitoring by selecting an appropriate path with low energy consumption for data transmission. According to the phenomenon of uneven environment and channel parameters caused by intensive crop growth in farmland, a non-uniform clustering routing protocol based on effective energy consumption (UCEEC) was proposed in this work. The method combined with the characteristics of multi-path fading of farmland environment signals. The idea of image segmentation was introduced. Nodes with high similarity were divided into a cluster area by the dissimilarity between nodes in order to improve the intracluster communication performance. Meanwhile, a multi-hop path selection method between cluster-heads based on the estimation of two-hop effective energy consumption is designed. The energy consumption cost factor is calculated by the effective energy consumption and the average energy consumption within the cluster to achieve the minimum and balance of the overall energy consumption of the network. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing Maximum Residual Energy Based Routing (MREBR) protocol, minimum Energy Consumption Based Routing (MEC) routing protocols, UCEEC improves the energy balance effect between nodes, prolongs the network life cycle, and realizes efficient energy utilization of wireless sensor network data collection in the complex environment of wheat field. Keywords: farmland, wireless sensor networks, multi-path fading channel, routing protocol, energy optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.6540 Citation: Miao Y S, Zhao C J, Wu H R. Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 163–170.

Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption

Wireless sensor network (WSN) can achieve real-time data collection and transmission of environment, soil, meteorology, crop physiology and other information in agriculture. The data provided by WSN could be used for decision making and management, which is very important in precision agriculture. Wheat farmland wireless sensor network has the characteristics of wide coverage area, long planting period, inconvenient energy supply, and serious impact of crop environment on wireless signal transmission. Routing protocol is an important method to achieve long-term WSN monitoring by selecting an appropriate path with low energy consumption for data transmission. According to the phenomenon of uneven environment and channel parameters caused by intensive crop growth in farmland, a non-uniform clustering routing protocol based on effective energy consumption (UCEEC) was proposed in this work. The method combined with the characteristics of multi-path fading of farmland environment signals. The idea of image segmentation was introduced. Nodes with high similarity were divided into a cluster area by the dissimilarity between nodes in order to improve the intracluster communication performance. Meanwhile, a multi-hop path selection method between cluster-heads based on the estimation of two-hop effective energy consumption is designed. The energy consumption cost factor is calculated by the effective energy consumption and the average energy consumption within the cluster to achieve the minimum and balance of the overall energy consumption of the network. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing Maximum Residual Energy Based Routing (MREBR) protocol, minimum Energy Consumption Based Routing (MEC) routing protocols, UCEEC improves the energy balance effect between nodes, prolongs the network life cycle, and realizes efficient energy utilization of wireless sensor network data collection in the complex environment of wheat field. Keywords: farmland, wireless sensor networks, multi-path fading channel, routing protocol, energy optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.6540 Citation: Miao Y S, Zhao C J, Wu H R. Non-uniform clustering routing protocol of wheat farmland based on effective energy consumption. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 163–170.

Bioinspired Mitigation Scheme for Cascading Failures in Farmland Wireless Sensor Networks

Existing mitigation strategies on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) against cascading failures cannot appropriately adapt the particular characteristics of farmland WSNs. Spider web provides a new reference for improving network invulnerability. In this study, a bionic network scheme is built based on symmetric analysis of a series of spider-web vibration transmission trials, which include networking methodology, communication rules, and load capacity model. The basic idea of this scheme is to apply the cascading-failure coping mechanism inspired by spider web into the construction and operation of farmland WSNs. We found that the link backup contributed by a topological structure and communication rules had positive effects on suppressing the spread of cascading failures. The study showed that the damages of cascading failures can be efficiently lowered by regulating the adjustment coefficient of the load capacity model. The difference between the inner-layer node failures and outer-layer node failures for network invulnerability was verified under deliberate attack circumstances. Based on these results, the proposed network scheme can be utilized to enhance the invulnerability performance of farmland WSNs.

A Data Collecting Strategy for Farmland WSNs using a Mobile Sink

To the characteristics of large number of sensor nodes, wide area and unbalanced energy consumption in farmland Wireless Sensor Networks, an efficient data collection strategy (GCMS) based on grid clustering and a mobile sink is proposed. Firstly, cluster is divided based on virtual grid, and the cluster head is selected by considering node position and residual energy. Then, an optimal mobile path and residence time allocation mechanism for mobile sink are proposed. Finally, GCMS is simulated and compared with LEACH and GRDG. Simulation results show that GCMS can significantly prolong the network lifetime and increase the amount of data collection, especially suitable for large-scale farmland Wireless Sensor Networks.

Localization accuracy of farmland wireless sensor network localization algorithm based on received signal strength indicator

Localization accuracy of farmland wireless sensor network localization algorithm based on received signal strength indicator

Energy Aware Deployment Method in Heterogeneous Farmland WSN

Farmland environment has influence on the signal propagation of wireless sensor network (WSN). The network coverage and connectivity performances largely depend on the deployment method. In order to prolong the network lifespan, renewable energy was introduced to a part of the network nodes due to the cost issue. An improved energy aware deployment method is proposed in this paper. The aim of the paper is to maximize the network lifespan,lower the network cots, increase the energy utilizationrenewable energy nodes and balance the residual energy of the battery-power nodes. An energy consumption model was established in the consideration of deployment constraints over network coverage, connectivity, and stability. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was designed to optimize the performance of the network model. A penalty function was included to resolve the problem which contain both continuous and discrete variables.The number of renewable nodes with the best cost-lifespan ratio was concluded. The simulation results demonstrate that the propose method increases the renewable energy utilization when the renewable energy source is good. Also the network keeps stable when the renewable energy source is off. The overall energy consumption of battery nodes were reduced and balanced. Therefore, the proposed deploy method prolong the network lifespan.

Research on Artificial Spider Web Model for Farmland Wireless Sensor Network

Through systematic analysis of the structural characteristics and invulnerability of spider web, this paper explores the possibility of combining the advantages of spider web such as network robustness and invulnerability with farmland wireless sensor network. A universally applicable definition and mathematical model of artificial spider web structure are established. The comparison between artificial spider web and traditional networks is discussed in detail. The simulation result shows that the networking structure of artificial spider web is better than that of traditional networks in terms of improving the overall reliability and invulnerability of communication system. A comprehensive study on the advantage characteristics of spider web has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting the invulnerability research of farmland wireless sensor network.

Energy Aware Opportunistic Routing Optimization in Farmland Wireless Sensor Network

In farmland environment, unstable network link quality which caused by the multi-scale signal propagation effect may lead to low data aggregation efficiency. An improved energy aware opportunistic routing of farmland WSN is proposed in order to match the network energy consumption constraints. The nodes priority in the forwarding list is set according to the distance between nodes and the residual energy and energy consumption. In this case, the network performance such as data throughput, high transmission reliability could be satisfied. The network the energy consumption may be reduced and balanced. Simulation is taken between different algorithms, the results show that the network average power consumption is reduced and the network lifetime is prolonged.

Farmland Multiparameter Wireless Sensor Network Data Compression Strategy

A certain correlation exists among farmland wireless sensor network (WSN) monitored parameter data. Analysing and utilising parameter correlation can improve data compression efficiency and reduce network communication power. A data compression algorithm for multi-parameter farmland WSN is proposed. Firstly, a compression matrix of each cluster is built up based on clustering analysis among parameters and internal correlation analysis between categories. Then the parameter sorting scheme is determined based on the structured matrix which had strong correlation among rows and columns. It conducted characteristic analysis of parameter sequences. Operators between parameters are built in order to enhance the correlation and reduce high-frequency component of the matrix. By doing these the information loss during compression process could be reduced, and realised the goals of elevating compression ratio and reducing compression errors. Compression test shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce network data redundancy and energy consumption.

Node Deployment in Farmland Wireless Sensor Networks based on Renewable Energy

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays an important role in the large scale farmland environmental monitoring. The complex farmland environment has a great impact on the WSN performance. Extremely low power consumption of WSN is required because of the long monitoring period and limited energy. In the considering of network coverage, connectivity, organization and power consumption, this paper proposes a new deployment strategy in the consideration of solar power nodes. A mixed deployment method combining with structure and random filling deployment is used. The hot-spot nodes in the network are replaced by solar nodes in order to get a longer lifetime. The simulation results show that the new method has a better performance than the traditional algorithms.

Energy Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Clustering Mechanism in Farmland

Solar-powered nodes employed in farmland wireless sensor network have energy advantages but at the same time have the problem of high cost. Wireless sensor network employs both solar-powered nodes and battery powered nodes which can reduce cost and prolong network lifetime. This paper presents an algorithm based on LEACH to study the clustering process of farmland environment monitoring sensor network which contains both solar-powered nodes and battery-powered nodes. This algorithm classifies nodes into three types based on the nodes characteristics first and the nit selects cluster nodes based on the comparison of the number of cluster head nodes and the solar powered nodes. The algo- rithm in this paper gives priority to utilize the solar-powered battery by two elections in one round. Simulation result shows that this algorithm can improve the utilization of solar energy, decrease node death and finally prolong the network lifecycle.

Dynamic Routing Algorithm Based on the Channel Quality Control for Farmland Sensor Networks

This article reports a Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Farmland Sensor Networks (DRA-FSN) based on channel quality control to improve energy efficiency, which combines the distance and communication characteristics of farmland wireless sensor network. The functional architecture of the DRA-FSN algorithm, routing establish the mechanisms, the communication transmission mechanism, the global routing beacon return mechanism, abnormal node handling mechanism and sensor networks timing control mechanisms were designed in detail in this article. This article also evaluates and simulated the performance of DRA-FSN algorithm in different conditions from energy efficiency, packet energy consumption and packet distribution balance by comparing DRA-FSN algorithm with DSDV, EAP algorithm. Simulations showed that the DRA-FSN was more energy efficient than EAP and DSDV, the DRA-FSN algorithm overcame the shortcoming that capacity and bandwidth of the routing table correspondingly increase as more and more nodes joining the network. It has better performance in scalability and network loading balance.

Optimization of Energy Heterogeneous Cluster-Head Selection in Farmland WSN

Power consumption is a key point of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) lifespan. Because of difference among monitoring objects and complex signal channel condition, the power consumption of each node in farmland WSN is uneven, which makes the network performing as multi-level energy heterogeneous. LEACH and its improving algorithms average the power consumption between nodes by clustering and cluster-head switching. But the cluster-head voting brings a lot extra power consumption. To solve this problem, this paper proposes EACHS (Energy Approximation Cluster-Head Selection), an optimized cluster-head selection mechanism that approximates the energy of cluster-head targeting the lowest energy level in the network. When approaching the target, the current cluster-head collects the energy status of all nodes and determines which one becoming the new cluster-head. The simulation results show that, EACHS can balance the network power consumption and reduce most protocol cost, prolong the overall network lifespan.

A Farmland Wireless Sensor Network Optimization Topology Control Algorithm

Different node layout density exist in farmland wireless sensor network monitoring, but the existing wireless sensor network topology control algorithm does not take uneven node distribution into consideration. And the node residual energy issue is not considered in the commonly used LMST topology control algorithm either. This paper presents a wireless sensor network hybrid topology control algorithm which considered both the uneven distribution of network nodes and the residual energy issue. Firstly, this algorithm clustering in the high node density areas based on node degree to reduce overall energy consumption. Secondly this algorithm use nodes residual energy based LMST topology control algorithm to achieve energy balance among network nodes. This improved algorithm ultimately achieved the purpose of prolonging the network lifetime.