Farmland Protection Research Articles

Guiding the landscape patterns evolution is the key to mitigating river water quality degradation

Consensus has emerged that landscape pattern evolution significantly impacts the river environment. However, there remains unclear how the landscape pattern evolves possible to achieve a balance between land resource use and water conservation. Thus, simulating future landscape patterns under different scenarios to predict river eutrophication level is critical to propose targeted landscape planning programs and alleviate river water quality degradation. Here, we coupled five water quality parameters (TOC, TN, NO3−-N, NH4+-N, TP), collected from October 2020 to September 2021, to construct the river eutrophication index (EI) to assess river water quality. Meanwhile, based on redundancy analysis, patch-generating land use simulation model, and stepwise multiple linear regression model comprehensively analyze the Fengyu River watershed landscape patterns evolution and their impact on river eutrophication. Results indicated that current rivers reach eutrophic levels, and EI reaches 40.7. The landscape patterns explain 88.2 % of river eutrophication variation, while the LPI_Con metric is critical and individually explained 21.5 %. Furthermore, eutrophication in the watershed will increase in 2040 under the natural development (ND) scenario, and the EI will reach 44.4. In contrast, farmland protection (FP) scenarios and environmental protection (EP) scenarios contribute to mitigating eutrophication, the EI values are 38.2 and 38.1, respectively. The results provide a potential mechanistic explanation that river eutrophication is a consequence of unreasonable landscape pattern evolution. Guiding the landscape patterns evolution based on critical driver factors from a planning perspective is conducive to mitigating river water quality degradation.

Assessing the impact of urban land expansion on ecosystem carbon storage: A case study of the Changzhutan metropolitan area, China

The extension of urban development can encroach onto ecologically important land, such as forests and farmland, and have a significant impact on regional ecosystem carbon storage. Although there has been extensive research on the carbon storage response to land use changes, limited exploration has been conducted on the changes in ecosystem carbon storage resulting from the expansion of construction land.. In the current research, we analyzed the characteristics involved in the growth related to built-up space in the Changzhutan metropolitan area from 1990 to 2020. Using the InVEST model, we evaluated the resulting effects on ecological carbon sequestration, and using the PLUS model, we simulated the effects of building land expansion under four scenarios: natural development, farmland protection, ecological protection, and comprehensive development. Additionally, our aim was to quantify the possible implications of the development of built-up areas on regional carbon storage. (1) The Changzhutan metropolitan area expanded its construction land by 721.58 km2 from 1990 to 2020, with the expansion mainly concentrated in the urban fringe areas, and the land type mainly changed from forests and farmland to construction land. (2) The ecosystem carbon sequestration in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan area decreased by 22.66 × 106 t from 1990 to 2020, with the most significant decrease occurring from 2005 to 2010 when the expansion of construction land was 284.43 km2. (3)By 2030, the Changzhutan metropolitan area is projected to expand its construction land by 312.05 km2, 175.65 km2, 68.21 km2, and 68.90 km2 under the scenarios of natural development, farmland protection, ecological protection, and comprehensive development, respectively. Land use change in each scenario is expected to cause carbon storage losses of 10.01 × 106 t, 11.01 × 106 t, 2.07 × 106 t, and 1.95 × 106t, compared to 2020. (4) Over the investigation time span, expansion of construction ground in metropolitan Changzhutan had a negative impact on regional carbon storage, reaching a stable state from 2005 to 2020, and the effect pertaining to growth from the area of development upon the carbon accumulation of regional ecosystems under the comprehensive protection scenario in 2030 was −0.46. Considering the spatial heterogeneity analysis of regional carbon storage, this scenario would substantially upgrade the functional area surrounding the region and increase the biological system stabilization, which is conducive to achieving carbon neutrality goals.

Temporal and Spatial Variations in Landscape Habitat Quality under Multiple Land-Use/Land-Cover Scenarios Based on the PLUS-InVEST Model in the Yangtze River Basin, China

Despite the Yangtze River Basin (YRB)’s abundant land and forestry resources, there is still a dearth of research on forecasting habitat quality changes resulting from various geographic and environmental factors that drive landscape transformations. Hence, this study concentrates on the YRB as the focal area, with the aim of utilizing the Patch Landscape Upscaling Simulation model (PLUS) and the habitat quality model to scrutinize the spatial distribution of landscape patterns and the evolution of HQ under four scenarios: the natural development scenario (NDS), farmland protection scenario (CPS), urban development scenario (UDS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS), spanning from the past to 2030. Our results show that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the construction land in the YRB expanded at a high dynamic rate of 47.86% per year, leading to a decrease of 32,776 km2 in the cultivated land area; (2) the UDS had the most significant expansion of construction land, followed by the NDS, CPS, and EPS, which had higher proportions of ecologically used land such as forests and grasslands; (3) from 2000 to 2020, the HQ index ranged from 0.211 to 0.215 (low level), showing a slight upward trend, with the most drastic changes occurring in the low-level areas (−0.49%); (4) the EPS had the highest HQ (0.231), followed by the CPS (0.215), with the CPS increasing the HQ proportion of the lower-level areas by 2.64%; (5) and in addition to government policies, NDVI, DEM, GDP, and population were also significant factors affecting landscape pattern and changes in habitat quality.

Spatial–Temporal Changes and Prediction of Carbon Storage in the Tibetan Plateau Based on PLUS-InVEST Model

The changes in the recent and future spatial–temporal patterns of carbon storage of the Tibetan Plateau and its dominant factors in different periods were unclear, and were conducive to optimizing the spatial layout of land. Exploring the spatial and temporal changes in terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage and their influencing factors during a long study period had important theoretical and practical significance for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. In this study, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model (InVEST) was used to analyze the changes in carbon storage based on vegetation-type data during 2000–2020. The Path-generating Land-Use Simulation model (PLUS) was then used to predict the spatial distribution of carbon storage in the Tibetan Plateau in 2030 and 2060 under inertial development, farmland protection and ecology priority scenarios. The results showed that: (1) The degradation of vegetation types reduced the carbon storage during the study period. During 2000–2020, the desert shrub and non-vegetation area expanded by 63.21% and 13.35%, respectively, while the deciduous scrub, mixed forest and low coverage grassland decreased accordingly. The carbon storage of the Tibetan Plateau showed a decreasing trend by 0.37 × 106 t. (2) The spatial distribution patterns of carbon storage were consistent with that of the vegetation types. (3) In 2030 and 2060, under the constraint of the ecological priority development, the reduction in carbon storage was the smallest, at 0.01 × 106 t and 0.16 × 106 t, respectively. Under the constraint of the inertial development, carbon storage had the largest reduction, at 0.12 × 106 t and 0.43 × 106 t, respectively. (4) During 2000–2020, the dominant single factor that had the greatest impacts on the changes in carbon storage was FVC (vegetation coverage), with q values of 0.616, 0.619 and 0.567, respectively. The interactive dominant effects were mainly nonlinear enhancement and double-factor enhancement. The interactive dominant factors that had the greatest impact were FVC and the DEM (Digital Elevation Model), with q values of 0.94, 0.92 and 0.90, respectively. Therefore, ecological land with a high FVC should be protected and the expansion of non-vegetation areas should be restricted in future planning to improve the carbon storage level of the Tibetan Plateau and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.

ABOUT A NEW LEVEL OF SELF-ORGANIZATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Background. According to the UN FAO recommendations, it is necessary to produce one ton of grain for each inhabitant of the Earth for the production of bread and feed for livestock and poultry farming in order to obtain meat, milk, eggs, etc. However, the current level is 3 times lower, which confirms the relevance of the research.
 Methods and means. In the article, based on a systematic analysis of existing approaches in agriculture, a systematic synthesis of high-tech technological processes in agriculture, as well as fire protection of farmland and forests, was carried out. Examples of modern solutions in this area are given, including monitoring of farmland and forests using unmanned drones, small aircraft and helicopters. The latest developments in the development of airships for these purposes are described, including methods patented by the authors for detecting and fighting fires using gas separation nanotechnology to replace water with atmospheric nitrogen.
 Results. The conditions for self-organization of technological processes in agriculture are determined, on the basis of which the synthesis of the model of an "agro-fire combine-airship" is carried out, which combines "inside itself" not only the functions of fire extinguishing with separated atmospheric nitrogen, but also all agricultural technologies and precision farming techniques - "without tractors, seeders, combine harvesters, trucks and land reclamation systems. The results of the "energy assessment" of the effectiveness of the introduction of domestic innovations in this area are presented.
 Conclusion. As a result of the research, it was concluded that agro-fire combines-airships can implement not only technologies for extinguishing landscape and forest fires, but also have an unrivaled quality in the organization of agriculture, due to the proposed integration of these innovative solutions.

Coupling of underground coal mining and mine reclamation for farmland protection and sustainable mining

Mining-induced subsidence inevitably caused damage to farmland and created newborn ponding in mining areas with high groundwater tables. However, traditional mining and reclamation (TMR) is characterized by low reclamation and long-term farmland abandonment. Here, two critical width models of the skip-panel and the back-panel were proposed to protect farmland and increase the reclamation rate. Secondly, concurrent mining and reclamation (CMR) and TMR were simulated according to mining-induced subsidence and farmland damage patterns. The advantages of CMR were discussed in comparison with TMR. The results show that: 1) The layout of underground mining was optimized to successfully achieve farmland protection; 2) The overall and staged layouts of mine reclamation were optimized by incorporating final settlement and earthwork balance; 3) The proposed earthwork allocation allowed lower pre-filling heights and rapid reclamation; 4) CMR can prolong the life of farmland by 12.5 years and increase reclamation rate and farmland area by 50.31% and 869.40 ha; 5) CMR has high costs in the short term, but has good social and ecological benefits in the long term. In terms of policy, we recommend the government increase the reclamation rate index and encourage enterprises to adopt CMR. CMR is the realistic need for sustainable mining and will gradually become a new hotspot for scientific mining. This study can provide a reference for sustainable mining and land use management in coal resource-based cities with high groundwater tables.

Spatio-temporal evolution and prediction of carbon storage in Kunming based on PLUS and InVEST models.

Carbon storage is a critical ecosystem service provided by terrestrial environmental systems that can effectively reduce regional carbon emissions and is critical for achieving carbon neutrality and carbon peak. We conducted a study in Kunming and analyzed the land utilization data for 2000, 2010, and 2020. We assessed the features of land utilization conversion and forecasted land utilization under three development patterns in 2030 on the basis of the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. We used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model to estimate changes in carbon storage trends under three development scenarios in 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 and the impact of socioeconomic and natural factors on carbon storage. The results of the study indicated that (1) carbon storage is intimately associated with land utilization practices. Carbon storage in Kunming in 2000, 2010, and 2020 was 1.146 × 108 t, 1.139 × 108 t, and 1.120 × 108 t, respectively. During the 20 years, forest land decreased by 142.28 km2, and the decrease in forest land area caused a loss of carbon storage. (2) Carbon storage in 2030 was predicted to be 1.102 × 108 t, 1.136 × 108 t, and 1.105 × 108 t, respectively, under the trend continuation scenario, eco-friendly scenario, and comprehensive development scenario, indicating that implementing ecological protection and cultivated land protection measures can facilitate regional ecosystem carbon storage restoration. (3) Impervious surfaces and vegetation have the greatest influence on carbon storage for the study area. A spatial global and local negative correlation was found between impervious surface coverage and ecosystem carbon storage. A spatial global and local positive correlation was found between NDVI and ecosystem carbon storage. Therefore, ecological and farmland protection policies need to be strengthened, the expansion of impervious surfaces should be strictly controlled, and vegetation coverage should be improved.

Об организационных структурах управления продовольственной и пожарной безопасностью в Центральной Сибири

The article is devoted to the problems of self-organization of science-intensive technological processes in agriculture and fire protection of farmland and forests. Examples of modern solutions in the field of monitoring farmland and forests using unmanned aerial vehicles, small aircraft and helicopters are given. The latest achievements in the development of airships for these purposes are described, including a method patented by the authors for detecting and fighting fires using gas separation nanotechnology to replace the main fire extinguishing agent (water) with atmospheric nitrogen. The conditions for self-organization of technological processes in agriculture are determined. The results of the synthesis of the model of a "fire-agricultural combine-airship", combining "inside itself" not only the functions of fire extinguishing with separated atmospheric nitrogen, but also all agricultural technologies and precision farming equipment - "without tractors, seeders, harvesters, trucks and reclamation systems" are given. Keywords: AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES, AGRICULTURAL AVIATION, ANTI-FIRE AVIATION, MEMBRANE AIR SEPARATORS, INTEGRATION OF SAFETY AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, HYBRID AIRSHIPS

Assessment on the declining degree of farmland shelter forest in a desert oasis based on LiDAR and hyperspectrum imagery.

We examined the growth decline and health status of farmland protective forest belt (Populus alba var. pyramidalis and Populus simonii shelterbelts) in Ulanbuh Desert Oasis by using airborne hyperspectral and ground-based LiDAR to collect the hyperspectral images and point cloud data of the whole forest belt respectively. Through correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis, we constructed the evaluation model of the decline degree of farmland protection forest with the spectral differential value, vegetation index, and forest structure parameters as independent variables and the tree canopy dead branch index of the field survey as dependent variables. We further tested the accuracy of the model. The results showed that the evaluation accuracy of the decline degree of P. alba var. pyramidalis and P. simonii by LiDAR method was better than that by hyperspectral method, and that the evaluation accuracy of the combined LiDAR and hyperspectral method was the highest. Using the LiDAR method, hyperspectral method, the combined method, the optimal model of P. alba var. pyramidalis was all light gradient boosting machine model, with the overall classification accuracy being 0.75, 0.68, 0.80, and Kappa coefficient being 0.58, 0.43, 0.66, respectively. The optimal model of P. simonii was random forest model, random forest model, and multilayer perceptron model, with the overall classification accuracy being 0.76, 0.62, 0.81, and Kappa coefficient being 0.60, 0.34, 0.71, respectively. This research method could accurately check and monitor the decline of plantations.

Gains and losses of farmland associated with farmland protection policy and urbanization in China: An integrated perspective based on goal orientation

The Requisition-Compensation Balance of Farmland (RCBF) policy remedies the situation where valuable farmland becomes occupied for non-agricultural objectives during the rapid urbanization in China. However, there has been little systematic and provincial research on the RCBF policy. This study explores the establishment of an optimized and differentiated RCBF policy, adapted to regional resource endowments, socioeconomic developments based on the current policy system. We evaluated the holistic performance of gains and losses of farmland in Jiangsu Province from 1995 to 2015. The aims of this framework include the well-known “quantity-quality-ecological-yield” balance and a significant but undervalued farmland quality improvement object. We compared the differences between gained farmland and lost farmland using the quantity balance index, quality balance index, ecosystem service value benefits-and-losses method, and grain yield spatialization method, respectively. The structural transformation of “dry land to paddy” has been used to evaluate quality improvement. The evaluation results revealed that the challenges of “more occupation than compensation” in quantity have existed for a long time. Additionally, some ecological land was exploited to replenish the farmland, resulting in the unsustainable phenomenon of “dual development and dual loss.” Moreover, the average productivity and average utilization intensity of the gained farmland were superior to those of the lost farmland. This confirms the grain yield gap could be narrowed by increasing farmland utilization intensity. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that a low percentage of farmland in Jiangsu Province had improved in quality and that significant improvement was required. Based on these findings, we encourage Jiangsu Province to focus on improving the quality and productivity of farmland to precisely achieve “quality against quantity and yield balance” to address the quantity imbalance and the resulting ecological risks.

Discussion on High-standard Farmland Management and Protection Problems and Countermeasures

Affected by factors such as repeated delays in the epidemic, climate change and frequent natural disasters, food security risks are prominent, and it is imperative to ensure food security. The construction of high-standard farmland is a realistic need to improve comprehensive agricultural production capacity and ensure food security, but in the construction process, there is a phenomenon of attaching importance to construction and neglecting management and protection, resulting in the failure of the completed high-standard farmland to play a sustained and efficient role, resulting in damage to facilities and waste of resources. From the perspective of inadequate management and protection of high-standard farmland, this paper analyzes the causes, analyzes the problems, and puts forward countermeasures, so as to provide positive suggestions for the long-term benefits of high-standard farmland and ensure food security.

Study on the Evolution and Optimization of the Spatial Structure of the Oasis in the Arid Area: A Case Study of the Aksu River Basin in China.

To achieve high-quality sustainable development in arid areas based on the concept of ecological civilization, it is necessary to deeply study the territorial spatial structure characteristics. Taking the Aksu River Basin, an important ecological security barrier in northwest China, as an example, this paper follows the research idea of "feature analysis-suitability evaluation-conflict identification analysis-optimization" and constructs a comprehensive model based on the AHP-entropy weight comprehensive evaluation method, ArcGIS spatial identification analysis, variance coefficient-TOPSIS method, and NRCA. A comprehensive model based on the AHP-entropy power integrated evaluation method, ArcGIS spatial identification analysis, variance coefficient-TOPSIS method, and NRCA was constructed to guide the optimization of the territorial spatial layout by exploring the characteristics of territorial spatial pattern, the suitability of territorial spatial development, the identification of territorial spatial conflicts, and the efficiency and functional advantage of territorial spatial utilization in the study area. The results show that: (1) The spatial type of territorial space in the Aksu River Basin from 2000 to 2020 is dominated by ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space, and the three spatial boundaries are irregularly interlaced. (2) The spatial utilization conflict pattern of the Aksu River Basin has formed, and the general conflict area is overgrowing. (3) The overall efficiency of territorial utilization in the Aksu River Basin is low, with significant differences among county administrative units. (4) After optimization, the three types of space in the watershed are adjusted and refined into six functional areas: basic farmland protection area, rural development area, ecological protection red line area, ecological control area, urban development area, and industrial supporting construction area.

Simulation of future land use/cover change (LUCC) in typical watersheds of arid regions under multiple scenarios

The rapid development of the social economy has promoted a continuous increase in the intensity and scale of land use by humans, which has seriously affected the sustainable development of the region. It is important to understand the land use/cover change (LUCC) in the arid region and its future development trends and to make reasonable planning recommendations for the sustainable development of the ecological environment. This study validates the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model in a typical arid region, the Shiyang River Basin (SRB), and analyzes the applicability of the model in arid regions. On this basis, the PLUS model is combined with the scenario analysis method to design four scenarios including no policy intervention, farmland protection, ecological protection and sustainable development to analyze the dynamic changes in past and future land use in the SRB and to make corresponding planning recommendations for the development of each type of land use in the arid region. The results showed that the PLUS model had a better simulation effect in the SRB (its overall accuracy reached 0.97). Coupled models obtain better simulation results than quantitative and spatial models by comparing the mainstream models, with PLUS model that combines CA model and patch generation strategy showing better simulation results in the same category. From 1987 to 2017, the spatial centroid of each LUCC in the SRB moved to varying degrees due to a continuous increase in human activities. The spatial centroid of water bodies had the most obvious change, with a moving speed of 1.49 km/a, while the moving speed of built-up land increased year by year. The spatial centroid of farmland, built-up land and unused land all shifted toward the middle and lower plains, which is a further indication of increased human activity. Due to different government policies, the development trend of land use was also different under different scenarios. However, the four scenarios all showed that the area of built-up land will be increasing exponentially from 2017 to 2037, which would seriously affect the surrounding ecological land and have a negative impact on the local agro-ecological environment. Therefore, we proposed the following planning recommendations: (1) Land leveling work should be carried out on scattered farmland located at high altitudes and with slopes over 25°. Additionally, the land use of low-altitude areas should strictly adhere to basic farmland, increase the diversification of cropping patterns and improve the efficiency of agricultural water. (2) The relationship between ecology, farmland and cities should be reasonably coordinated and the existing idle built-up land should be efficiently used. (3) Forestland and grassland resources should be strictly protected and the ecological redline should be strictly observed. This study can provide new ideas for LUCC modeling and prediction in other parts of the world and provide a strong basis for ecological management and sustainable development in arid areas.

Basic Farmland Protection System in China: Changes, Conflicts and Prospects

Farmland protection is important for ensuring national food security and promoting sustainable socioeconomic development. China has a far lower amount of farmland area per capita than the global average. To improve farmland productivity, the Chinese government has implemented a basic farmland protection system (BFPS). A comprehensive and systematic analysis of the evolution mechanism of the BFPS, the failures of the BFPS and the key measures of the modern BFPS reform is lacking in the current literature. Based on a systematic review of the history of China’s BFPS, this study first summarizes the evolutionary mechanism of the BFPS, then analyzes the current conflicts faced by the BFPS on this basis, proposes several main breakthrough strategies for improving the BFPS and finally provides key ideas for further strengthening the development of the BFPS in the future. The results of this study show that China’s BFPS has gone through three development stages since 1963 and that there are differences in the main factors hindering the improvement in basic farmland productivity in the different stages. Correspondingly, the systems adopted to meet the demands for basic farmland protection are also different. The evolution of the BFPS is similar to a “scale” that constantly seeks balance between “system demand” and “system supply”. In the present stage, the main conflicts faced by China’s BFPS are between basic farmland quality and requirements for supplementary delimitation and production patterns; between basic farmland quantity, urban development and food security; and between basic farmland-use regulation and modern agriculture and the market economy. The Chinese government should further optimize the BFPS through improving the delimitation system, establishing a classified protection system and strengthening the basic farmland protection compensation system. To accelerate the establishment of a territorial spatial planning system in the future, the BFPS should also be fully integrated with the concept of an ecological civilization, be applied to resolve the contradiction between development and protection and be used to help improve the land-space-utilization control system, thus creating a unified development guide for national land.

Carbon storage simulation and analysis in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on CA-plus model under dual-carbon background

Previous studies on carbon storage simulation had ignored the difference of carbon intensity among various vegetation types inner the same land use. In this paper, The PLUS model was used to predict the land use change under multi-scenarios from 2030 to 2060, and the vegetation type data were supplemented by CA model to obtain the land cover-vegetation datasets from 2030-2060. Combined with the carbon density table of vegetation type, the future land use carbon storage during 2030-2060 under multi-scenarios in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were analyzed. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of carbon storage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region showed a pattern of ‘high in northeast-southwest and low in southeast-northwest’; (2) The carbon storage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during 1990-2020 showed a decreasing trend; (3) During 2030-2060, the carbon storage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region showed a continuous decreasing trend in the absence of policy intervention, while that under the ecological protection and farmland protection scenarios showed an increasing trend; (4) Under different development scenarios, there were obvious significances of carbon storage in spatial distribution.

Assessing governability of agricultural systems: Municipal agricultural planning in Metro Vancouver, Canada

Effective governance of agricultural systems is needed for achieving goals of food security, resilient food systems, and addressing the impacts of climate change. Local governments have an increasing interest in the role of agriculture in meeting these goals. However, alignment varies greatly between local governing systems and agricultural systems. Governability is a measure of the degree to which a system can be governed for a set of specified purposes or goals. To test the limits of governability in relation to agricultural planning, we interviewed 22 agricultural planners from municipal, regional, and provincial government, and analyzed agricultural plans (n = 8) and Official Community Plans (n = 6) for six municipalities in Metro Vancouver, Canada to identify interactions between broader municipal governance, agricultural planning, and agricultural systems outcomes. Findings indicate that the governing system for agriculture in this region includes both mandated obligations (conservation of farmland) and voluntary obligations (economic development, advocacy, public awareness). Multiple limits to governing agricultural systems include the promotion and implementation of simple solutions to complex problems, limited ability to engage with the diversity of the agricultural sector and their different needs, and governance mismatches with the boundaries of agriculture (i.e., farm parcels, Agricultural Land Reserve area) and the administrative scale of the municipality. The discussion identifies specific areas where municipal governance systems could transition to improve agricultural outcomes such as farmland protection, farmer economic viability, and integration with broader food systems.

A GIS-Based Typological Interpretation of Cultivated Land Loss: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Tai’an Prefecture in the North China Plain

Loss of cultivated land has become a global issue that is especially critical in populous and rapidly urbanizing countries. However, knowledge in this field in general and its spatiality in particular have long been restrained in developing countries for the lack of accurate and reliable data. This study addresses this issue from a typological perspective by distinguishing the patterns and determinants of the conversion of cultivated land to nonagricultural use, nongrain use, and ecological land use. By using land use survey data from 2009 to 2019, and taking villages as the research units, the cultivated land loss in an ordinary prefecture, Tai’an, in the North China Plain was investigated from its temporal–spatial patterns, destination uses, and various driving factors. GIS methods such as spatial visualization, overlay analysis, and hotspot analysis were used to depict the geography of cultivated land loss in total and by cause. Multiple linear regression models were then developed to explore the roles of natural, locational, economic, social, and policy factors in predicting the overall and three types of cultivated land loss. The results show that (1) the cultivated land area in Tai’an Prefecture decreased by 1338.3 km2 over the decade, which was 32.4% of that in 2009. Ecological use, rather than the widely blamed urban expansion, was the dominant reason, accounting for 55.6% of the total loss of cultivated land. (2) The hotspot areas of cultivated land loss were mainly distributed in the northeastern mountainous area and villages around cities and county seats in the southwest. The hotspot areas of nongrain and ecological conversion were mainly located around the central city, whereas those of nonagricultural conversion were the most extensive around county centers. (3) The factors were found to have heterogeneous effects on the three types of cultivated land loss. For example, land transfer is conducive to large-scale farming and is thus associated with a lower probability of nonagricultural conversion of cultivated land. However, it often facilitates ecological conversion of cultivated land. (4) The basic farmland protection policy was proven to be effective in preventing all three types of cultivated land loss. The above results indicate the great heterogeneity among the three types of cultivated land loss in their geography and determinants, demonstrating the necessity and significance of the typological perspective adopted to interpreting cultivated land loss in urbanizing and transitional societies. To some extent, only by reasonably distinguishing, spatially analyzing, and fully understanding the different types, various causes, and internal structure of cultivated land loss can we formulate more targeted and effective policies of cultivated land protection.

Landscape ecological risk assessment and its driving factors of multi-mountainous city

Urban land has been expanding under the background of rapid urbanization, which leads to the increasingly prominent problem of regional ecological security in multi-mountainous cities. In order to scientifically formulate land use policies and maintain regional ecological security pattern, it is necessary to assess regional landscape ecological risk (LER), explore its influencing factors, and simulate the LERs under different scenarios in the future. This study takes Guiyang, a typical mountainous city in the karst area of southwest China, as the study area. Based on the three-phase remote sensing images, the landscape pattern index and the Geodetector method (GDM) were used to assess LER and the corresponding driving factors from 2000 to 2020, and the PLUS model was used to simulate LER under different urban development scenarios in 2030. The results showed: (1) The average landscape ecological risk index (LERI) in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 0.0341, 0.0320, and 0.0304, respectively. This shows that the overall LER of Guiyang is low and gradually decreases over time. (2) The LER pattern has significant positive spatial autocorrelation, but the autocorrelation decreases with the development of the city. (3) From 2000 to 2020, ecological driving factors were the main influencing factors of LER, but the impact of social driving factors on LER was growing with time. (4) The LER change of Guiyang in 2030 varies significantly under different scenarios, among which the area of the risk up zone in the natural development scenario is the largest, followed by the farmland protection scenario, and the ecological priority scenario is the smallest. This study will provide a scientific basis and reference for the overall development planning of multi-mountainous cities, regional ecological protection planning, and the formulation of relevant land use policies.

A study on the cognition of the regional types of rural revitalization from the perspective of land planning

The overall land use planning is the basis for the implementation of the land use control system and the advance estimation of the future land use development trend. The smooth implementation of the planning will directly affect the direction and status of land use. Taking the preparation of rural land use planning as an example, this study realizes “one map” to control village development and planning through the scientific and rational use of planning methods and technologies. Guide the reasonable arrangement of various land use at the village level to make it consistent with the revitalization and development of the village, so as to put forward suggestions and Countermeasures for the preparation of village land use planning. Then, according to the specific actual situation of the countryside and making full use of the comparative analysis method and ecological service value analysis method, this paper makes a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation from the realization degree of planning control indicators, the protection of cultivated land and basic farmland, and the progress of spatial layout of construction land. The results show that cultivated land and basic farmland have been well protected, but due to the great potential of rural industrial and mining surplus indicators. In future construction projects, local modifications within the scope of the village can be appropriately carried out according to the construction needs of the project.

Two-tiered jurisprudential logic and legal response to farmland protection compensation

Two-tiered jurisprudential logic and legal response to farmland protection compensation