Farmland Circulation Research Articles

Research on the Interaction Mechanism between Farmland Circulation and Non-Agricultural Industry from the Perspective of Equilibrium

The “three rights division” is a major innovation in China’s land system. Under the framework of “three rights division”, there are corresponding policy constraints on the circulation of management rights of different types of land. This paper constructs a dynamic equilibrium model of farmland management right transfer from the macro level, and studies the economic connection between farmland circulation and non-agricultural sectors. The results show that there is an obvious economic interaction mechanism between the circulation of agricultural land and the development of regional non-agricultural industries, and circulation is a channel to communicate the flow of factors between the agricultural sector and the non-agricultural sector, and its flow trend is significantly affected by policies. There is a certain threshold for the start of agricultural land circulation, and the critical condition is that the industrial capital stock of the non-agricultural sector reaches a certain level. Therefore, to effectively promote the circulation of agricultural land, we cannot completely rely on the market, and the government’s action is crucial. Based on the analysis, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions on guiding the circulation of farmland and better playing the role of circulation in promoting industrial development.

Influences of Farmland Transfer Transaction Costs on Contract Choices from the Perspective of Differential Order Governance: Based on a Survey of Farmers in Henan Province

Under the heterogeneous situation of heterogeneity of farmland circulation entities, transaction costs are the key factors to optimize the selection of circulation contracts, and reducing transaction costs is an important realization path to promote farmland circulation in a reasonable and orderly manner and accelerate the process of agricultural modernization. Based on the survey data of 814 farming households in Henan Province, this study explores the transaction costs on contract selection based on the differential order governance. The results show that (a) in the transfer of farmland, farmers’ choice of contracts is restricted by their degree of association with the transaction entity, which is the result of differential order governance. (b) The influence of differential order governance on the selection of transfer contracts is constrained by the governance context. Farmers tend to choose formal written contracts in the context of weak ties governance but choose verbal or informal contracts under strong relationship governance. (c) The impact of transaction costs on the selection of farmland transfer contracts is constrained by the three-stage scenarios as before, during, and after the transaction. In different transaction stages, the higher the transaction costs are, the more likely farmers are to choose a formal written contract. The findings show the importance of the rules of human relations in the society of acquaintances in saving transaction costs. The importance of the formal system and informal institutions, such as trust and reputation, and avoiding one-size-fits-all suggestions should be involved in the formulation and implementation of farmland transfer policies.

The impact of risk perception and preference on farmland transfer-out: Evidence from a survey of farm households in China

This study examines the impact of farmers' risk perceptions on their decision to transfer-out farmland, as well as the variations in this influence based on different risk preferences. The research utilizes survey data from 1389 farmers in rural China. By expanding the decision-making model for farmer households within the context of risk perception, this paper analyzes the equilibrium point of farmers' decision-making using mathematical models. Employing the Probit and Tobit models with instrumental variable methods, we discovered that farmers' perceptions of land revenue risk, land use risk, and non-farm employment risk significantly hindered the decision and rate of farmland transfer-out. Notably, the inhibitory effect decreased progressively. Moreover, risk preference was found to moderates the negative impacts. However, it is worth noting that risk perception remains a crucial factor impeding farmland transfer, primarily due to the prevalence of neutral or risk-averse risk preferences among most farmers. This study presents a novel perspective and explanatory framework for development of the farmland circulation market, aiming to overcome existing challenges from a risk-oriented standpoint. Consequently, it is essential for the government to carefully address all risks associated with farmland transfer, enhance the income guarantee system for farmers post-transfer, and offer non-farm employment training and job opportunities to facilitate the healthy and rapid development of the agricultural land transfer market.

How Does Family Factor Endowment Change Affect Farmers’ Production Decision-making: An Empirical Analysis based on National Rural Fixed Observation Point Data in 2004~2013

By using data from national rural fixed point in 2004-2013, this paper constructs farmers planting structure decision-making model and production factors input decision-making model to analyze the influence of family factor endowment on farmers’ production decision-making. The study shows the following results: The factors such as the area of circulation cultivated land, the number of cultivated lands, the age of labor force, government subsidies and productive fixed assets owned by the family have a significant positive influence on farmers’ planting decision, while the area of cultivated land, the number of agricultural labor force, household disposable income and agricultural operating income have a significant negative influence on it. Under the same conditions, farmers with the advantages of labor factor endowment first consider the full use of household labor resources, and farmers with the advantages of land and capital factor endowment will increase the investment in agricultural workers, agricultural machinery and material means of production. This article argues that with the continuous promotion of land rights and the regulation of farmland circulation, the profit-driven feature of capital will inevitably stimulate farmers' investment in agricultural production, and the future worries about "who will go in for farming" and "how to farm " will naturally subsides.

The impact of farmland circulation on the carbon footprint of agricultural cultivation in China

Farmland circulation will lead to the modernization and large-scale development of agricultural production, which reduces the carbon footprint of agricultural cultivation. Based on the microscopic perspective of farmers, this research uses the data from the Fixed Observation Points of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in China in 2009 to 2015 and examines the impact of farmland circulation on the carbon footprint of agricultural cultivation using the fixed-effect model. In addition, heterogeneity analysis is conducted. The results show that farmland circulation has an impact on the carbon footprint of agricultural cultivation. Specifically, the transferred farmland significantly reduces the carbon footprint while there are heterogeneities in the effect of farmland circulation on the carbon footprint of agricultural cultivation due to the different regions or the variable education levels of the head of households.

Study on the Affecting Factors of Land Circulation in Minority Areas of Ledong County, Hainan Province, China

Land circulation can promote large-scale operations, improve land-use efficiency, and increase farmers’ income. Taking 186 rural households in Ledong County in Hainan Province, the study uses binary logistic regression to analyze the factors affecting farmers’ willingness to transfer land. The results show that age, education level, and family labor force were negatively correlated with farmers’ willingness to accept land circulation. Meanwhile, gender, nonagricultural population, source of family income, annual family income, infrastructure, and understanding of policy were positively correlated with willingness to transfer. Recommendations regarding strengthening the training and education of farmers, increasing publicity, improving farmers’ awareness of land circulation, promoting market supervision, enhancing the land circulation market mechanism, and improving the rural security system are proposed. Ledong should also strengthen policy support regarding the cultivation of new agricultural business entities, and establish an intermediary service platform for land circulation. This study, therefore, aims to provide a theoretical and practical basis for a farmland circulation mechanism and the large-scale operation of agricultural land in Ledong County.

How farmland circulation affects household financial vulnerability in China: The chain mediation effect of labor transfer and financial literacy

Financial vulnerability is an important issue in livelihood resilience research domain. In the context of the Farmland Property Rights Reform in rural China and the promotion of farmland circulation, this study aims to explore whether and how household financial vulnerability is affected by farmland circulation and whether its impact shows heterogeneous characteristics depending on differences in farm household characteristics and regional characteristics. To answer these questions, a theoretical and empirical study was conducted based on the latest available Chinese household survey data (N = 9,822) from 2015 to 2019, using a chain mediating effects model and group regressions. The findings showed that farmland circulation could significantly reduce household financial vulnerability (Coef.=−0.167, p<0.01) while labor transfer and financial literacy played a mediating role. That is to say, farmland circulation could indirectly reduce household financial vulnerability by affecting labor transfer and financial literacy. The heterogeneity analysis showed that farmland circulation had a stronger mitigating effect on the financial vulnerability of older “first-generation farmer” households (with heads born before the 1980's) and households in the eastern regions with higher levels of economic development, suggesting that despite the “better late than never” advantage of farmland circulation, it can lead to greater regional inequality. These findings not only advance our understanding of how farmland circulation is associated with financial vulnerability but also provide some implications for the government's continuous optimization of the Farmland Property Rights Reform to ensure the financial security of farming households.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Farmland Circulation Price at the County Level in China

Sancang Publishing House is mainly engaged in the publication and distribution of Chinese international open source journals. The journals cover engineering technology, mathematics and physics, humanities and society, information science, economics and management, medicine and health, agriculture, global environment and other disciplines, with the help of Internet thinking and modern Information technology, based on the scientific research needs of domestic universities and research institutions, strives to promote the exchange and dissemination of knowledge in the Chinese academic community. It can be published in journals, published papers, and published quickly. Sancang Publishing welcomes scientific research scholars to join us, participate in manuscript review, co-run journals, submit manuscripts, and grow and grow together with Chinese journals. If you have any comments or suggestions on the journal, please contact service@sciepublish.com.

Optimization of Spatial Pattern of Farmland Circulation under the Guidance of Production Efficiency: A Case Study of ZX Town, Guangzhou

Optimization of Spatial Pattern of Farmland Circulation under the Guidance of Production Efficiency: A Case Study of ZX Town, Guangzhou

Comparative Study on Farmland Circulation between Plains and Mountainous Areas in an Arid Region: A Case Study of Zhangye City in Northwest China

Farmland circulation is essential for agricultural scale management. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, a large number of rural laborers have migrated to cities, resulting in accelerated farmland circulation. Revealing the farmland circulation in different geographical environments is conducive to efficient farmland management but remain largely unknown. To this end, based on the questionnaire survey data and statistical data of Zhangye City, we compared the features of farmland circulation between plains and mountainous areas, and used the binary logistic regression model and other methods to analyze the main factors affecting differentiated farmland circulation at the plot level. The main circulation modes and proportions in the plains were leasing (54.4%), exchange (22.4%), and subcontracting (16.2%), while the single leasing mode in mountainous areas accounted for 89.5%. The scale management units of more than 33.33 ha accounted for 6.48% and 30.72% in plains and mountainous areas, respectively. The proportion of circulation periods exceeding 5 years were 28.13% and 2.23% in plains and mountainous areas, respectively. The factor of “degree of farmland fragmentation” positively affected (p < 0.01) the farmland circulation in plains areas but negatively affected (p < 0.01) that in mountainous areas. The “farmland circulation price” promoted (p < 0.01) farmland circulation in both plains and mountainous areas. Whereas the “actual water diversion” (p < 0.01) and “river source water” (p < 0.05) only had varying degrees of negative impacts on farmland circulation in plains areas. Decision makers should practice management measures such as regulating farmland circulation behavior, formulating reasonable farmland circulation pricing models, and integrating farmland to promote the circulation and efficient use of farmland.

The Impact of Farmland Circulation on Farmers’ Entrepreneurship

The Impact of Farmland Circulation on Farmers’ Entrepreneurship

How Do Population Flows Promote Urban–Rural Integration? Addressing Migrants’ Farmland Arrangement and Social Integration in China’s Urban Agglomeration Regions

China’s urban–rural relationships have been changed dramatically by the intensifying population flows, especially in urban agglomeration regions. This study contributes to the interpretation of urban–rural integration mechanisms in urban agglomeration by constructing a conceptual framework of migration-related resource flows. Taking the Wuhan urban agglomeration as an example, migrants’ farmland arrangement, migration pattern, and social integration have been investigated to uncover the spatial and temporal characteristics of the urban–rural interaction, based on the data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2012–2017. The findings indicate that the farmland circulation in the Wuhan urban agglomeration was generally low, but slightly higher than that of the national average. The central city, Wuhan, had a high degree of family migration and social integration, indicating stronger resource flows in developed areas. However, its farmland circulation level was lower than that of non-central cities. The unsynchronized interaction of resources in urban and rural areas should be taken seriously, especially in areas with a relatively developed urban economy. The advantages of the central city in absorbing and settling migrants confirmed the positive impact of the urban agglomeration on promoting urban–rural integration.

Positive effect of village debt on land transfer: Evidence from county-level panel data of village finance in Zhejiang Province.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of village debt on land transfer. Based on the county-level panel data of village finance and land transfer in 90 counties and 4 economic development zones of Zhejiang Province from 2013 to 2017, this paper carried out multivariate statistical analysis and set a fixed effect model to control the endogenous influence of region and time. It found that village debt as a pressure may encourage village committees to promote rural land transfer, and then especially promote land flows into agricultural firms; as a mechanism, the burden of village organization’s transactional debt (historical debt and administrative debt) is the key to promoting the rural land flow to agricultural enterprises; through further analysis, it is found that the village committee seeks "win-win" opportunities by intervening in land circulation to ensure the rights and interests of farmers and to obtain village benefits from them. This paper finds that this kind of push effect has the threshold, the debt will play a significant role in promoting when the debt rate is between 4.65% and 7.9%. In addition, there is regional heterogeneity in the contribution of debt, which exists only in plain, non-coastal and high-dependence areas. The results of this paper verify the view that "community mechanism and market mechanism are embedded and supported each other in acquaintance society" in the theory of community governance. In practice, it provides a realistic basis for policy makers to implement the policy of encouraging farmland circulation and properly deal with the problem of village debt.

Suggestions to Alleviate the Financing Risks of Family Farmers: Based on the Investigation Report of Pig Farmers in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing

<p>In 2013, the Central Document No. 1 first proposed the concept of "family farm". As an important part of rural economic development, family farms have increasingly significant financing risks. The No. 1 document of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2018 proposed a strategy to overcome poverty and achieve rural revitalization. Therefore, it is of great value and significance to study the financing risks of family farmers and explore solutions. This article is based on an in-depth investigation and analysis of the farm development status, land circulation, and mortgage financing of family farm land contract management rights in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing. In addition, it also investigates the implementation and publicity of the financial support policies of rural commercial banks, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and the Postal Savings Bank on family farmer financing. Finally, the existing problems are analyzed and relevant policy suggestions are put forward.</p>

Exploring a Moderate Operation Scale in China’s Grain Production: A Perspective on the Costs of Machinery Services

Due to the indivisibility of agricultural machinery in production, limited farm sizes have reduced mechanization efficiency and increased the cost of grain production in China. As a result, the development of a moderate-scale farming system has been proposed by academic communities and policy makers. However, it is still hotly debated how to determine a moderate farm scale. We offer a new perspective on the costs of machinery services. This manuscript employs the threshold model and uses the nationally representative data from the 2015 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) to investigate the role of farm size expansion relative to per area machinery services expenditures (PAMSE). The empirical results reveal that there is a nonlinear relation between the farm size and PAMSE. Specifically, farm size expansion can reduce the PAMSE by improving mechanization efficiency in all cases, while the magnitude of cost-saving is progressively reduced in the process of farm scale expansion. In particular, a 1 mu (1 mu = 1/15 ha) increase in the farm scale could only lead to a 0.3% decrease in the PAMSE when the farm size exceeded 50 mu, which indicates that 50 mu is a minimum efficient farm scale to achieve most economies of scale. Therefore, we suggest that persistent efforts should be devoted to improving farmland circulation efficiency and developing scale farms. More importantly, governmental supporting policies, such as agricultural subsidies, need to attach more importance to these large farms.

Are they satisfied with land taking? Aspects on procedural fairness, monetary compensation and behavioral simulation in China’s land expropriation story

Farmland expropriation and the associated satisfaction or otherwise of farmers has been receiving increased attention under the background of China's rapid urbanization. We use a literature review to identify specific gaps that need to be filled: (1) where and how the satisfaction of land expropriation comes from? (2) how to effectively measure the level of satisfaction? The evaluation of satisfaction is considered to come from three stages of pre, during and post expropriation. This paper aims to examine two groups of land-taken and land-kept farmers by using the binary nonlinear model, logit and order-Probit regression, blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and Heckman two-step selection as the data analysis method. Two research questions are raised in an extended Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, including: 1) which factors mostly affect farmer's willingness and satisfaction in the IAD framework? and 2) what is the marginal effect of different factors, especially of the interaction between land compensation standards and the openness and fairness of expropriation procedures? The four main results indicate that, firstly, improvement in the compensation criterion is helpful for improving the level of satisfaction, but does not mean that higher compensation is better, because empirical research indicates that simply increasing the amount of compensation does not significantly increase satisfaction unless the farmers are consulted over the land-acquisition procedures and compensation amounts. Second, the most important aspect for the farmers is how much their income level increases, ‘inequality rather than want is the cause of trouble’ and, in the absence of any consultation, ‘waiting for the right place to sell' in the next round. Third, compensation should be allocated to the farmer instead of the rural collective. Fourth, according to the theories of resource endowment and reference dependence, to explicate the negative effect between the strength and perception of property rights, it is considered that the inter-relationship between land ownership and farmland circulation is uncertain. Whether the influence is positive or negative mostly depends on the strength of the property rights, institutional environment, behavioral cognitive ability and the capability to implement or act.

Heterogeneity in interventions in village committee and farmland circulation: Intermediary versus regulatory effects

Through comparing the intermediary regulatory effects, this paper investigates the effects of the village committee on farmer households’ participation in farmland circulation based on rural household survey data from Jiangsu and Jiangxi collected in 2014. Our results indicate that farmers’ lack of trust in the village committee probably weakens the intermediary effect, and so reduces the possibility of households’ participating in renting lands. In addition, farmland circulation information provided by the village committee can promote farmland circulation in terms of renting out lands, but it demonstrates a “discriminatory” effect on households’ renting decisions as the significant effect can only be found for participants who are renting large-scale farmlands. Furthermore, the regulatory effect induced by the village committee tends to reduce households’ participation in farmland circulation with respect to both renting and renting out the lands. Finally, the “heterogeneous” regulatory effect is inclined to distort the household's expectations of risk from participating in farmland circulation.

Spatial patterns of farmland abandonment and its impact factors in the central Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The severe farmland abandonment phenomena in China have tremendously decreased the farmland usage efficiency and caused a series of profound ecological and social outcomes. The complexity of farmland abandonment necessitates a systematic research on its patterns and impact factors to underpin the dynamics of problem as well as potential solutions. This paper took Wanzhou district in the central part of Three Gorges Reservoir Area as an example to study the spatial distribution patterns of abandoned farmland at three scales, i.e., town, village, and plot, and analyzed the influence from labor transfer and farmland circulation. We conducted a survey on the distribution patterns of abandoned farmland via questionnaires at town and village scales, together with the modeling and interpretation of high-resolution aerial images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles at plot scale. Our research discloses a strong relationship between the distribution of abandoned farmland and the distance from population center at different scales. At either town or village scale, the abandonment proportion was recognized the highest in mid-distance areas and lowest in close-distance areas, and the per capita area of abandoned farmland increased with the distance to downtown or township. At plot scale, abandonment proportion presented exponential growth with the distance to village center, whereas the abandoned farmland was mainly distributed in the areas with distance above 500 m from the village center. Moreover, we noticed that labor transfer and farmland circulation are two important factors that influence farmland abandonment. Labor's outbound transfer distance has a positive linkage with the possibility of farmland abandonment. Finally, it is recommended that development and adoption of corresponding policies on local urbanization and farmland circulation will facilitate to alleviate farmland abandonment.

Rural Road Improvement and Farmland Circulation: The Production Cost Perspective

This paper comprehensively investigates the impact of rural road infrastructure improvement on farmland transfer from the perspective of agricultural production costs. Based on a theoretical analysis framework, this paper builds a theoretical model of supply and demand for the village farmland transfer and discusses the trend of the equilibrium point between supply and demand before and after the improvement of rural road infrastructures. This is taken as the starting point for the theoretical analysis to discuss the impact of the improvement of rural road infrastructures on village farmland transfer. According to the analysis, the corresponding research hypothesis is proposed. Moreover, by employing 2018 survey data on a village in the Anhui Province, the research conclusions are obtained. Specifically, the Tobit regression model analysis highlights that the increase in rural road infrastructures does have a significant impact on agricultural land transfer.

Study on Households’ Willingness in Farmland Transfer: A Case of Tengtou Village, Fenghua in Zhejiang Province, China

Along with the speeding up of urbanization and industrialization, the agricultural production in China is shifting from small-scale extensive pattern to large-scale pattern, from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. Farmland circulation is the premise of realizing farmland scale and intensive management, is the solution to farm land use problems, such as abandoned. This study selects "the top 500 global ecological village", Tengtou village, Fenghua of Ningbo in Zhejiang as the sampling area, through questionnaire and interview method, from the farmland circulation present situation, the transfer will, transfer factors of Tengtou are analyzed.