Agricultural Model Research Articles

Research on simplified modeling of large-scale wind farms based on equivalent transfer function and aggregate equivalent

Introduction: In grid-connected research of large-scale wind farms, the problem of long simulation time exists in the research based on detailed model. In order to realize the fast simulation and grid-connected transient research of wind farm, this paper presents a simplified equivalent model of wind farm based on equivalent transfer function and improved capacity weighting method.Methods: This paper analyzes the mathematical model of wind turbine, corresponding to the strategy of design simplification, and the simplified model is built according to the equivalent transfer function. In addition, this paper considers the equivalent line loss model of collector line, classifies and aggregates the simplified wind turbines, and calculates the equivalent value of the converged wind turbines by using the improved capacity weighting method, the grid-connected simplified modeling of large-scale wind farm is realized.Results: A model of wind farm-MMC-HVDC flexible grid-connected wind power system is built. The simulation results show that the simplified equivalent model improves the simulation speed greatly while guaranteeing the dynamic characteristics.Discussion: The simplified equivalent strategy of wind farm can keep the same dynamic performance with the detailed model, and improve the simulation speed, and realize the fast simulation and grid-connected transient research of wind farm.

Research on multi-energy cooperative participation of grid frequency inertia response control strategy for energy storage type doubly-fed wind turbine considering wind speed disturbance

With the proposal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, the penetration rate of wind power generation continues to increase. This paper focuses on the problem that doubly fed induction wind turbines are vulnerable to input “source” disturbances and have weak frequency modulation ability, which reduces the stability of the power grid. Based on the structural model of energy storage system embedded in doubly fed wind power generation system, it is compared the ability of super capacitor energy storage and releasing rotor kinetic energy to provide inertia response power and energy, and the feasibility of multi-energy coordinated inertia response is analyzed. Based on the inertia time constant of conventional synchronous generator set, the inertia time constant and actual inertia constant of energy storage doubly fed wind power generation system under variable wind speed are defined. An extended state observer is used to estimate the change of captured mechanical power caused by the change of wind speed, and a control strategy for doubly fed induction generator with super capacitor to participate in power grid frequency regulation is designed. Finally, considering the aggregation of wind power and the difference of the state of charge during the operation of distributed energy storage, the 3*3*3 wind farm model is established using Matlab/Simulink simulation software. The feasibility and advantages of the frequency modulation control strategy proposed in this paper are verified by building a power grid frequency modulation simulation involving wind farms and traditional generators.

Analysis of the Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Soil Water Holding Characteristics and Organic Carbon Storage in Farmland

Analyze the impact of tillage on soil carbon storage, define scientific farming methods in Chengdu Plain, China, and provide the basis for regional optimization of farming models and soil improvement. Based on 4 location experiments, two tillage treatments, conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT), were selected to analyze the difference of the impact of tillage on organic carbon. Due to different crop types and soil properties, there are regional differences in the impact of no tillage on soil organic carbon storage, which can significantly improve the surface soil organic carbon storage in various regions. In general, no tillage conservation tillage technology is an effective way to improve surface organic carbon storage.

Effect of fish downstream supply chain on wealth creation: the case of tambatinga in the Brazilian Midnorth

We describe the downstream supply and value chains originating from commercial tambatinga farming in Midnorth Brazil, which was used as a model for inland pond fish farming in tropical South America. We assessed how farm size affects intermediaries, job creation, income generation, and the number of wealth beneficiaries. We surveyed 16 commercial farms from 0.1 to 220 ha and their supply chains. To compare wealth creation and the number of beneficiaries, we established a baseline annual production of 550 t. Labor hours per tonne tended to rise in medium and extra-large farms. We identified 7 downstream supply/value chains, which can be grouped into farmer-controlled and intermediary-controlled supply/value chains. The first group includes small farms selling their fish directly to consumers, while the second encompasses medium, large, and extra-large farms relying on intermediary trading. These two types showed different impacts on wealth creation and the number of wealth beneficiaries. The first group generates significant wages concentrated in the farmers’ segment. This permits small farms to compensate for their low production level and to obtain economic outcomes sufficient to have a decent life and it allows wealth distribution. This model makes small fish farms (around 1 ha or less) an interesting business to alleviate poverty, provide food security and decent jobs, and reduce inequalities. The intermediary-controlled chains consist of non-vertically integrated farms composed of supply chains with intermediaries that transport and trade fish, mostly in remote markets. Thus, various stakeholders share the gross revenue. This was found to result in poor economic outcomes for the livelihoods of small farms and small intermediaries. Therefore, this model is more suitable for large farms or intermediaries, resulting in fewer wealth beneficiaries.

Farm to Fork: Indigenous Chicken Value Chain Modelling Using System Dynamics Approach

Farm to fork strategy, advocated by the European Commission, aims for a ‘fair, healthy, and environmentally healthy food system. It requires a renewed mindset and an in-depth analysis of the intricate agricultural-based value- chain that forms the food system. Indigenous chicken micro-farming, the focus of this study, for example, is a highly potential candidate for the Farm to Fork strategy but requires a deep analysis of its disintegrated value chain to achieve the strategy. Indigenous chicken farming provides opportunities for the poor and marginal people for a steady income while at the same time being more environmentally friendly and a source of healthy food. These have motivated this study to analyse the indigenous chicken micro-farming value chain in Malaysia, with the objectives to evaluate the present status of the indigenous chicken farm value chain and develop an initial integrated model for indigenous chicken farms. This study uses qualitative system dynamics in data collection and analysis and model development to achieve the objectives. The proposed model is simulated to understand the dynamics of interaction and behaviour among the sub-systems. The findings lead to two outcomes of the study- the first is the dynamics model of the typical indigenous chicken value chain, and the second is the potential integrated value chain model for indigenous chicken farming. These findings are imperative for future research to enhance further the integrated model to be able to realise the farm-to-fork strategy and to contribute to the sustainable development goals.

A large-scale wind turbine model installed on a floating structure: experimental validation of the numerical design

Abstract. In the field of floating wind energy, large-scale wind turbine models deployed in natural environments represent a key link between small-scale laboratory tests and full-scale prototypes. While implying smaller cost, design and installation effort than a full-scale prototype, large-scale models are technologically very similar to prototypes, can be tested in natural sea and wind conditions, and reduce by a consistent amount the dimensional scaling issues arising in small-scale experiments. In this framework the presented work report the aerodynamic and control system assessment of a 1:15 model of the DTU 10 MW wind turbine installed on a multipurpose-platform model for fish farming and energy production. The model has operated for 6 months in a natural laboratory and has been exposed to fully natural and uncontrolled environmental conditions. Assessment is performed in terms of rotor thrust force and power controller parameters such as rotor speed, blade pitch and rotor power as a function of incoming wind speed.

Advances In Lac Insect Culture Research And Scope For Innovative Entrepreneurship Using Natural Resins And Gums

Lac insects are specialized group of phytosuccivorous insects (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) that secrete resin of industrial importance having diverse applications. Around 101 species of lac-insects and over 400 species of lac host-plants have been reported but insects belonging to sub-family Tachardiinae are considered important for laksha-culture (lac insect farming). Not only the lac insect, but also the host-plants and various biotic associations play a significant role in determining the quantity and quality of the produce. India is endowed with rich wealth of lac insect resources. 27.7% lac insect biodiversity reported from the world is found in our country under two genera i.e., Kerria and Paratachardina. Kerria the true lac secreting genus includes 28 species worldwide, 23 of which are recorded from India. Cultivation of lac / tapping of natural resins and gums not only provides livelihood to millions of lac growers but also helps in conserving the vast stretches of forests, lac insects and associated biota. Lac also provides sustained high economic returns, generates employment opportunities and has the potential to lay a strong foundation for lac based rural cottage industries. Lac farming can easily be integrated with agriculture thus helping in land use diversification for increased income. Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (ICAR- IINRG) has recently developed new technologies of lac insect farming including newer host plants and developed value added products from lac and other natural resins and gums. Lac integrated farming system models and many of these products have the potential to pave the way for rural industrialization and entrepreneurship development. This review article discusses all these aspects in detail

Food systems in depressed and contested agro-territories: Participatory Rural Appraisal in Odemira, Portugal

Farming regions in Europe, particularly in the South, are increasingly feeling the effects of climate change due to factors such as drought, extreme weather events, and desertification, with severe consequences for food security and food sovereignty. Additionally, decades of rural mismanagement have left countless of these farming territories severely depressed as well as at the mercy of competition for their natural resources. This paper presents and discusses the results of a Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted in the region of Odemira, Southwest Portugal. Rooted in the frameworks of agroecology and food democracy, this mixed methodology aims to support people in multiply stressed agro-territories to diagnose the state of their food systems and agroecosystems from a democratic and ecological point of view and engage local actors in imagining fairer and healthier food futures for their regions. Local food actors were invited to identify and qualify the main problems in the region's food systems, complemented by an agroecological assessment of farm production systems. The results of the study confirm the status of Odemira as a depressed and contested agro-territory, whose social, economic, and ecological vulnerability is being compounded by the clash between the model of traditional smallholder farming and that of large-scale intensive agriculture. The study also shows the potential of sustainable farming practices as well as collaboration between the different food actors to support an agroecological transition in the region. However, to jointly realise food democracy and food system sustainability, the tensions resulting from the current political support for hyper-industrialisation and the lack of democratic, institutional, and legal mechanisms available to local actors will need to be addressed head-on.

ФОРМИ ТА ПЕРЕВАГИ ІНКЛЮЗИВНИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ РОЗВИТКУ АГРОБІЗНЕСУ

The article is devoted to researching the scientific and applied foundations of building models of inclusive development of the agricultural sector and rural areas of Ukraine. Under modern conditions, the authors consider it expedient to consider increasing the level of inclusivity of agribusiness as a key strategic direction for achieving the goals of sustainable development of the national economy. Given the specifics and development trends of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy, domestic agriculture can be defined as one of the most stable types of economic activity. In the future, agriculture may be able to provide the prerequisites for the revival of the national economy. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to find ways and tools for the implementation of inclusive development principles and models into agricultural practice. The set of advantages that the implementation of the principles of inclusivity in the practical activities of agribusiness structures can provide for all participants of the agri-food value chain is defined in this article. The main challenges and obstacles hindering the development of inclusive processes in agriculture are also identified here. Based on the study of foreign experience, the main forms of practical implementation of models of inclusive agrarian business were selected. Among them: models of contract farming; inclusive models of social farming; microfranchising; agricultural cooperatives, organizations and their group forms; public-private partnership; agricultural land lease agreements and agricultural management. Financial agrarian inclusion was defined as the economic basis for increasing the level of inclusiveness in the development of agriculture and rural areas. To characterize its content and nature in the methodological and practical plane, it was proposed to separate its four main dimensions, among them: 1) kinship, availability of financial resources and digital infrastructure; 2) increasing the efficiency of the use of financial resources; 3) inclusive regulatory agrarian and financial policy; 4) development of the potential of inclusive socially responsible agricultural investment.

Организационные модели контрактного фермерского производства

One of the disadvantages of traditional approaches to stimulating entrepreneurial activity in agriculture is the unresolved issue related to the sale of products, which limits the sustainable development of small businesses in this area. The strategy of contract production can become an effective tool for solving the issue of product sales. . It allows businesses to focus on their core competencies, manufacturing and improving the quality of their products. The article discusses three main models of contract farming depending on the supplier of resources. These models are universal for different markets and regions. Alternative models of contract farming are also presented, such as: centralized, a model with a main field, a multilateral model, an informal model, and an intermediary model. The organizational mechanism of interaction in each of them is determined. Based on the results of the analysis of foreign and Russian contract companies, the peculiarities in their business models are highlighted. The specific features of the contract agreement between farmers and the customer company are indicated. A list of advantages and disadvantages of contractual relations has been compiled for both the farmer and the customer.

Credit Rating Model of Family Farms and Ranches Based on Dynamic Dichotomous DEA

The key to the sustainable development of family farms and ranches is to solve the problem of financing difficulty, and the construction of the credit rating system of family farms and ranches is the basis of solving the financing difficulty. Therefore, the construction of the credit rating system of family farms and ranches is not only a theoretical problem but also has strong practical significance. On the basis of dichotomous method and improved DEA technology, this paper sets up a credit rating model based on dynamic cycle dichotomous DEA method with the goal of maximizing the efficiency value of credit scoring of family farm and ranch and the constraint of increasing default loss rate. The first feature of this paper is that it constructs a direct mapping from the credit index system to the credit score through the three‐stage DEA model, which avoids the disadvantages of the classical linear weighting formula that relies heavily on the measurement results of different weights, and obtains more accurate and stable credit score results of family farms and pastures. Second, the three‐stage DEA efficiency value is used as the credit score value of the family farm and pasture, and whether it is located in the optimal preset interval is taken as the basis for efficiency dichotomy. The DEA credit score of the family farm and pasture is calculated by dynamic cycle, and the samples belonging to each level of the family farm and pasture are calculated successively according to the order of the credit grade from high to low. Finally, the result of reasonable credit rating of family farm and ranch with high default loss rate and low credit score was obtained. The pyramid test results of matching credit rating and default loss rate show that this research method is effective and has a good pyramid shape.

Multi-Agro: Design and Development of a Cartesian-based SelfPlantation Robot for Home-Scale Gardens with Mobile App

The increasing diversion of agricultural land in Indonesia has not been followed by a decrease in the need for food in society. This change in agricultural land use poses a serious threat to food security. To solve this problem, a home-scale farming tool called Multi-Agro has been developed, which can planting independently and automatically. This tool uses a cartesian method-based robot manipulator to determine the exact coordinate points during the planting, maintenance, and harvesting process of the plants. Plant watering time can be set on the app automatically so that plant health is maintained. In addition, a weed detection system using a camera can also improve plant health. With the automatic system and monitoring that can be accessed through the app, this independent farming becomes more efficient and does not require much time from agricultural actors. Based on the experiment conducted in a real-physical miniature model of home-scale farming it can be concluded that the proposed project has a significant improvement in smart urban farming. Hopefully, this research can help to overcome the increasing need for food even though agricultural land is increasingly limited.

Nitrogen management to reduce GHG emissions while maintaining high crop productivity in temperate summer rainfall climate

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management determines the productivity and environmental footprint of intensive wheat-maize double-cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP). The N fertilizer application rate can be optimized by balancing the trade-off between crop productivity and N 2 O emissions. Applying more N fertilizer to wheat in the dry, cool winter season while less N to summer crops is expected to reduce the N 2 O emissions without scarifying yield, because summer crop (maize) will use the residual N fertilizer from the previous crop season (wheat) to maintain their productivity. We combined four years of experimental data and soil-plant system modeling to assess the productivity and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from various N fertilizer management strategies. The farming systems model APSIM was used to simulate the wheat-maize double cropping system with N fertilizer application rates of 0–920 kg N ha −1 yr −1 . The APSIM model explained 93% variation in biomass (RMSE = 0.88), 82% variation in soil mineral N (RMSE = 34.1), and 70% variation in N 2 O emission (RMSE = 1.37) measured in the experiment. The default IPCC emission factor (0.5% for the wheat season and 1.6% for the maize season) underestimated the N 2 O emission by 7.25 kg ha −1 when the local N fertilizer rates were applied (about 325 kg N ha −1 for wheat and 257 kg N ha −1 for maize). A N rate of 420 kg N ha −1 yr −1 would reduce GHG emission to the minimum (1.15 t CO 2 -eq ha −1 yr −1 ) while achieving more than 90% of the maximum grain yield. Additionally, allocating more N fertilizer to the wheat crop, while reducing the N fertilizer input for maize, did not significantly change grain yield of either crop, but further reduced net GHG emission by 1.07 t CO 2 -eq ha −1 yr −1 . The APSIM model describes the crop growth and soil N dynamics of a wheat-maize double cropping system that receives N fertilizer at rates up to 920 kg N ha −1 yr −1 . The site-specific modeling results indicate that appropriate N fertilizer management, i.e., adjusting the rate and time of N applications, can lower the net GHG emission without impacting crop yields. Our study provides a practical and reliable method to develop a "win-win" strategy for N fertilizer management in double-cropping systems. • There is a trade-off between crop yield and GHG emissions with N fertilizer use. • Long-term impact of N fertilizer use was deduced with a modelling approach. • Lowering N fertilizer rate could reduce GHG emissions while maintaining crop yield. • Allocating more N for wheat and less for maize is a further opportunity. • These scenarios should be used to develop a "win-win" N management strategy.

ADAPTATION OF BUSINESS MODELS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES TO THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the state of the agro-industrial complex and substantiate the directions for the adaptation of business models for the development of agrarian enterprises in Ukraine during the military challenges. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific works of leading scientists and businessmen-practitioners in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. In the research process, the following general scientific methods were used: comparison method – for the study of business models of the development of subjects of the agro-industrial complex; analysis and synthesis – to analyse the state of development of agro-industrial complex enterprises; abstract and logical method – for expressing one's own assumptions and formulating conclusions, graphic method – for visual illustration of the dynamics of the development, losses and damages of the agricultural sector. Findings. It was concluded that the formation of an adaptive business model should take into account both the internal and external factors of the functioning of an agricultural enterprise in conditions of Russia's military aggression in Ukraine. The indicators of the development of the field of crop production, as one of the structural factors in the country's economy, as well as direct losses and indirect losses in crop production and livestock production caused by the war, were analysed. It was found that a feature of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is the presence of a significant share of agricultural holdings and farms and personal farms in it. It was emphasized on the fact that the war had caused additional negative aspects of the functioning of the agroholding model of the Ukrainian agricultural industry, in particular, the breakdown of logistics chains, environmental disasters at the livestock complexes of agroholdings, the blocking of sales markets showed the low adaptability and inability of such enterprises to respond in time to the challenges of wartime. Originality. The features of business models adaptation for the development of agrarian enterprises, taking into account both direct and indirect losses due to Russian aggression, have gained further development. The comparison of the modern models of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex in Ukraine made it possible to identify the disadvantages of the agricultural holding model and to propose the directions for state support for the development of the farming business model in conditions of modern challenges. Practical value. The results of the study can be used for the analysis and adaptation of business models of agricultural enterprises in the war and post-war period. Key words: agro-industrial complex, plant breeding, livestock breeding, business model, adaptation, farms, agricultural holdings.

IoT solutions for smart farming: A comprehensive review on the current trends, challenges and future prospects for sustainable agricultureIoT solutions for smart farming: A comprehensive review on the current trends, challenges and future prospects for sustainable agriculture

Agriculture is the most resource-intensive human activity. The goal to reduce agricultural input while producing more has been a primary driver of agricultural technology advancement since its inception. With recent advancements in supporting technologies, the usage of Internet-of-things (IoT) has become a trend in farming practice for agriculture management that use information technology to ensure that soil and plants receive their requirements for optimum health and productivity. It could be significant to summarize the trends and challenges of the application of IoT-based solutions in precision agriculture, more specifically smart crop production. Thus, the current review sought to give a complete overview of the use of IoT technology in smart farming. By surveying recent high-quality publications, IoT-based solutions applied to smart farming, with four basic layers, including data collection (perception), data transmission (transport), data processing, and application layers were summarized. The use of IoT solutions allows for resolving several issues in smart farming, such as the optimization of input resources, saving irrigation water, reducing the amount of fertilizer and pesticides, and optimizing energy resources. Accordingly, we discussed some notes about sensors, microcontroller systems, communication methods, and cloud platforms. In particular, a list of low-cost sensors and several typical single-board computers was provided. The IoT communication was discussed to get insight into the essential considerations. Since then, several key points have been noted for further directions of the application of IoT-based solutions for smart farming. Taken together, our mini-review could provide solid information for further construction and development of smart models of farming.

РОЛЬ АГРОХИМИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ В ПЕРЕХОДЕ К МОДЕЛИ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ

This work is devoted to studying the role of agrochemical support in the transition to a sustainable farming model, identifying promising areas of research within the framework of this concept. It has been established that agrochemical support plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security. The use of agrochemicals and pesticides has a significant effect on increasing crop yields, improving crop quality and protecting plants from pests and diseases. However, the intensification of agriculture in some cases leads to increased production losses, as well as anthropogenic pollution of the environment and food, which can lead to human diseases, including cancer, infertility, stillbirth, and nervous system problems. The use of agrochemicals and pesticides has a significant impact on increasing crop yields, improving crop quality and protecting crops from pests and diseases. However, agricultural intensification in some cases leads to increased production losses, as well as anthropogenic pollution of the environment and food, which can lead to human diseases, including cancer, infertility, stillbirths and nervous system problems. The analysis of scientific research has shown that in order to create a sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to pay more attention to the development and adoption of alternative farming methods: methods based on the maximum use of biological factors; technologies that ensure a deficit-free humus balance; varietal technologies that allow for the maximum realisation of the genetic potential of varieties; geospatial methods and equipment for the precision application of chemicals to ensure their effectiveness; the use of fertiliser additives (biostimulants, nitrification inhibitors, urease inhibitors) that increase their efficiency and reduce theirthe negative impact on the environment; innovative methods of fertilisation and plant protection that ensure the preservation of soils, environment, animals, as well as the human health and safety.

An assessment of differential supplier category performance in the agro processing industry: A case for supplier development in the Zimbabwean tobacco industry

This study sought to determine whether farm categories influence the key agro business supply chain metric of crop yield. The investigated farm categories are the communal farms, A1 farms, A2 farms, and commercial farms that reflect the agricultural structure that emerged from the post-fast-track land reform programme in Zimbabwe. Secondary data for crop yield was collected from the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board publications of a five-year period spanning from 2014-2018. Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board is the regulatory authority of the Zimbabwean tobacco industry. The study used One-way ANOVA to test the specified hypotheses. A post hoc test was conducted using the Bonferroni procedure. The results indicated that crop yield is a function of the farm category. Communal farms had low crop yield, while A1 farm models proved to be very productive as evidenced by higher crop yield than any other farm category. A2 farms and commercial farms had unexpectedly low crop yield. The study recommended consolidation and transformation of communal areas into small-to-medium plots for the purposes of improving their agricultural viability, while at the same time downsizing the redundant A2 and commercial farms into small scale plots for the purposes of improving their efficiency. The study also recommended entering into resource-providing contract farming with A2 farmers whose current low yield might be due to lack of adequate input resources.

A Predictive Model for Abnormal Conditions in Smart Farming using IoT Sensors

By combining sensors and devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology revolutionizes smart farming by enabling real-time monitoring and data-driven decision-making. However, challenges persist, particularly in managing crop diseases and unusual weather patterns. Innovative solutions, such as neural network-based modules, provide early warning systems, empowering farmers to address these concerns proactively, and ensuring sustainable farming practices. The proposed research work incorporates a customized neural network module to detect unusual crop diseases and abnormal weather patterns, acting as an early warning system. The proposed technology delivers critical insights for timely interventions, allowing farmers to be proactive. Farmers can increase crop output and encourage sustainable agricultural methods by quickly detecting these uncommon challenges. This technique not only improves agricultural output, but it also improves the resilience and durability of farming ecosystems, assuring agriculture's long-term viability. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art smart farming models.

Improving the performance of grid connected wind generator with a PI control scheme based on the metaheuristic golden eagle optimization algorithm

• A novel Golden Eagle optimization algorithm (GEOA) is proposed. • GEOA is used to improve the Transient and Dynamics stability of wind farm. • Transient and Dynamics stability of grid-tied PMSG-VSWT is investigated during symmetrical, unsymmetrical faults and Stochastics wind variation at that site. • The results of GEOA are compared with the results of NR, PSO and GOA. • The results shown that the GEOA is robust and competitive. Wind power installations are globally established thoroughly, resulting in significant electrical power penetration into power grids. Consequently, tremendous efforts are expended to improvise the performance of the grid-connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator driven by a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine (PMSG-VSWT). In this work, eight cascaded Proportional Integral (PI) controllers in the machine side and grid side converters are optimally tuned by the golden eagle optimization algorithm with the purpose of enhancing the dynamics and transient stability performances of the grid connected PMSG-VSWT.The integration of the square error criterion was utilised as a fitness function in the optimization process, which was processed using the simulation-based optimization technique. The proposed control technique's efficacy was compared to various optimal PI controllers under symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions. This study also employed the measured real-time events collected at the Coimbatore wind farm in Tamil Nadu (India) to produce realistic results and aid in the pursuit of higher performance. The wind farm modelling and simulation were processed using the DIgSILENT power factory/MATLAB Simulink environment and was utilized to test the proposed control approach's achievability. Finally, the study demonstrates that the golden eagle optimization technique improves the wind farm's performance when compared to observed events and other techniques.

Mathematical modeling in the agro-industrial complex: basic problems and models construction

Currently, information technologies have been tightly integrated into agriculture. Since no computer calculations are possible without a powerful mathematical apparatus, the question arises about the possibility of modeling the processes occurring in agriculture with the help of modern achievements of science and technology. The present study is devoted to the existing methods of mathematical modeling in agriculture in relation to the applied aspects of agriculture. The aim of the research is to develop a critical approach to modern developments in the field of mathematical modeling and their place in agriculture. It is shown that the introduction of mathematical models based on modern scientific knowledge contributes to the optimization of agricultural processes and increasing the efficiency of any farm. Based on statistical studies, it is shown that among all branches of agriculture, mathematical methods are most often used in economic calculations, least of all, in calculations related to farm modeling. This is explained both by the complexity of modeling all processes occurring within a single farm, and by the loss of accuracy, which increases with the complexity of the system model.