Farmers In Rural Areas Research Articles

Do higher‐quality nighttime lights and net primary productivity predict subnational GDP in developing countries? Evidence from the Philippines

AbstractNighttime lights (NTL) data from satellites are a useful proxy for local economic activity in developing countries where economic data are sparse. Yet most analyses use the flawed DMSP NTL data, a poor proxy for GDP in less densely populated and highly agricultural rural areas. In this article, we augment a novel NTL dataset of the newer and better VIIRS NTL data with more ubiquitous remotely sensed data, namely, net primary productivity (NPP) and land cover, and we test whether these satellite data predict subnational GDP in both urban and rural sectors of the Philippines. The results confirm that the higher‐quality VIIRS NTL data predict urban economic activity sufficiently well for both light‐intense and dimly lit regions but still do not explain rural economic activity very well. The use of croplands NPP as an intensive measure of agricultural productivity, however, dramatically improves the performance of land cover as a proxy. We demonstrate that remotely sensed data can be useful in various applications, including evaluating the long‐run dynamics of province‐level GDP growth, the local impact of natural disasters, and the effects of infrastructure projects at the city and municipal levels. Such applications point toward the need for empirical analysis of growth at finer scales of aggregation.

Analysis of technical efficiency of irrigated tomato production in North Gondar Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country with a total population of more than 110 million, of which about 80% of the total population is engaged in subsistence farming in rural areas. Although the agricultural sector plays a great role in the Ethiopian economy, it is characterized by low productivity due to technological and socioeconomic factors. Improving smallholder irrigated tomato production, and productivity would contribute to enhancing food security and alleviating poverty. Therefore, this study was investigated to fill this gap to analyze the technical efficiency of irrigated tomato production and its determinant factors in North Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Primary data were collected from 160 farmers selected using a multistage sampling procedure and analyzed using descriptive statistics, a parametric stochastic frontier production function model. The stochastic frontier and Cobb–Douglas functional form with a one-step approach were employed to analyze efficiency and factors affecting efficiency in irrigated tomato production. The estimated gamma parameters indicated that 0.69% of the total variation in tomato output was due to technical inefficiency. The means technical efficiency was found 60%, and about 6480.19 kg of tomato output per hectare was lost due to inefficiency factors implying there is a room for improvement in technical efficiency by 40% with the present technology. The Stochastic Production Frontier (SPF) result revealed that plot size at 1% and UREA at 10% probability level significantly influenced tomato production. The socio-economic variables that exercised an important role for variations in technical efficiency positively were the level of education, TLU, fair water distribution service and water in the morning, and in contrast watering frequency, marketing training, and credit were found to increase inefficiency significantly among farm households. To get better farmers' efficiency in the production of irrigated tomatoes continuous marketing training should be established and strengthening the available farmers training center (FTC) to improve farm productivity. The government and any concerned bodies should be built irrigation canals and other alternatives to reduce watering frequency. There should be a timely and sufficient supply of UREA to improve farmers’ efficiency in the production of tomatoes.

The Influence of Governmental Agricultural R&D Expenditure on Farmers’ Income—Disparities between EU Member States

This article investigates how governmental agricultural R&D expenditure affect economic prosperity and sustainable development, attempting to verify the hypothesis that agricultural research and development expenditures are among the key factors influencing the farmers’ income, as one of the sustainable development indicators. Statistical data were retrieved from European international databases for the period of 2004–2020 and were analyzed using the regression model. The results of the study indicate positive effects for most of the EU member states. The countries where the results validate the hypothesis are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Croatia, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom, as a former member state of the EU. Further, the model confirms that a significant portion of farmers’ income growth is explained by the governmental R&D expenditure. These findings may change the methods and directions regarding the agricultural R&D expenditure, underpinning the macroeconomic policy and agriculture in rural areas along the pathway to achieving the sustainable development goals.

Modeling of large-scale integration of agrivoltaic systems: Impact on the Japanese power grid

The emerging potential of agrivoltaics prompted this study. We analyzed the potential value of large-scale integration of agrivoltaic technology in rural farming areas in Japan. Optimal power grid scenarios for agrivoltaics were developed using linear programming. We evaluated the effect of a storage battery system and expanded transmission line capacities using a temporal resolution of 8760 h for all regions in Japan. The output suppression was also investigated when the technology was implemented in rice paddy areas or in equivalent land areas (35% of the total cultivated land; 35TCL). The effects of using batteries and/or expanding the transmission line capacities with different crop densities in each region were analyzed to minimize the total power system costs and to compare overall CO2 emissions. Findings suggest that installation of agrivoltaics is more efficient in the rice paddy field than 35TCL because of the crop distribution across all regions in the country and its proximity to high energy demanded regions. In optimizing agrivoltaic integration, results suggest concurrent utilization of agrivoltaic with expanded transmission lines and utilized battery storage have underscored the beneficial effects of agrivoltaics in power grid planning to efficiently control excess output from agrivoltaics and reduce CO2 emission than utilizing transmission capacity and battery storage with agrivoltaics separately. Concrete spatial plans can ensure the stability of the grid and enhance the integration of renewable energy as a primary power source.

Yeast supplementation alleviates the negative effects of greywater irrigation on lettuce and maize

Water scarcity has led to increased use of wastewater, particularly greywater, for crop irrigation. This study investigated whether the addition of yeast can alleviate the potential negative effects of greywater use on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds and seedlings were treated with 4 concentrations (0.005; 0.01; 0.015 and 0.020 g‧mL−1) of yeast-treated tapwater (YTW) and greywater (YGW). Tapwater (TW) and greywater (GW) without yeast served as controls. In general, an increase in yeast concentration compromised seed germination in Petri dishes, but improved germination in soil. Tapwater was more effective than GW in promoting germination and growth in both species. Lower concentrations of yeast generally increased germination capacity in both species compared to the controls. Total biomass, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were significantly higher in yeast treatments in both species, compared with the controls. Biomass accumulation, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were higher in YGW than controls and YTW. Differences in biomass allocation between treatments may be due to changes in soil moisture, pH and electrical conductivity of the soil caused by yeast supplementation. This study showed that plants treated with YGW performed better than those treated with YTW and without yeast. Yeast supplementation of greywater could increase water recycling and provide a cheap bio-fertilizer to home growers, whilst significantly improving yield in both species. This innovative approach may enhance water and food security of subsistence farmers in rural areas.

PERFORMAN BCS KERBAU LUMPUR DOMPU (Swamp Buffalo) JANTAN DAN BETINA DIBERIKAN PAKAN LIMBAH JAGUNG SECARA EKSTENSIF DI KABUPATEN DOMPU NTB

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the large ruminants that have an important contribution in the development of national livestock. Local buffalo has its own advantages to be developed because it can survive on low-quality feed, is tolerant of tropical parasites and its existence has been integrated with the life of farmers in rural areas. The research has been carried out for 8 months starting from July 16, 2015 to March 16, 2016, with an allocation of 240 days of data collection in the field to determine the BCS performance of male and female mud buffaloes fed corn waste extensively in Dompu Regency, NTB. The observed variable was the performance of BCS Buffalo Mud (Swamp Buffalo) male and female given extensive corn waste feed in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The results showed that in the age group of 7-12 months, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between BCS of female buffalo in Dompu (4.80±0.45) compared to BCS of female buffalo in Manggelewa (4.10±0.66). However, in the age group 7-12 months, the BCS of male buffalo Doro Ncanga in Manggelewa (4.31±0.66) was greater (p<0.05) than the BCS of buffalo in Kempo (4.19±0.75) and Dompu (3.58±0.76).

Protection Of Food From Fungal Pathogens A Review

The profitability, quality, and output volume of plant production is significantly influenced by plant fungal diseases. These phytopathogens are persistent in getting past plant defences, which leads to diseases and quality losses that cost the US economy billions of dollars every year. Farmers have employed fungicides to manage the damage caused by plant pathogenic fungus in order to combat the epidemic of fungal plant diseases. Researchers and growers are looking for alternate solutions because of drawbacks including resistance development and environmental damage linked to these drugs. Materials and Procedures Using the search terms "plant fungal pathogen," "plant extracts," and "phytopathogens," several databases were consulted to learn more about research on protecting plants against plant fungal diseases. The best extractants and bioassay methods are suggested for use. Results: Plant fungal diseases have previously been treated with biological agents in addition to conventional fungicides. There are numerous instances when plant extracts or chemicals derived from plants have been employed on a broad scale as commercial fungus deterrents in agricultural and horticultural settings. The fact that plant extracts typically include many antifungal compounds is a benefit of this strategy. Consequently, if various substances have an impact on various metabolic processes, the development of pathogen resistance may be reduced. Plants grown with the use of plant extracts may also be marketed as organic. Numerous studies on potent antibacterial substances found in plant extracts with a focus on applications in human health have been released. To create acceptable, affordable, efficient, and sustainable botanical solutions that can be utilised to combat the epidemic of plant fungal infections, more study is necessary. Conclusions: The benefits of concentrating on plant fungal infections should be considered by scientists who have solely concentrated on using plants to control human and animal fungal illnesses. This strategy is considerably simpler to assess the efficacy in greenhouse or field studies, which could boost the food security for farmers in rural areas and result in financial incentives. Extracts may still be valuable in the floriculture sector even if they are hazardous

THE CHALLENGES TO DEVELOPING SMART AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0.

Nowadays, rural depopulation is one of the biggest problems in developed and developing countries, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic impacts various sectors, especially the economic sector. However, the development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution forced all sectors, including agriculture, to adapt and take advantage of internet-based digital technology by developing smart agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the development of smart agriculture in rural areas. This study uses a systematic literature review with a TAA approach with secondary data collected from Scopus databases. The downloaded documents will be further analyzed using VOSviewer software to find the clustering. After the coding process by first-order categories, second layer theme, and aggregate dimension, this research found several theoretical concepts about the “Smart Village”. The definition of the ‘smart village’ concept is a combination of smart agriculture and industry 4.0 technology utilized by rural MSMEs to use the information and communication technology integrated into public services and economic activities. There are still many obstacles encountered in the application of ‘smart villages,’ such as the lack of youth participation and the low quality of human resources in the agricultural sector, limited internet network coverage, and the lack of optimal capital support. This research will contribute to the systematic literature review method by purposing filtering criteria of TAA to shade the light of the lack of data accuracy in several leading databases of scholarly impacts. This research also gives a clear direction for further research regarding industry 4.0 and Indonesia's smart agriculture concept application.

FARMERS’ PROBLEMS IN THE ERA PANDEMIC COVID-19

Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic there was a high risk of emergencies and disasters in agricultural areas. So that there are many problems for farmers in rural areas who generally have minimal information when compared to urban areas, especially in terms of accessing health information about Covid-19, this will certainly have an impact on different mindsets and perceptions in dealing with which pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic is something new for the community. Efforts to deal with farmers' problems in the Covid-19 pandemic era by preventing the risk of emergencies and disasters in agricultural and livestock areas.
 Objectives: This study aimed to dig deeper into the problems of farmers in the Covid-19 era.
 Methods: The design of this study used an interpretive qualitative approach carried out through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method involving 10 farmer respondents. Data were collected using a thematic analysis approach based on Krueger, R and Casey, M.
 Results: The results of the interviews resulted in five major themes, namely the theme of self-protection tools as a covid-19 shield, Knowledge as a millennial farmer, supporting facilities for obtaining information, working environment conditions, marketing farm produce, change in work behavior.
 Conclusion: The problems of farmers in the Covid-19 area tend to see problems in terms of health but also have an impact on agricultural output, work behavior so that it needs attention to overcome problems to deal with farmers' problems during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Influence of Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies and Management Practices on Relative Sustainability of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Kenya

Kenya’s economy is largely dependent on rainfed agriculture and hence susceptible to climate change and extreme weather events. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), one of the most important food crops in Kenya is one of the worst hit agricultural systems. Smallholder potato farmers have resorted to Climate Smart Agricultural Technologies and Management Practices (CSA TMPs) as an adaptation strategy. Partly, climate-smart agricultural TMPs are implemented with the goal of reducing the vulnerability of farmers to the harmful effects of climate change such as poor sustainability of agricultural systems. This study sought to contribute to improved food security and livelihood of smallholder farmers in rural areas through enhanced sustainability in potato farming. A cross sectional survey design was employed. The study area was Taita-Taveta, Nyandarua, Nyeri and Elgeyo Marakwet Counties in Kenya. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to get the study sample of 312 smallholder farmers. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data using Stata (version 14), DEAP (version 2.1) and NVivo (version 12) software. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the types of climate-smart agricultural TIMPs among smallholder potato farmers. A threefold Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition of the Fractional Response Model was used in analyzing the influence of selected CSA TMPs on the relative sustainability of smallholder potato farming. This study found that the relative sustainability index obtained by adopters of CSA TMPs recommendations in potato farming was 58.1% greater than that of nonadopters. More financial, technical and policy support should be given by the governments at both national and county levels as well as other development partners towards enhancing uptake of CSA technologies in their bid to enhance the relative sustainability of potato farming.

Internet of things system for ultraviolet index monitoring in the community of Chirinche Bajo

The impact of the ultraviolet radiation index is becoming more intense and dangerous for the health of the epidermis and eyesight of people, especially for farmers in the Chirinche Bajo (Ecuador) community. Farmers are exposed to the intense sun during their work days in the crops, for this reason, a technological system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) was proposed to inform them of the UV index to which they are exposed and take precautions to go out to do their daily work. A monitoring device was developed and an application in the API of the Thinger.io platform to visualize and manage alarms. During the monitoring time, the system detected a UV index higher than 9 in the morning and afternoon hours (11am to 1pm), which according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is classified as very dangerous: it recommends wearing clothing that covers most of the body, sunscreen, a hat and sunglasses. In the community, the farmers use their traditional hat, which does not cover their faces optimally, and due to the lack of economy, they do not use sunscreen. The project is an initial contribution to create a culture of information and technological development in rural agricultural areas of Ecuador.

Design and Analysis of Solar PV Water Pumping System

Most of the developed and developing countries economy is depended on agriculture. Due to variations in climate and by unsustainable land management practices in dry land environment makes the desertification. It causes the crop failures, loss of perennial plant cover, reduced woody biomass and scarcity of fuel wood etc. To overcome the desertification, it should be sustain the agriculture across the country. To enhance the agriculture sector, the utilizing of renewable energy sources came into account for irrigation and water pumping. Solar water pumping system minimizes the dependence of conventional based electricity; there is a huge scope to utilize PV pumping system for water supplies, irrigation and agriculture in rural areas. The initiation of the work is to create the awareness about the solar PV water pumping system and design analysis for irrigation at rural area based on the type of irrigation, land area and cost. Keywords: Irrigation, pump, solar, latitude, longitude, asparagus

A comparison of foraging‐range sizes, flight distances and foraging habitat preferences in urban and rural House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations

Lack of food for nestlings is a crucial factor influencing population size and dynamics in birds. It is one of the most cited reasons for recent House Sparrow Passer domesticus population declines in cities and rural settlements. However, a detailed comparative study of habitat use by parents delivering food to offspring in different environments is still missing. To obtain the most detailed information on fine‐scale foraging habitat selection, foraging‐range size, flight distance and foraging duration in typical Central European urban and rural environments, we conducted systematic observations of colour‐ringed focal individuals feeding their offspring. We found that urban House Sparrows had larger foraging‐range sizes and longer foraging distances than rural birds. Additionally, some preferred habitats, such as ruderal and woody vegetation, occurred less frequently in the urban area and consequently increased flight distance to key sources of invertebrate prey. In both environments, the most selected habitats – bin storage areas and poultry holdings – offered a stable and rich but probably lower quality ‘fast food’ source. Birds were willing to fly a longer distance to forage at bin storage areas, tall ruderal vegetation and poultry holdings. Our findings imply that natural food sources in the urban environment are scarce and scattered. Due to the improvement of socio‐economic status associated with better handling of waste products in both urban and rural environments, sprawl of highly urbanized areas and intensification of farming, important foraging habitats have thus decreased. We highlight the importance of maintaining suitable small‐ and medium‐scale farms in rural areas and suggest improvements in the management of green spaces in all types of human settlements that may support House Sparrow populations.

Constraints to women’s empowerment in agriculture in rural farming areas in Oyo State, Nigeria

This study examined the major barriers to women empowerment in agriculture in rural farming areas in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 100 women farmers and primary data was collected with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data and the findings are presented in table and chart. The study revealed that the inability to access formal credit (x̄ = 4.61), heavy domestic workload (x̄ = 4.36), and poor pricing of produce (x̄ = 3.89) are major barriers to women empowerment in agriculture in the study area. Therefore, providing access to formal credit facilities, provision of labour-saving technologies, and regulation of agricultural produce prices will enable women’s empowerment in agriculture.

Paddy plant leaf diseases identification using machine learning approach

Agriculture is the most important sector in the Indian Economy and gives contribution in the form of agricultural productivity. To increase the agricultural productivity, precise and on-time detection of crop diseases and pest is needed. Most of the times, farmers fail to take the necessary steps even if they may have been able to identify the problem. Moreover, in some rural areas farmers cannot get rid of these problems because they do not have proper knowledge or education on how to do so. Most of the cases involve leaf diseases which are not recognized properly, and farmers end up using insecticides which may not be suitable for that particular disease. This paper provide new techniques of image pre- processing and a new combination of feature set from the processed images to make a trained model that will show how accurate our methodology is to detect diseases accurately. In this work, Machine learning algorithms namely KNN and SVM are implemented which can detect leaf diseases accurately. Among various plant leaf diseases, Rice leaf disease is one of them. This work is based on three Rice leaf diseases, they are - Bacterial leaf blight, Leaf smut, Brown spot.

Analysis of Strategic Management for Local Layer Agribusiness Development in North Sulawesi

The strategy for developing local layer agribusiness in North Sulawesi addresses the gap between growing consumption needs and limited product availability. The purpose of this research is to conduct a business feasibility study and formulate a strategy for local layer business development in North Sulawesi. The result of the research states that the development strategy priorities include partnership patterns, fostering human resources (HR) breeders in an integrated manner, encouraging investment growth, increasing the productivity of local layer businesses in rural areas, improving genetic quality, developing culinary businesses, creating production facilities, encouraging the rise of local layer SMEs in the countryside, encouraging the development of science technology and digitization of local layer cultivation in rural areas, vaccination programs, and utilizing unused land for the development of intensification of chicken farming in rural areas.

Transportation in the Sharing Economy

Traditionally, individuals and firms have bought and owned resources. For instance, owning a car was a status symbol for people. In recent years, this focus has changed. Young people just want to have some convenient means of transportation available. Sharing cars, bikes, or rides is also acceptable and has the advantage of increased sustainability compared with everyone owning such a device. A similar development can also be observed in industry. Already for decades, smaller farmers in rural areas have shared some expensive harvesting machines, via cooperatives. In recent years, cost pressures have incentivized all firms to use their equipment more efficiently and to avoid idle capacities. This has led, among other things, to the exchange of transportation requests between smaller carriers, when one of them faces an overload situation and another has idle resources. Similarly, some production firms share storage space and logistics service providers operate this storage jointly with greater efficiency than each firm could do separately. All these tendencies have led to the development of a new paradigm, the “Sharing Economy.” In transportation, these resources are the vehicles used to deliver goods or move passengers. Given an increasing pressure to act economically and ecologically sustainable, efficient mechanisms that help to benefit from idle capacities are on the rise. They are typically organized through digital platforms that facilitate the efficient exchange of goods or services and help cope with data privacy issues. Both transportation companies and heavy users of transportation services need to learn how to play in a world of shared idle capacities. “Transportation in the Sharing Economy” was the theme of the 2019 Transportation Science and Logistics Workshop held in Vienna, and it is therefore also the focus of this associated special issue. The papers included cover several forms of shared resources in transportation, where the first part deals with freight, whereas in the second part, the focus lies on passenger transportation. Each study highlights the benefits of sharing resources. We received 40 submissions, of which 10 papers were accepted for this special issue after the reviewing process.

AGRICULTURAL LAND PROTECTION AS A BASIS OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE DRY STEPPES OF ALTAI KRAI

Sustainable development of the entire biogeocoenosis area is considered a driving factor in ensuring agricultural land protection. The balance between the use of ecosystems, their anthropogenic transformation, and protection should be based on optimizing the use of the natural environment. Anthropogenic activity in agriculture is conducted within the boundaries of the formed landscapes that are subsequently transformed into agricultural landscapes. Agricultural landscapes, in turn, are not resistant to external and internal factors and, thus, need protection. More than 80% of agricultural land in Altai Krai subject to varying degrees of degradation need sustainable development. The nutrient inputs recommended by the regional agrochemical service have not been observed over the past 25 years of farming in rural areas. Moreover, there are no projects for organizing the plots of agricultural enterprises taking into account the landscape specifics. Unfortunately, there are no sufficient conditions for organizing organic land use. Adaptive landscape land management can serve as a basis for the protection of agricultural land and a viable mechanism for the sustainable development of agricultural land use. Based on the example of agricultural landscapes located in the arid steppes of Altai Krai, we revealed the trends of sustainable development of agricultural land use. At the first stage, we evaluated the agro-ecological role of the physical and geographical conditions of the territory and the state of agricultural landscapes. At the second stage, we carried out agro-ecological zoning of the research object. Finally, at the third stage, we proposed ways to optimize and protect agricultural land in the arid steppe.

Declining land for subsistence and small-scale farming in South Africa: A case study of Thulamela local municipality

In Thulamela Local Municipality, South Africa, competing land use activities such as urbanisation and subsistence farming have accelerated rapid, widespread changes in land use and land cover (LULC) with potential negative impacts on subsistence and small-scale farming, food security, and sustainable rural livelihoods. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the decline in land available for subsistence and small-scale farming in the Thulamela Local Municipality. A post-classification comparison approach was performed using three Landsat images from 2005, 2013 and 2020 in order to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of LULC in the study area. The land use management system and applicable land use policies were examined to gain an understanding of the factors driving LULC. The results showed a general decline in agricultural land with a general increase in built-up areas. Land under Agricultural Fallow shrank from 26% to 8% with a 69% decline in extent while the extent of Grass reduced from 22% to 16%. The study has shown that the decline in agricultural land and its conversion to built-up areas can be attributed to ineffective land use management system, which is less protective of land for subsistence and small-scale farming in rural areas characterised customary land tenure rights. The land use scheme’s generalisation of vacant and unsurveyed land as agricultural use zone makes it difficult to oppose development on productive agricultural land currently used for subsistence and small-scale farming in rural areas. Therefore, the study recommends that suitable agricultural land or land currently used for subsistence and small-scale farming should be clearly categorised as arable use zone from municipal land use schemes in order to ensure sustainable utilisation and protection of arable land for agricultural purposes. Measures should also be taken to secure tenure rights for subsistence farmers in order to curb the widespread conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas.

Effect of Natural Hazards on the Income and Sense of Subjective Well-Being of Rural Residents: Evidence From Rural China

China is a country that experiences severe natural hazards. In comparison to urban residents, farmers in rural areas of China are more susceptible to these natural hazards, whose impact is multidimensional; however, existing research has mainly focused on the household level. Based on China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data in 2019, a total of 17,900 farmer households have been chosen to discuss the influences of natural hazards on the rural income and subjective well-being from the individual perspective and the family perspective; further, regional differences within the sphere of influence have been analyzed. Empirical results demonstrate that (1) the farmer household income is a factor that affects subjective well-being, but does not play a decisive role. (2) From the perspective of spatial differences and laws, subjective well-being and the income of farmers vary significantly. The subjective well-being in North China (NC) is the highest, while the subjective well-being in the Central South (CS) is the lowest. The distribution trend of rural income is high in Southeast China (SE) and low in Northwest China (NW). (3) Natural hazards can lower the subjective well-being [Mean ATT (average treatment effect) = –0.1040] and income (Mean ATT = –0.1715) of farmers significantly. Moreover, the influences of natural hazards on subjective well-being are lower than that on income. Therefore, it is imperative to ascertain the impact of natural hazards on farmers’ subjective well-being and household income. Further, the government should consider regional differences and the different affected groups, and also strengthen the farmers’ ability to cope with hazards and their post-hazard recovery ability during the implementation of hazard rescue.