Efforts Of Farmers Research Articles

Farmers’s perception and strategies for the development of sustainable livelihoods in disaster prone areas

Empowerment is a strategy to develop and build economy and community in both physically and mentally. One effort is to help generate a plan for community development in disaster-prone areas. For that, this study aims to develop farmers profile, to describe farmer perception towards farming effort and to formulate the empowerment strategies in the development of sustainable livelihoods in disaster prone areas. This study uses mixed methods. Farmers population use in this study were live in two villages of landslides prone areas, that are Beruk and Wonorejo which belongs Jatiyoso Subdistrict Karanganyar regency (Central Java). In depth structured interview was conducted to 150 farmers under Focus Group Discussion (FGD) followed with. data analysis using SWOT analysis. The results showed level of farm management is in anxiety level, perception of farmers toward the availability of agricultural inputs is at a reasonable level and the agricultural information becomes the reduction factors. The result of QSPM matrix calculation through SWOT analysis on livelihood of agricultural, resulting some strategy according to the priority level that are development of conservation farming, strengthening the farmers capacity in agricultural products processing, strengthening farmer groups and improving the performance of agriculture extensionist.

Contribution of village cooperation unit in improving farmers incomes

One of the government and private efforts to improve people’s welfare particularly to improve farmer’s income is to activate the Village Cooperation Unit (KUD). The objective of research was to know the efficiency level of farming organized by farmers together with cooperative. Theoretically some social economic variables have been known influences the rate of farmer’s income, therefore three social variables, such us the level of cooperation services, members participation and friendship among farmers with cooperation were studied. List of questions divided into forty family’s leader members of KUD which become samples. Analysis models were used production function of Cob-Douglass and Output Input Ratio models. It was concluded that level of participation and friendship partially were significantly to the income’s rate meanwhile variable of cooperation services level were not significant. Simultaneously, three factors gave very significant contribution, where R-square was 0.97 so that very significant. It’s also concluded that the biggest contribution given by the friendship level. Efficiency level or farming efforts of the farmers is very well and feasible with the average of OIR rate 19.23. This research recommended that this effort could be improved from friendship process among institution since the contribution was significantly improving the farmer’s income.

Fine-scale population genetic structure of sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), in eastern Maine, USA

:There is an interest to develop sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) cultivation in the rural, eastern Maine region of the United States. Future farming efforts would benefit from an understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure of kelp to inform management and conservation, and to identify genetic resources. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the fine-scale population genetic structure of kelp in eastern Maine using 12 microsatellite loci. A total of 188 samples were genotyped from five sampling locations. Overall, kelp exhibited relatively low genetic diversity and small but significant differentiation among populations (FST = 0.0157). The greatest genetic difference was detected between two geographically close populations in Penobscot and Frenchman Bays, which is likely due to patterns in the Eastern Maine Coastal Current that may limit meiospore recruitment. The population structure could not be fully explained by an isolation-by-distance model. Fine-scale structuring was also detected among populations along the more continuous eastern Maine coastline. These differences highlight that sugar kelp populations are finely structured across small spatial scales, and that future management and farming efforts should aim to maintain genetic diversity and assess the culture potential of local populations.

Capital Strategy in Diversification Farming Efforts Using SWOT Analysis

Wetland farm diversification program in the district of Bojonegoro, Tulungagung, and Ponorogo can not provide an optimal contribution to the income of farmers caused because farmers are not able to cultivate high value-added commodities due to limited capital. This study aims to identify the characteristics of farming, capital pattern, stakeholder role, to analyze farming to know the pattern of planting suggestions and prospects, and to formulate capital facilitation strategy. Farming capital is obtained through loans in financial institutions with different patterns. Small farmers tend to utilize savings and credit cooperatives, microcredit, and loan sharks, while farmers with large wetland holdings tend to utilize commercial banks. P enelitian using descriptive method of farming profit analysis, and SWOT. The government through the banking institutions have provided much facilitation in the form of low-interest loans with flexible payment method. The generic strategy of selected capital facilitation is to empower farmers through farmer groups who have the capability in managing the capital needs of their members.

KOMPOSISI JENIS BIOFOULING PADA TIRAM MUTIARA (PINCTADA MAXIMA) DI LAHAN BUDIDAYA PT. AUTORE PEARL CULTURE LOMBOK

Cultivation of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima types are increasingly in demand in Indonesia. This oyster living and concentrated on waters that have coral reefs and sandy rubble. Oyster cultivation is very promising given pearls produced have a high economic value. Eventhough, pearl oyster farming efforts not always performing well because there is a possibility of oysters will get the disease and even death. One reason is their biofouling attached to the basket or on the oyster shell is maintained. The existence and amount of biofouling usually varies depending on the time and conditions of the waters where the cultivation have been. This study aims to determine the types of biofouling were found at three different sites located on land cultivation PT. Pearl Culture Autrore Lombok. Study sample is limited to biofouling found on new and used baskets and pearl oyster shells P. maxima. The main parameters measured were the species composition and abundance, while the supporters of the parameters measured were temperature, salinity, current speed, the brightness of the waters and TSS (Total Suspended Solid). The results found 36 types of biofouling, including 21 types of animal groups with six phyla (arthropods, bryozoans, annelids, cnidarians, sponges and molluscs), and 15 species of the plant with two divisio (Spermatophyta and Thallophyta). In addition, it was found that water conditions have an influence on the biomass and the number of types of biofouling and the distance between substations in each station does not have a significant influence on biomass and the number of types of biofouling.Keywords: Biofouling, Pearl Oyster (Pinctada maxima ), PT. Autore Pearl Culture Lombok

Management routines influencing piglet survival in loose-housed sow herds

Piglet mortality is still a significant welfare and ethical matter in pig production, as well as an economical challenge for the farmer. Most of the mortality occurs early after farrowing, and previous studies have shown that the farm's management routines, especially around farrowing, are important factors to reduce it. When sows are loose-housed at farrowing and in the following lactation period, it puts higher demands on management input from the farmer to keep piglet mortality low. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of different management routines around the time of farrowing, and other farm qualities for piglet survival in loose-housed herds. To study risk factors for herd piglet mortality, a cross-sectional field survey was carried out in Norway in the year 2013, and included 52 commercial herds with hybrid LY sows (Norwegian Landrace x Swedish Yorkshire). The farms were visited once, and the farmers answered a questionnaire about their management practices. The outcome was the average herd pre-weaning mortality in the years of 2012–2013. To include as many management factors as possible into the multivariable linear regression model, we generated a new variable based on 4 management routines: 3 routines at farrowing (presence at 80–100% of the farrowings, drying newborn piglets, and practice split suckling), and one concerning farmer´s contact with the sows. This variable was called “Management type” (M), and were divided into 4 categories with increasing effort; M1 herds without any of the 4 mentioned routines, M2 had contact with sows >2 times per day, M3 performed the 3 routines at farrowing, and M4 combined the high sow contact and the 3 routines. The predicted values of mean herd piglet mortality for M1, M2, M3 and M4 were 20.1%, 17.0%, 16.2% and 13.3% respectively. The farmer's increased management effort was associated with lower piglet mortality (P<0.05). The farmer's effort at critical times together with systematic and important routines, and having frequent contact with the sows, makes a huge difference for piglet survival. The farmers are credited for this work by having lower piglet mortality as a result.

Abalone growth and associated aspects: now from a metabolic perspective

AbstractWorldwide, there are approximately 100 Haliotis species, more commonly known as abalone or ‘Paua’ in New Zealand, ‘Venus's‐ears’ in Greece, ‘Awabi’ in Japan, ‘Perlemoen’ in South Africa and ‘Ormers’ in Europe. Regardless of what they are called in any part of the world, a high monetary value is coupled to this animal, because it is largely considered a seafood delicacy. Subsequently, a great deal of research primarily focused on improving the health and growth rates of abalone were carried out to maximise productivity of the commercial farming efforts in various countries. In this review, we comprehensively describe the most recent available scientific literature on abalone biology, and those aspects related to the growth of this organism; more specifically, those factors related to the uptake and breakdown of metabolic products which ensures long‐term growth. We subsequently discuss this in terms of basic animal design, farming outcomes, feeding, cellular growth mechanisms and the unique metabolic processes that exist in these species. Using this information and the knowledge of the metabolic processes in other organisms, we additionally make a number of new hypotheses regarding how these metabolic processes may function in terms of abalone growth. Based on the information presented in this review, we also identify major research opportunities and gaps in the existing knowledge of abalone metabolism, which when elucidated may not only serve the purpose of better understanding these organisms growth but also could potentially lead to increased productivity of the abalone commercial farming sector.

Local Perceptions of the Impact of Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Rural Uganda

This study investigated local perceptions of changes stemming from a long-standing Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT-G) program for the treatment of depression in rural Uganda. The study was conducted in a lowincome, severely HIV/AIDS affected area where in 2001 the prevalence of depression was estimated at 21% among adults. Data were collected between May 10 and May 31, 2010, using free-listing and key informant qualitative interviewing techniques. A convenience sample of sixty free-list respondents was selected from among adults who had participated in IPT-G, their family members, and other community members, from 10 villages representing a range of sizes and geographical locations. Twenty-two key informants were also selected from these villages, based on their knowledge about changes reported by free-list respondents. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis and response frequency tallied. IPT-G facilitators were also interviewed about the reported changes. Free-list respondents identified 5 primary categories of change in the community related to the IPT-G program: 1) Improved school attendance for children; 2) Improved productivity; 3) Improved sanitation in communities; 4) Greater cohesion among community members; and 5) Reduced conflict in families. Key informant interviews with community members and IPT-G facilitators suggested that as depression remitted, IPT-G participants became more hopeful and motivated and resumed productive pursuits. Greater cohesion between group members and other affected community members led to increases in collaborative farming and building efforts, and to ongoing mutual emotional support and peer counseling. Changes reported in this study cannot uniquely be attributed to the IPT-G program as other development programs in the area, related to farming, sanitation, and education, may also have contributed. Nevertheless, results suggest that providing treatment for depression in communities where it is prevalent may lead to positive changes in a range of non-mental health areas that are perceived to be connected the depression services.

The Level of Farmers Participation in the National Special Programme for Food Security

The research was carried out in Kastina Ala, Katsina Ala Local Government Area and MU in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State. The target population is benefiting farmers, a total of 600 farmers were included, 240 farmers were purposively selected from two sites katsina Ala and Makurdi Local Government Area. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The study was carried out to investigate the impact of National Special Program for Food Security amongst rural out to determine the levels of participation of farmers in the National Special programme for food security. The research also sought to ascertain strategies for improving farmers' livelihood and evaluate the effect of the program on benefitting farmers' income. Results from the research indicated that greater proportion of about 73% of the participants were involved in crop intensification techniques such as improved varieties of crops, adequate supply of fertilizers and improved agro processing techniques of gari processing. The results indicated that participants under age 30-49 were actively involved in the Food security programs. The income of 33% participants earn between N 30,000- N 69,000, for 20% it was between N 70,000- N 109,000, for 30% was N 110,000- N 149,000 while 16% recorded N 150,000 and above per year. The study suggested that farmer's effort should be encouraged more by government, in the provision of training, input supply to enhance improved livelihood and increase food security.

Lab Prototype of Wireless Monitoring and Control for Seed Potatoes Growing Chamber

One of the foremost problems in Indonesia’s agricultural sector is related to the high production costs. As the highest cost driver in a cultivation season is related to seeds availability, quality, and procurement, therefore a research in collaboration with Vegetable R&D Facility (Balitsa) under Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture was performed. This research effort focused on designing and implementing wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) for the control, monitoring, and conditioning of growing chambers inside of a greenhouse. Aeroponic growing chambers which are essential in cultivating disease-free G0 potato seeds require strict treatment of water, nutrients, and also conditioned temperature and humidity. With the implementation of WSAN, a flexibility in sensor nodes management was introduced, where the number of active growing chambers might vary depending user’s preferences. Main improvements after implementation gained in forms of a monitored system and user-adjustable settings, which are essential for the Balitsa researchers. Other improvements include power and nutrients efficiency in performing the G0 cultivation. This research was done as one of the Indonesian Smart Farming efforts, a roadmap designed to empower and integrate nationwide agricultural activities through information and communication technology. Keywords: WSAN, WSN, aeroponics, sensor network, agriculture sensor

HUBUNGAN ANTARA LATAR BELAKANG PENDIDIKAN FORMAL, PENGETAHUAN, STATUS EKONOMI DAN SIKAP DENGAN UPAYA MASYARAKAT MENGENAI BUDIDAYA Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke DI PULAU LOMBOK

The purpose of this study was: (1) to reveal how formal educational background, knowledge, economic status, attitudes and efforts of the farming community farming Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke on the island of Lombok. (2) to determine the relationship of formal educational background, knowledge, and attitudes to the economic status of the farming community efforts Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke on the island of Lombok. This type of research is survey research design and descriptive quantitative descriptive correlational. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. While the relationship of formal education background, knowledge, economic status and attitudes correlated with community efforts on cultivating Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke using bivariate product moment correlation test, followed by regression analysis using the aid package SPSS for Windows 00:17. Results of this study indicate that (1) the level of formal education background, at 25.71% with very low category, knowledge of 67.23% with enough categories, economic status by 50% with the low category, the attitude of 65.40% with enough categories, and cultivation efforts Gyrinops versteegii of 54.42% with low category. (2) The results of analysis of the association in this study showed that there is a significant relationship between formal educational background, knowledge, and attitudes to the economic status of efforts farming Gyrinops versteegii with correlation value of 0.898 and the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.806.

Farm Boundaries as Agroecological Systems

South-central Pennsylvania, framed by the great folds of the Appalachians to the north and west, by the Mason-Dixon Line to the south, and by the rise of hills that bound the lower Susquehanna River to the east, was claimed by settler-farmers of western European descent during the early and mid-eighteenth century. They utilized river and stream valleys to gain access to the fertile lowlands and rich uplands of the region, following in the steps of surveyors to mark farm boundaries with timber fences cut from the cloak of forest. The social and ecological imprint of these boundary structures has endured for hundreds of years.

An Economic View to Forage and Fodder Production in Eastern India

The mixed crop–livestock systems of India are underpinned by the crop residues which contribute on an average 40–60% of the total dry matter intake per livestock unit. There is however considerable regional variation in the dominant type of crop residue: rice and wheat straws in irrigated regions compared to coarse cereal straws and hay from leguminous crops in the drier, semi-arid regions. This paper synthesizes a series of recent studies on the role and importance of crop residues and farmers’ perceptions of fodder quantity and quality in coarse cereal and groundnut based feeding systems. Crop improvement programs for sorghum, pearl millet and groundnut have traditionally focused on grain/pod yield improvement, pest and water stress tolerance. Livestock rearing plays a significant role in the economy of the Indian people. Crop residues and pastures/grasslands are the major feed resource for this activity. Forages can be a simple answer to soil erosion and decline in organic matter and fertility, a problem caused by modern cultivation and fallowing practices on much of the farmland the world over. Keeping in view the constraints in fodder production and in order to overcome the gap between demand and supply, the emphasis need to be given on several steps for augmenting the fodder production. Existing resource utilization pattern needs to be studied in totality according to a system approach. Fodder production is a component of the farming system and efforts need to be made for increasing the forage production in a farming system approach. The holistic approach of integrated resource management will be based on maintaining the fragile balance between productivity functions and conservation practices for ecological sustainability. Forage production must be taken up as a first management goal and 25% of the forest area should be put under trees with regulated accessibility to the farmers. It is suggested to grow forage grasses and fodder trees along village roads and panchayat lands, and on terrace risers/bunds - a non competitive land use system. Conservation of native biodiversity for future improvement along with breeding biotic, abiotic, stress tolerant cultivars of forage species suitable for area not used under arable agriculture can be possible answer to chronic fodder shortages. Use of participatory techniques to identify the problems and to carry out the improvement programme along with In-depth studies on migratory graziers, forage based agroforestry systems and controlled grazing to maintain the productivity of pasture (grazing should be allowed as per carrying capacity) are some other solutions to this problem.

“Somos del Campo”: Latino and Latina Gardeners and Farmers in Two Rural Communities of Iowa — A Community Capitals Framework Approach

Using the Community Capitals Framework ap­proach, this study describes what makes it possible for Latinos and Latinas to become gardeners and beginning farmers in two rural Iowa communities. Four in-depth interviews were carried out in Denison, Iowa, and four in Marshall­town, Iowa, with Latino and Latina gardeners and beginning farmers participating in community gardening and farming programs. I used participant observation in people’s homes and garden plots to understand the meaning of gardening and farming among Latinos. Human, cultural, and social capitals are essential elements in the success of Latino garden­ers. The interaction between these three capitals mobilizes other community capitals to improve household well-being. These Latinos bring to their new gardening and farming efforts their previous knowledge of agriculture, fresh food, and how to cook it from their countries of origin and other parts of the U.S. Recommendations center on how to strengthen the most critical community capitals.

Status and development prospects for indigenous freshwater finfish and crayfish farming in Greece

AbstractThe Hellenic freshwater aquaculture sector has been dominated by the alien rainbow trout since the early 1950s. This species actually represented 96.5% of the total inland production in 2007. Other groups of species accounted for minor production volumes and, apart from common carp, most of them are also of alien origin. Therefore, an absence of production diversification, the presence of alien species, which in some cases have seriously impacted aquatic biodiversity, and emerging consumer sensitivity towards environmentally friendly practises require thorough re‐assessment of native species with promising aquaculture potential. This trend is particularly evident in Eastern Europe and Asia, where native species (particularly cyprinids) outcompete alien species. The current review aims to outline past and present farming efforts on native fish and crayfish species in Greece, which collectively belong to six families, and to discuss future development prospects.

A Case Study of an Offshore SeaStation® Sea Farm

AbstractOcean Spar engineers have been testing the SeaStation® cage since 1994. Recently, larger offshore sea farming ventures have been employing the SeaStation submersible cages for growing fish at ocean sites. Of particular interest is the case study of a larger system of SeaStation cages installed and operated off Keahole Point, Kona, Hawaii. The offshore site is subject to ocean-gyre currents of 1 m/s and 50-year storm waves with significant wave heights of 9 m. The venture had six cages installed and arranged in a 2 × 3 moored array kept at a minimum submergence of 10 m. The individual cages have unique buoyancy control for raising the cage out of the water, so one half of the volume is exposed to air for cleaning and drying. This tactic also increases the efficiency of crop harvest with minimum effort by the farm operators and minimum stress to the fish. As SeaStation cages were added to fill the six cage array, the last two cages were designed with an additional feature allowing the cage to flip while submerged. The flip operation exchanged the top and the bottom of the cage, so the entire cage could be cleaned by exposure to the sun and wind. With the increasing number of cages, the grid system dynamics changed, and higher than expected currents foiled some of the operational strategies that were developed using the individual cages. This article documents the features, events, and innovative remedies that made this sea farming effort unique and worthy of note.

Sturgeons in Greece: a review

Summary In the past, sturgeons were practically unknown in Greece, both to the public and to scientists, the latter not having had the opportunity to study wild populations of the four native species. Populations of stellate sturgeon (Αcipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771), Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836), and beluga sturgeon (Huso huso L., 1758) gradually collapsed by the end of the 1970s. Only the River Evros (Thrace, N.W. Greece) sustained a small fishery and caviar canning operation with European sturgeon (A. sturio L., 1758) until 1975. Collapse of stocks was mainly attributed to overfishing, pollution and damming. Sturgeons became widely known after initial farming efforts by the Municipal Hatchery at Lake Ioannina in 1992. Broodstock or fertilized eggs of species with high aquaculture potential, such as sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L., 1758), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833), bester hybrid (A. ruthenus ×H. huso), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula Walbaum, 1792), Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869) and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) were imported into Greece between 1992 and 2004. Hatchery technology, larval rearing and production systems are reviewed in this paper and, despite problems, past and present efforts appear to meet a particular interest of the aquaculture sector as well as of those interested in the restoration of wild stocks.

Participation in community Landcare groups in the Philippines: a social capital perspective

Membership in Community Landcare groups in the Philippines can be seen as an accumulation of social capital by farmers to improve their access to, and ability to implement, soil conservation and agroforestry technologies. An improved understanding of the factors affecting farmers' decisions to invest in such forms of social capital is likely to be helpful to agencies concerned with supporting these collective conservation farming efforts. A logistic regression model, based on household survey data from one municipality in central Mindanao, was used to analyse factors influencing farmers' investment in social capital in the form embodied in membership of a local Landcare group. The results indicate that the assumption of homogeneous and cooperative communities that underlies many community-based resource management approaches may not be valid in practice. Both individual and group-level characteristics lead to different degrees of investment in community-based activities such as Landcare. Differences between individuals affect their willingness to invest time and resources in social capital formation; middleaged farmers with somewhat less education but more land and a greater focus on farming were more likely to participate in Landcare groups. Differences between communities further affect individual incentives to accumulate social capital; some local communities were more likely to encourage individual members to augment their stocks of social capital, including through Landcare membership. Programs to assist rural communities in the formation of social capital for beneficial collective action need to allow for such individual and community differences.

Characteristics of Land Resources as Foundation of Watershed Management in Sub Watershed Merawu, Serayu

In 2000, the area of DAS critical land in Indonesia is approximately 23,242,881 ha which consists of forest area 8,136,646 ha (35%) and non forest area 15,106,234 ha (65%). In the contrary, the fact shows that in 1989/ 1990 (the beginning of ‘Pelita’/ the five years development planning owned by the government), the area of DAS critical land in Indonesia was 13,180,000 ha only that consists of forest area 5,910,000 ha and non forest area 7,270,000 ha. The cause and its location of negative improvement of the above DAS has not been predited yet. The one of the causes is the weakness of information system on very DAS management system in the aspect of biophysical, soial, eonomical, and cultural. Therefore, it needs the improvement of DAS management which is supported by the result of research and development. The purpose of this research is to get the potency information and the possibility of sensitivity of the land resources in the frame of DAS management with biophisical land as the parameter. Sub DAS of Merawu (21,860 Ha) isas one of the parts of ‘bulu’ DAS Serayu with stream flow minimum 0,81 m3/second and maximum 108 m3/second. The sub DAS of Merawu as the part of ‘bulu’ Serayu has the type of climate A and B with annual rainfall approximatelly &gt;2,000 mm and it can support everything in the stream flow of in order to prevent the flood. This ondition is caused by the permanent vegetation such as forest, underbrsuh or srub, tea garden, as well as multi – plantgarden that has around 40% happen in the ineptisol land, although precipitous slope and very precipitous (&gt;25%). The technique of land conversation is good enough in its development, mainly in the dry section of the field by using ‘teras gundul’ and ‘teras bangku’ the society near Sub DAS of Merawu is densely populated, its is around 517 up to 827 persons/ square with their main profession as farmer and their income is around Rp 2.000.000 per year. Bya analysing the above DAS management, it an show that sub DAS of Merawu has the potency of water both for internal and external DAS consuming. The potency of using the land for farimng one season in length (class II, III, and IV) consists of around 50,8%. The development multy plant garden (25% area of DAS) is as the type of potential farming effort because of the diversity of both the result and time; besides it is also as the form of protection toward the effetive land. The possibility of sensitivity is too wide land which is susceptible toward the slide (land slide), mainly in the middle part of the DAS. The live dependee of land which strong enough is as the threat toward the future resoures conservation.

Welfare in Danish Dairy Herds 1. Disease Management Routines in 1983 and 1994

This paper presents the first part of a questionnaire survey carried out in 2148 Danish dairy herds during 1994, as well as results from a similar survey carried out in 1983. The welfare status in Danish dairy herds with respect to disease management routines currently applied is discussed. In detail this was: recording of mastitis incidents, use of veterinarian for milk fever cases, farmer's effort in reducing incidence of mastitis, milk fever, ketosis, calving problems, and lameness, as well as frequency of claw trimming, reasons for culling, and way of replacing cullings. Furthermore, trends during the 11 year period are discussed. The results show that the Danish dairy farmers in 1994 in general have a substantial knowledge of prevention and treatment of disease. However, adjustments in the following areas would be appropriate: 1) farmers should avoid making intravenous infusions, 2) they should be encouraged to use calving boxes for parturitions, 3) there should be more attention on claw health, and 4) to comply with the new Danish legislation, antibiotic dry cow treatment should only be carried out on the individual cow if pathogenic microorganisms have been isolated within 35 days prior to drying off.