Farm Costs Research Articles

Research on the calculation method of penetration resistance of bucket foundation for offshore wind turbines

The cost of foundations for offshore wind turbines constitutes approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind farm. The bucket foundations show significant potential due to their superior transportation and installation efficiencies compared to pile foundations, leading to potential cost savings for the foundation of up to 30%. For a bucket foundation to be installed successfully, the penetration resistance must be predicted. However, there is currently a lack of clarity on how to select a suitable calculation method for penetration resistance based on known geological parameters to guide construction. In order to evaluate the current methods of calculation for bucket foundation penetration resistance, this study combines theoretical calculation methods with two sets of practical measurement data from the field. The calculation methods of penetration resistance for bucket foundation are first reviewed and categorized. The applicability range of each method and the parameters needed for calculation are given. Next, according to the measured data in the process of penetration of bucket foundation on site, the evolution of compartment pressure, tilt angle, resistance and required suction in the process of penetration are analyzed. Finally, the reviewed methods are compared to the results of two practical projects in order to analyze the differences between them and make recommendations for the calculation technique. The findings can be used as a guide for calculating the bucket foundation's penetration resistance in complex geological conditions.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Semangka (Citrullus Lanatus) Di Desa Tungkaran Kecamatan Martapura Kabupaten Banjar

This research aims are : (1). Knowing the technical desription of water melon carrier out by farmer; (2). knowing the cost, revenues and income of water melon farming in Tungkaran Village, Martapura District, Banjar Regency. This research uses survey method with observation technique. This sampling method use saturated simple, namely taking water melon farmers who cultivate seedless water melons is only one person and is taken as a sample farmer. The result of the research is that the area of land use by farmer is 0.75 he and the status of the land is leased. Production is 10,500 kg/farmer or 14,00 tons/ha. The amount of explicit costs is IDR 26,935,433,33/farmer, revenue is IDR 57,750,000.00/farmer, income is IDR 30,814,566.67/farmer

Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Ternak Ayam Kampung (Gallus Domesticus) Skala Rumah Tangga Di Kwt Kampung Iwak Kecamatan Banjarbaru Utara Kota Banjarbaru Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

Community Service with the Title Analysis of Household-Scale Village Chicken Livestock Business Income was carried out at KWT Kampung Iwak, North Banjarbaru District, Banjarbaru City in November 2022, using a case study method on Mrs. Maisaroh's farm. The results obtained are the variable costs of free-range chicken farming for 1 harvest in 3 months of Rp. 1,229,583.32 and the cost of depreciation for 3 months is Rp. 105,249.99 so the income of free-range chicken farming for 1 harvest is Rp. 5,170,416.68

KELAYAKAN USAHATANI TANAMAN PORANG (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) DI KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA

One type of tuber plant that is currently being developed because it provides increased income for farmers is the porang plant (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume). This study aims to determine the production costs, revenues, income and financial feasibility of porang farming for one production process for 1 (one) year for an area of twenty five hectares. The research method used is a case study on porang farmers in Tasikmalaya Regency. The time of the research took place from February 2022 to May 2022. The data used consisted of primary and secondary data. The results showed that the production cost of porang farming was Rp. Rp. 4,434,353,000, - with a receipt of Rp. 7,906,236,000, - and an income of Rp. 3.471.883.000,-. The R/C value is 1.78, so this porang farming is financially feasible to continue.

Peningkatan Kompetensi Manajemen Usaha Tani Melalui Pelatihan Pembukuan Usaha Tani Di Kampung Koya Koso Distrik Abepura Kota Jayapura Provinsi Papua

Any costs allocated by farmers will directly affect the amount of revenue and the level of income or profits of farmers. The thing that must be understood is to find out the size of the costs incurred in farming each planting season, it takes a source of information related to the costs incurred, selling prices and the amount of production in farming. The source of information referred to is farming bookkeeping, farming bookkeeping will provide information for farmers about the development of farming activities every planting season. In explaining their farming, the participants never took notes and even compiled books in their farming. farmers in Koya Koso generally do not manage their farming costs well. Farmers understand that land preparation costs and planting costs are the total costs or total costs in farming. While the cost of using tools in farming needs to be taken into account, because basically the tools used in farming have a limited economic life. After farmers understand and are able to distinguish between fixed costs and variable costs in farming, the next activity is to provide training to farmers to calculate the amount of revenue and income. In general, farmers consider the value of the sale is the net profit received in one growing season. So this training provides an understanding to farmers about the differences in income and income.Keywords: Competence, management, farming, farming bookkeeping

ADOPTION AND CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH ORGANIC FARMING IN BOGORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated the adoption and challenges associated with organic farming in Bogoro local government, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A snowball sampling technique was employed to contact 90 respondents. Data was gathered using a well-constructed questionnaire and was examined using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the components that affected organic farming adoption. The outcomes revealed that the majority (98.9%) of the respondents were aware of organic farming due to visits by extension agents. Socio-economic factors such as education (0.065), gender (0.548), visits by extension agents (0.313), household size (0.094), source of information (0.453), access to credit (1.552) and farmers’ cooperative membership (0.902) positively influenced their organic farming adoption. Conversely, age of the farmers (-0.532) and farm size (-0.083) negatively influenced farmers adoption of organic farming. Constraints/challenges faced by farmers include; the high cost of organic farming, unavailability of organic inputs, low technical know-how, consumers yet to appreciate the difference between the production of the two farming systems, poor market outlet, poor storage facilities and inadequate information. It was recommended that to take advantage of the components, policies that guide farmers’ decisions on the adoption of organic farming should be framed and if well implemented could boost agricultural production and help in environmental sustainability.

ANALISIS PROPORSI BIAYA BENIH DAN PERBANDINGAN PRODUKTIVITAS USAHATANI PADI VARIETAS CIGEULIS DAN VARIETAS INFARI DI KAMPUNG JAMBUK MAKMUR

Seed is one input in agricultural production for food availability. Farming in Jambuk Makmur cultivate paddy with two varieties: Cigeulis and Infari. This research aimed to determine the proportion of seed costs on cost production and to compare the productivity of paddy farming. The research was conducted in Jambuk Makmur Village Bongan District Kutai Barat Regency from January to March 2022. Sampling used the Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling method with a total sample of 20 rice farmers of the Cigeulis variety and 20 farmers of the Infari variety. Data analysis was done using farm costs analysis and an independent sample t-test. The results of this study showed that the average use of seeds of Cigeulis and Infari varieties per planting season was 35,54 Kg /ha and 39,54 Kg/ha. The average cost of seeds for the Cigeulis variety was IDR.841.875,00 per hectare, and the average cost of farming was IDR.16.665.361,57 per hectare. The percentage of seed costs to farming costs was 5,05%. The average cost of seeds for the Infari variety was IDR.484.750,00, the average cost of farming was IDR.17.466.305,95 mt-1 ha-1, and the percentage of seed costs to farming costs was 2,78%. Productivity of Cigeulis higher than Infari with productivity as 3.070,17 kg/ha and 2.359,63 kg/ha.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Desa Mogoyunggung Dua Kecamatan Dumoga Timur Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to determine the amount of farmers income in paddy rice in Mogoyunggung Dua Village, Dumoga District East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Thris research was conducted for 3 months, namely from Oktober to Desember 2022, which is located in Mogoyunggung Dua Village. The Population collection in this study used a census technique for lowland rice farmers. As for the determination of the sample that is with took 19 people incolved in paddy rice farming. The results of the study show that the average income of paddy rice farming obrained by farmers in Mogoyunggung Dua Village is IDR465.990.000 while the average per ha is IDR13.645.000. Farming costs are all expenses that occur during a certain period of time. The average cost of lowland rice farming incurred by farmers in Mogoyunggung Dua Village is IDR189.529.671 while the average bus pm ha is IDR5.549.917.

Estimate provincial-level effectiveness of the arable land requisition-compensation balance policy in mainland China in the last 20 years

The “requisition-compensation balance policy” is a basic arable land protection policy promulgated by the Chinese government to maintain the dynamic balance of the total arable land. Since the implementation of the “requisition-compensation balance policy”, its important role in the conservation of arable land has been widely noted. Multiple studies indicate the effectiveness of the policy by estimating the quantity and quality change of arable land. In addition, the defects and negative externalities of the policy are disputed. The overall goal of this study is to estimate the provincial-level effectiveness of the “requisition-compensation balance policy” in mainland China in two periods (i.e., 2000—2010; 2010—2020) from four perspectives: arable land quantity dynamic balance; arable land productivity balance; farming distance; and sustainability of arable land use. The results showed that, first, the arable land quantity balance was achieved during 2000–2020 from a national perspective. There are still 19–23% of provinces have failed to reach the quantity balance. Second, the decrease in China’s total arable land productivity was exacerbated from 9612.1 thousand tons. to 31254.6 thousand ton. The average potential yield balance index was less than 1 for nearly all provinces during 2000–2010 and became even worse in the next decade because of occupying superior arable land while compensating for inferior arable land. The conservation of arable land productivity has become more important than the conservation of quantity. Third, due to the lack of constraints on the farming distance changes in the “requisition-compensation balance policy”, most provinces convert arable land around urban and rural areas to built-up land while replenishing land far from residential areas without providing adequate agricultural infrastructure, which leads to an increase in the cost of farming and consequently to an increase in the marginalization of arable land. During 2010–2020, the average farming distance of compensated arable land at the provincial level reached 2–7 times that of occupied arable land. However, the average farming distance of the whole arable land at the provincial level decreased by 3.82–63.88% during the same period. This contradiction is mainly due to increasing marginalization and opportunity costs resulting in arable land with high farming distance (including arable land that was compensated in the past) to be used with low intensity or even abandoned and thus identified as other land use types by remote sensing classification models. This factor outweighed that of “occupy nearby arable land while compensating farther one”, resulting in a reduction in the provincial average farming distance. Fourth, the percentage of sustainable compensated arable land in most provinces was lower than 70%. This indicated that the utilization and protection of arable land in these provinces was insufficiently implemented and monitored. Challenges along optimization of the “requisition-compensation balance policy” were discussed from two respects: data, theory and methodology and policy design and implementation. The authors argue that a more comprehensive “requisition-compensation balance policy” should be designed considering not only the quantity and productivity of arable land but also the farming distance, sustainability and ecological protection. A differentiated regulation mechanism of arable land requisition compensation in trans-provincial areas should be formulated. This study can provide guidance for optimizing the implementation of regional arable land protection and can also provide a reference for other countries to protect arable land.

Economic Value and Farmers’ Response of Chili Proliga Technology In Rembang Regency, Central Java

The study was aimed to i) analyze the economic value and feasibility of the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) analyze farmers’ responses to the introduction of chili proliga technology. The study was conducted in Rembang Regency, from August 2021 to February 2022. Two treatments were involved: i) chili farming with the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) existing chili farming. The economic value and feasibility were analyzed quantitatively by calculating i) cost of farming, ii) economic feasibility, and iii) partial analysis of technological changes. Farmers’ responses were analyzed based on i) level of understanding, ii) level of difficulty, and iii) level of willingness to adopt chili proliga technology. The study’s results showed that the introduction of chili proliga technology was able to increase profits by 392.21% with an R/C value of 2.3. The benefits obtained by farmers from technological changes received an MBCR of 3.07, meaning that every additional cost of IDR 100,000 brought an additional profit of IDR 307,000. Farmers’ responses to chili proliga technology show that i) farmers “understand” that technology ii) farmers find it easy to apply that technology, and iii) farmers are “willing to adopt” that technology.

A geospatial method for estimating the levelised cost of hydrogen production from offshore wind

This paper describes the development of a general-purpose geospatial model for assessing the economic viability of hydrogen production from offshore wind power. A key feature of the model is that it uses the offshore project's location characteristics (distance to port, water depth, distance to gas grid injection point). Learning rates are used to predict the cost of the wind farm's components and electrolyser stack replacement. The notional wind farm used in the paper has a capacity of 510 MW. The model is implemented in a geographic information system which is used to create maps of levelised cost of hydrogen from offshore wind in Irish waters. LCOH values in 2030 spatially vary by over 50% depending on location. The geographically distributed LCOH results are summarised in a multivariate production function which is a simple and rapid tool for generating preliminary LCOH estimates based on simple site input variables.

Assessment of energy production and costs associated with a massive exploitation of wind power in the North Sea

A study to assess the potential of a massive exploitation of offshore wind power in the North Sea has been performed. The study includes both a prediction of the available wind resources and the costs associated with such a large-scale exploitation of the wind power in the North Sea. The main parameters of the model are wind turbine size, average distance between the turbines (determined from area and number of turbines), as well as wind resources (i.e. mean wind speed Weibull distribution) and water depths conditioned on specific locations within the North Sea. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements, such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as costs of operation and maintenance - all as function of wind climate, rotor size, interspatial distance between the turbines and water depth. A main outcome of the study, is that exploiting an area of 180.000 km2, corresponding to about 1/3 of the North Sea, covered with 60.000 20 MW wind turbines, may in average produce electricity corresponding to the consumption of Europe at a price of 6.2 €cents/kWh (in 2020 prices). Furthermore, more energy could actually be captured by installing the wind turbines closer to each other. As an example, doubling the average power by installing more wind turbines on the same area will increase the levelized cost of energy from 6.2 €cent/kWh to 10.1 €cent/kWh. Still, this may be relevant in case of scarcity of suitable sites for a massive exploration.

Interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes on the growth performance, blood health, and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Diet composition and frequency of feeding are significant elements affecting the feeding cost and revenue of fish farming. Hence, this study evaluated the interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes on the growth performance, blood health, intestinal histology, and economic efficiency of Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated into eight groups with triplicate glass aquaria; four groups received 30% protein, and four were fed on a 25% protein feed. Fish fed on 30% or 25% protein daily or after one, two, or three days. After one, two, or three days of feeding with 30% or 25% protein feed, fish were starved in a cycling fasting refeeding regime for 60 days. After this trial, no significant (P > 0.05) differences were found between tilapia refed 30% protein after three days and that fed on 25% protein continuously in terms of the growth performance and feed conversion ratio. Dietary protein levels, cyclical fasting and refeeding, and their interaction were significant (P < 0.05) factors on the lipase, alpha-amylase, and protease activity. The intestine of Nile tilapia showed normal histological structures, while the liver showed normal hepatocytes in the fish groups fed on 30% or 25% dietary protein daily or after one or two days. Tilapia refed 30% protein after one, two, and three days as well as those fed 25% protein daily or after one day had similar red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobulin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) levels. The interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes were significant (P < 0.05) factors in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were markedly higher in tilapia-fed on dietary 25% protein after one, two, or three days than in the remaining groups. Tilapia fed on dietary 25% protein daily or after one or two days had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than those refed on dietary 30% after one, two, or three days. The economic efficiency recorded the highest value in tilapia fed on 30% protein daily (30%) without significant differences (P > 0.05) with those fed 25% dietary protein daily (28.23%) or after one day (27.44%). In summary, the results stated that Nile tilapia fasted and refed after one day with 30% could show compensated growth without interrupting the feed utilization and health status. Further, cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein (25% or 30%) regimes are economically feasible strategies for tilapia production.

Genome-wide association screening and MassARRAY for detection of high-temperature resistance-related SNPs and genes in a hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂) based on super genotyping-by-sequencing

High seawater temperatures in summer often lead to high mortality in farmed abalone, which greatly increases the cost of farming. The hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂, DF), is one of the main varieties of abalone cultured in Fujian Province, China, to resist the high temperature. In this study, the high-temperature resistance of DF abalones was assessed under 28 °C - 32 °C. 31 °C was applied in the subsequent screening experiments of high-temperature resistant individuals. A total of 614,321 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified via super genotyping-by-sequencing (S-GBS), and 69 SNPs involved in 42 candidate genes were identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS). In addition, according to gene functional annotation, the locus with the lowest P value was screened within the threshold range (−log10P = 4.98296). The genotyping was verified by Sequenom MassARRAY, and 7 SNPs were proved to be related to high temperature resistance in DF population of 100 individuals. 7 candidate genes (fabp, e3rglg4, rgs2, tanc2x6, osbp1, arsb, and uch1) were identified near these SNPs. Finally, these candidate genes were further proved to be associated with the high-temperature resistance trait of DF by the analysis of differential expression genes between sensitive and tolerant individuals. These candidate genes involved regulatory mechanisms such as cell stability, protein repair, lipid metabolism and immune regulation. Notably, the mechanism by which the e3rglg4 gene was involved in the degradation of abnormally folded proteins of abalone under heat stress, corroborating the reliability of the results of GWAS and Sequenom MassARRA. These results complement the shortage of molecular markers for heat resistance of hybrid abalone, provide a reference for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and accelerate the development of heat-resistant abalone varieties.

Genetic parameters of husk spot resistance in macadamia breeding families

Husk spot caused by the Pseudocercospora macadamiae fungus induces premature abscission of fruit in many industry standard macadamia cultivars. Fungicides and other management strategies add to farm costs, thus breeding for varietal resistance is important. Genetic parameters of husk spot symptom expression had not previously been estimated. To guide selection methods for field resistance, over 300 open-pollinated seedlings of 32 families and 24 parent genotypes were inoculated, and seven symptom expression traits were evaluated. Narrow-sense and broad-sense heritabilities were estimated, breeding values were predicted, and correlations between breeding values of trait pairs were tested for significance. The traits with the highest heritabilities were necrotic lesion number per fruit (H2 = 0.41–0.59; h2 = 0.21–0.30) and necrotic incidence (H2 = 0.19–0.27; h2 = 0.17–0.24). Breeding values of the two traits were highly correlated (r = 0.98; p < 0.001), suggesting that either trait could be used to indirectly select for the other. All genotypes expressed symptoms to some degree, however, breeding values for necrotic traits and symptom-induced premature abscission were low for clones and progeny of cultivar ‘HAES791’. Necrotic trait breeding values were also promising for progeny of cultivar ‘HAES246’ and clones of Australian Macadamia Breeding Program elite selection, ‘BAM263’. Having been identified as potentially partially resistant, these selections can now be further evaluated and used as parents of new progeny populations.

Development of IoT Cloud-based Platform for Smart Farming in the Sub-saharan Africa with Implementation of Smart-irrigation as Test-Case

UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs predicted that the world population will increase by 2 billion in 2050 with over 50% from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Considering the level of poverty and food insecurity in the region, there is an urgent need for a sustainable increase in agricultural produce. However, farming approach in the region is primarily traditional. Traditional farming is characterized by high labor costs, low production, and under/oversupply of farm inputs. All these factors make farming unappealing to many. The use of digital technologies such as broadband, Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud computing, and Big Data Analytics promise improved returns on agricultural investments and could make farming appealing even to the youth. However, initial cost of smart farming could be high. Therefore, development of a dedicated IoT cloud-based platform is imperative. Then farmers could subscribe and have their farms managed on the platform. It should be noted that majority of farmers in SSA are smallholders who are poor, uneducated, and live in rural areas but produce about 80% of the food. They majorly use 2G phones, which are not internet enabled. These peculiarities must be factored into the design of any functional IoT platform that would serve this group. This paper presents the development of such a platform, which was tested with smart irrigation of maize crops in a testbed. Besides the convenience provided by the smart system, it recorded irrigation water saving of over 36% compared to the control method which demonstrates how irrigation is done traditionally.

Optimal design of offshore wind power farm in high resolution using geographical information system

This study presents a novel optimization-based framework for the design of offshore wind power farms (OWFs). In the framework, the characteristics of the OWF facilities are decided. Then, feasible locations for installing the facilities are identified by utilizing geographical information system (GIS). Finally, a MIFP optimization model is formulated for micro-siting of turbines and offshore substations, cable routes, and grid connection, by minimizing levelized cost of electricity. A case study is performed in Jeju Island, South Korea. The unit capital cost of the resulting optimal OWF design in Jeju Island is estimated as 2.3 MM$/MW, which is at par with existing and planned OWFs. Scenario analyses are performed to examine the effect of the spatiotemporal resolution of the model on the optimized design and cost of the wind farm. Moreover, a stochastic programming formulation is proposed to address the wind uncertainties and the resulting design shows improved or equal economics.

AUDIT PROCEDURE FOR POULTRY COSTS

The article fully covers the accounting of production costs in poultry farms and the procedure for their audit.

Location and turbine parameter selection for offshore wind power maximization

Offshore wind turbines can capture more wind than onshore because of their larger structure and location. This higher yield even fails to reduce the high installation and maintenance cost of an offshore wind farm (OWF). Appropriate turbine parameters and installation site selection may maximize the power generation which is a way to trade off these costs. Knowing the wind thrust force, air density, and power coefficient beforehand can help select an appropriate site for turbine location. Once the site is selected, the optimal value of turbine variables such as height and radius can contribute to higher power yield. In this paper, a MINLP (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programing) model is formulated with these important variables and the optimal values of these variables are determined to maximize the annual power production ([Formula: see text]) from offshore wind farm. The estimated power production, [Formula: see text], is calculated using two methods, mathematical programing method and simulation method. Computational result indicates that mathematical programing method is time consuming but more accurate whereas the accuracy of simulation method is proportional to the number of iterations. Although the result of a simulation can be improved to some extent, it cannot be as accurate as mathematical modeling for this study. These study results have great impact on the managerial decision and long range strategic and technical planning for maximizing power generation from an offshore wind farm.

Skala Produksi Jagung (Zea mays spp) Di Kecamatan Gunung Sugih Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Corn is one type of food crop that has high economic value. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost and income of corn farming, to analyze the factors that influence corn production, to analyze the economies of scale for corn farming in Gunung Sugih District. This research was conducted in Gunung Sugih District, Central Lampung Regency. The sampling method uses probability sampling with 32 respondents. The data analysis method used is income analysis, analysis of production factors with the Cobb-Douglas production function and the level of business scale (return to scale). Based on the results of the analysis it is known that the average income of corn farming is IDR 10,148,235.09/ha. Production factors that significantly influence corn production in Gunung Sugih District are land area (X1) and seeds (X2). Corn farming activities are at the level of business scale in field II (constant return to scale), which means that if the use of production factors is added, it will result in an increase in production in the same proportion as the input allocation.