Farm Expenditure Research Articles

Divergent Cooperative Memberships. Exploring the Determinants. A Case Study of Poultry Farming Households in Southwest Nigeria

This study examines the determinants of differential cooperative membership among poultry farming households in Oyo State. A multistage sampling technique was employed to randomly select 210 poultry farmers; 101 Cooperators and 109 Non-cooperators, using well-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, T-test, Variance inflation factor, and stepwise multivariate regression are employed in data analysis. The study reveals that an ample proportion of the farmers are still within their productive age. Also, Farmers age, credit access, output level, and household non-food expenditure positively determines cooperative membership but negatively determined by paid labour, and marriage. Regarding differential cooperative memberships; formal education, age, and farm expenditure positively influences multipurpose cooperative membership but negatively influenced by gender and output level. Primary occupation, food expenditure, and paid labour, positively determined producer cooperative membership but negatively determined by farm expenditure, formal education, age, and household size while, primary occupation, and non-food expenditure positively determines marketing cooperative membership but negatively determined by paid labour, and farm expenditure. Farmers age, primary occupation, Non-food, and farming expenditure negatively determines consumer cooperative membership but positively determined by household size. Finding based policy options are inferred.

Impilikasi Kapitalisme Ekonomi Pada Petani Melayu Perkebunan Kopi Rakyat di Sumatera Selatan

Modern economic capitalism has long engulfed smallholders in rural coffee plantations in South Sumatra. Intangibly, capitalism is always neatly wrapped up in goodness with many interests. The meaning of goodness here, how doers of economic capitalism with the spirit of morality have succeeded in deceiving coffee plantations farmers to become melted and obedient.
 This research is to find out the impact experienced by coffee plantation farmers who consciously form conflicts of interest and power. And the extent of the government's role in saving coffee farmers from the snares of dependency and hegemony of poverty. The field study was conducted in response to the behaviors and habits of the informants and the local culture that was observed on an ongoing basis. Then analyzed with descriptive qualitative methods based on the semantic relationship between variables.
 The results of the study prove that poverty that occurs in coffee farmers due to various factors, such as; historical elements as a result of colonial-feudalism, financial-industrial and technological-industrial dependency that made poor farmers helpless. Farmer expenditure, which was originally subsistence life, is increasingly in the form of money. No wonder consumerism is rampant and has become a new culture in rural communities. Increased habit of indebted to coffee bean collectors because of increasing population and economic pressure due to the inability of coffee farmers to adapt to the buying and selling economy. Where debt payments are made in installments when there is a coffee harvest with a longer payment term. Finally, the transformation of interests has succeeded in initiating the idea of ??mastering the economy of coffee farmers on moral and ethical ties for the values ??of the welfare of farmers who are hereditary and empowered for generations.

Contribution of Agroforestry Plants to Farmers' Income and Welfare

The people who live adjacent to Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman depend their lives on land management in the block utilization of Tahura with the agroforestry system. This system is implemented with different plant compositions so that the effect on income is different. This study aims to determine the composition of agroforestry plants that provide the highest income and welfare level for farmers. The study was conducted in 2017 in Sidodadi Village, Pesawaran District, which borders Tahura Wan Abdul Rahman. The variables analyzed consisted of revenue and production costs in the management of agroforestry, farmer expenditure and the number of family member. The results obtained from the 7 plant compositions identified, composition II with the main plants of banana and cacao and other types of plants are clove, chili, areca nut, soursop, mango, rambutan, durian, coconut, pecan, duku, jengkol, petai, avocado, nutmeg , breadfruit, sugar palm, bayur and cempaka; provide the highest income with an average income of Rp. 21,640,777/family/year but this income is still in a sufficient category and is only limited to meeting basic needs. It is the composition of plants that are most widely used by the community.Keywords: agroforestry, income, plant composition, welfare

Factors Contributing to Rural Household Consumption Expenditure of Farmers Cultivating Legumes in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Factors Contributing to Rural Household Consumption Expenditure of Farmers Cultivating Legumes in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

Comparison of milk production and herd characteristics in New Zealand herds milked once or twice a day

To attract and retain quality staff, dairy farming must be competitive with industries offering conventional work hours. Full-lactation once-a-day (OAD) milking can improve staff working conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the characteristics of OAD herds relative to a peer group of herds milked twice-a-day (TAD). Data were sourced from the Dairy Industry Good Animal Database, pairing OAD and TAD herds within 25 km, 20% herd size, and 14 days of planned start of calving. Aggregated data from these herds were extracted for the dairy production years 2007–2008 through 2015–2016. In 2015–2016, 9% of all herds tested in New Zealand were milked full-lactation OAD. Results are presented from –4 to 4 years, with 0 as the year of switching to OAD. Results indicated that herds adopting full-lactation OAD milking experienced an 11% decrease in total farm milksolid (MS; fat kg + protein kg) production (kg MS/herd) in Year 0 but, by Year 3, the prior level of production was regained. However, OAD herds remained 11% behind their TAD peer group, due to both OAD and TAD herds increasing production at a rate of 2171 kg MS/year in Years 0–4. The annual herd replacement rate was 20% for both groups. Differences also included a higher 6-week calving rate (82% TAD, 87% OAD), and a divergence in herd breed, with an increase in Jersey and a decrease in Holstein–Friesian genetics for the OAD herds from Year –2. Cows in OAD herds were less likely to be removed due to not being pregnant, but more likely to be removed due to low production or udder health. Milking interval × year interactions were significant for milk volume and liveweight breeding values, with OAD herds having lower values at Year 4. The main conclusion is that to retain an equivalent level of profitability, farm expenditure must be permanently reduced on the adoption of OAD by the initial production decrease multiplied by the long-term milk price. Farmers considering OAD should evaluate the trade-off between the ability to decrease costs to offset any decreased production and impacts on labour and/or lifestyle.

A Comparative Case of the Implications of Various Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh, India, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

This article is a synthesis of literature on cross-country experiences on the strategies for adapting to climate change in Southeast Asia (Bangladesh and India) and Southern Africa (South Africa and Zimbabwe). The article shows that each selected country employs unique measures for adapting to climate change. In Bangladesh the specific strategies for adapting to climate change include the establishment of kinship and extended family ties to assist in difficult times. Other strategies include diversification from the seasonal crop and perennial crop, provision of micro-finance, and adoption of non-farm income generating projects. The adaptation strategies in India include the establishment of farmer groups—examples of such groups are the self-help groups (SHG), the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA), the Pradhan Mantri Gram Rojgaar Yojana (PMGRY), and Public Distribution System (PDS). In South Africa the adaptation measures include rationalising farm expenditure, changing of planting and harvesting dates, water conservation, planting drought-tolerant crops, and agricultural insurance. In Zimbabwe, farmers are adopting conservation agriculture, moving to regions with more rainfall, and investing in irrigation. The essential lessons for climate change adaptation from the countries studied showed that there is a need to rationalise farm inputs, adopt early maturing crop varieties, plant drought-tolerant crops, sound water management practices, and conserving the soil. Equally important is the need to conserve the water bodies, diversify effective weather forecasting, and use of early warning systems.

Analysis of Relationship Cost with Household Food Security of Farmers in Padang City

This study aims to (1) determine the proportion of food cost to total household expenditure of farmers in Padang according to income groups, (2) determine the level of consumption of food (energy and protein) household farmers in Padang based on income level and (3) analyze conditions of household food security of farmers in Padang according to the income group. This research using survey method, whereas the data used includes primary and secondary data. Secondary data was obtained from the results of publications and information related to food security, while primary data was obtained through direct interviews with household members of farmers. The number of research samples was 60 households. Data analysis was done by disaggregation of household groups into low, medium and high groupings.

Gender Dis-Aggregated Off-Farm Earnings And Effect On Farm Expenses: Evidence From Rural Ghana

This study looks at the gender dimension of the effect of off-farm incomes on farm expenses. Previous analyses of the effect of off-farm earnings have used the unitary household approach and ignored the intra-household gender and bargaining features. Using cross-sectional data from rural Ghana, we estimate censored regression models to explain the effect of gender dis-aggregated off-farm earnings on farm expenditures. Separate models are estimated for male and female non-farm earnings using instrumental variable Tobit models and two-part models. The dependent variable in the regressions is the logarithm of chemical input expenditure. To account for the endogeneity of off-farm incomes for both spouses, the literacy level of each spouse and the average off-farm earnings of the neighbours are used as instruments. Empirical results show that while males' off-farm earnings lead to increased farm expenditures for both commercial and non-commercial households, female non-farm earnings positively affects farm input expenses for commercial households only. The results indicate that when male heads in farm households access off-farm income, higher farm input expenditures occur. Apart from confirming income non-pooling among the sampled households, the analysis also supports the rationale that the spouse that controls income dictates the patterns of spending and this is potentially detrimental for farm productivity particularly for non-commercial households. A key takeaway is that, promoting rural off-farm income projects, though they may increase overall household income, may not have the effect of increasing agricultural productivity if households are non-commercial and women dominate off-farm activities. However, if non-commercial households can be nudged toward greater production, the off-farm incomes of both spouses would contribute to greater farm input expenditure and hence greater productivity in agriculture.

Socio-economic status and expenditure pattern of the organic farmers of selected agro-climatic zones of northern Karnataka versus conventional farmers

Socio-economic status (SES) is a measure of a family’s economic and social position in the society. Sociologists often use socio-economic status as a means of predicting quality of life. The present study was conducted in three agro climatic zones of northern Karnataka with a sample size of each 150 organic and conventional farmers, thus comprising of total of 300 samples. The results revealed that the socio-economic status of the organic farmers was higher as compared to conventional farmers. The farm expenditure grabbed the lion’s share in the total family income expenditure followed by food. All the selected respondents under the study were able to make minimum savings from their earnings and none of the families was not free of loans, however, the percentage was meagre.

The effects of off‐farm work on fertilizer and pesticide expenditures in China

AbstractThis study examines the effects of participation in off‐farm work on farm expenditures on fertilizer and pesticide, using farm household survey data from China. Simple mean value comparisons reveal no statistically significant differences in fertilizer and pesticide expenditures between off‐farm work participants and nonparticipants. However, econometric estimation with a treatment effects model shows a negative selection bias. After controlling for this bias, the empirical results show that participation in off‐farm work exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on fertilizer and pesticide expenditures. Our findings generally suggest that the income effect of off‐farm work stimulates agricultural production by increasing investments in productivity‐enhancing inputs.

The Impact of Bank Branching Deregulations on the U.S. Agricultural Sector

We demonstrate how states that lifted restrictions on interstate bank expansions, thereby improving access to cheaper credit, experienced increased farm sales and net farm income. In our empirical analysis, we use nationwide county‐level data from 1970 through 2001 and a difference‐in‐differences econometric framework, exploiting only within‐state variation in banking deregulation, to distinguish the effect of an increase in bank competition from potential confounding factors. By including region‐by‐year fixed effects in our econometric equation, we compare changes in farm sales and expenditures in states that lift restrictions on interstate banking to changes in states that do not lift such restrictions within the same census region. Our estimates indicate that county‐level farm sales increase by about 3.4% and county‐level net farm income rises by $1.57 million (in 1982 dollars) after a state deregulates its banking sector by allowing interstate bank expansion. We also find evidence that farm expenditures, in particular expenditures on feed, fuel, machine and equipment rental, as well as interest payments, grew as a result of the banking deregulation. The positive impacts on farm sales, net income, and interest payments are larger in metropolitan counties than in rural counties, consistent with the notion that interstate bank entry following deregulation was concentrated in larger metropolitan markets, leading to a greater reduction in the cost of credit in those areas.

ANALISIS CURAHAN KERJA RUMAH TANGGA PETANI PADA USAHATANI PADI DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA

<div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xd pg-1h3 pg-1yd pg-1ff3 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0"><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xd pg-1h3 pg-1y20 pg-1ff4 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0">Farmers’ household in the village involve in many activities both farming and non-farming activities. This involvement affect the time allocation for farming, which in turn will have impacts to the household income. Therefore, there is a need to study the time allocation pattern of farmers, non-farming job opportunities and other factors that affect the working time allocation, income and farmers’ household expenditures. The research question are: (1) how the work flow patterns in the allocation of household farmers in rice production area and why rice productivity is low? (2) whether job opportunities in non farm business influence the flow of work in farming and what factors affect the flow of work, household income and farmers expenditure?. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the working time allocation, income, and expenditure of farmers in the rice production area. The research was conducted in Sigi, Central Sulawesi Province on December 2015 – Pebruary 2016, using cross sectional data in the household based economic approach applying a model of simultaneous equations. The results showed that non-farm activities have played important roles in the rural economy, especially domestic rice farmer household. They are not only contribute to household income but also in to working time allocation. In terms of the working time allocation, farmesr do more non-farm activities than paddy farming activities. Male household members’working time allocation is the highest activities compared to the female household members in the farm or non farm. Meanwhile, in terms of income, the contribution to farmers' income from non-farm is greater than from farm. Food consumption is the highest expenditure in the farmer household.</div></div>

Agricultural Indebtedness in Andhra Pradesh

One of the perennial evils prevailing in the Indian agrarian economy has been the rural indebtedness. The Indian farmer who is traditionally poor resorts to loans not only to meet the expenditure on his farming but also on his family. He has been borrowing from whatever source available and due to various reasons the farmer is not in position to repay the loan. The debt gets accumulated and he is trapped into indebtedness. The agricultural indebtedness was growing steadily and assumed serious proposition which caused grave concern to the farmers and administrators. In order to examine the indebtedness, the study was undertaken in three districts of Andhrapradesh namely Guntur, kadapa and Warangal representing three regions of Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected from 180 farmers through personal interview method. The magnitude of the debt has increased with increase in size of land holding and average debt of sample farmers was V, 95, 700. Debt asset ratio was high with 1.67 on small farms compared to medium and large farms. Nearly 71.8 per cent of total debt was incurred for productive purpose and 28.2 percent for consumption purpose. Crop loan accounted for 57.75 percent of total productive debt followed by other purposes. Source wise debt revealed that 54 per cent of total debt was owed to non institutional agencies and 46 per cent to institutional agencies. Crop failure, high cost of cultivation dependence on private agencies high interest rates inadequate irrigation facilities, low income, inadequate marketing facilities are reasons for the indebtedness as expressed by the sample farmers. Regression analysis revealed that farm expenditure was found to be positively influencing the indebtedness in all size groups of farmers. Various aspects of credit provided by both public and private sources revealed that accessibility to institutional credit was very limited particularly in case of small farms. Provision of adequate irrigation facilities, enhancement of crop loan component, provision of market finance, suitable legislations for curbing the activities of moneylenders and enactment of comprehensive and fool proof of Agricultural indebetness Act are some of the measures suggested to tackle the problem of Agricultural indebtedness.

Level of Income, Expenditure Behaviour and Poverty among Farming Community in Rural Bihar

During the mature green revolution period, i.e., 1980s the trends of agricultural sector shows a favourable growth in Bihar as compared to some major state even. However, increasing costs and declining farm income of the farming community in Bihar is not enough to cater to their farm and domestic expenditure, and hence a lot of people migrated from the state for the livelihood survive. Still Bihar is the one of the poorest state in the countryside, even a big hope for agriculture development. The present study examined the income, expenditure pattern and its distribution with poverty prevailing among the different farm size categories in rural areas of Bihar. A significant variation in the income and expenditure level of different farm-size categories was observed. It shows the underdevelopment of the state, where more than 60 per cent of the expenditure occurred on the non-durable items for the farmers. The small farmers were left with no amount of surplus compared to the larger farmers. It is a pity that about 64 per cent of the average farmers were below the poverty line in the state during 2010–11. Ensuring effective distribution, allocation and implementation of various welfare schemes in order to brace the smaller farmers is a matter of prime concern and if left unattended will drag the economy of Bihar towards ambiguous development, where there is only one source of income in the absence of industries and other sectors as well.

Impact of Energy Price Variability on Global Fertilizer Price: Application of Alternative Volatility Models

This study evaluates the effects of volatility in crude oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer price variations. Specifically, the study looks at the mean and volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on both mean and volatility changes in fertilizer prices. Both symmetric models [GARCH (1, 1)] and asymmetric models [GJR (1, 1)] were used to model volatility in fertilizer prices and to evaluate the effects of the volatility over different time periods using Bai-Perron structural break tests. The results show that changes in oil and natural gas prices increased fertilizer prices after the crisis period, during June 2007 to June 2008. Both the ARCH and GARCH had significant effects on fertilizer prices, suggesting that the volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer prices were also significant. Furthermore, the maximum impact of higher energy prices depends on triple superphosphate and diammonium phosphate (DAP) leading to higher production costs and consequent increase in total farm expenditures for crop producers. These higher production costs invariably have a negative effect on farm profitability, thus reducing the investment levels in the farm sector.

Impact of Energy Price Variability on Global Fertilizer Price: Application of Alternative Volatility Models

This study evaluates the effects of volatility in crude oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer price variations. Specifically, the study looks at the mean and volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on both mean and volatility changes in fertilizer prices. Both symmetric models [GARCH (1, 1)] and asymmetric models [GJR (1, 1)] were used to model volatility in fertilizer prices and to evaluate the effects of the volatility over different time periods using Bai-Perron structural break tests. The results show that changes in oil and natural gas prices increased fertilizer prices after the crisis period, during June 2007 to June 2008. Both the ARCH and GARCH had significant effects on fertilizer prices, suggesting that the volatility effects of oil and natural gas prices on fertilizer prices were also significant. Furthermore, the maximum impact of higher energy prices depends on triple superphosphate and diammonium phosphate (DAP) leading to higher production costs and consequent increase in total farm expenditures for crop producers. These higher production costs invariably have a negative effect on farm profitability, thus reducing the investment levels in the farm sector.

Employment and income pattern of different farming systems in Western Maharashtra

Indian agriculture is known for its multi-functionalities of providing employment, livelihood, food, nutrient and ecological securities. The income from cropping alone on small and marginal farms is hardly sufficient to sustain the farmer's family with the decline in farm size (0.15 ha. /person) due to explosion of population and this situation gets further weakened due to failure of monsoon. The farmer, has to be assured of a regular income for a satisfactory living (above the poverty line), a judicious mix of any one or more enterprises with agronomic crops ensures better farm income. Therefore, in the present study, comparative economics of various farming systems have been workout for ascertaining the sustainability of most profitable one. The three widely adopted farming systems were selected for the study viz., I) Crops only, II) Crops + Livestock, III) Crops + Livestock + Horticulture crops. The two districts viz., Ahmednagar and Solapur were selected purposively. In Ahmednagar district, Sangamner tahsil was selected as irrigated tahsil and Pathardi tahsil was selected as rainfed tahsil. While from Solapur district, Pandharpur as irrigated tahsil and Sangola, as rainfed tahsil were selected. From each tahsil, three villages were selected, randomly and from each village, 15 farmers were selected in such way that, 5 farmers from each farming system (F.S.I-Crops only, F.S.II-Crops + livestock, and F.S.III- Crops + livestock + horticulture) were get selected. As such, 180 sample farmers were selected randomly for the study. The primary data were collected by survey method from the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedules for the year 2007-08. The comparative picture of the employment pattern showed that, the employments generated were more in irrigated region as compared with the rainfed region because in irrigated region, irrigated crops such as sugarcane, wheat, fodder etc. required more labours. The own farm employment was more in farming system-III of irrigated region. In all the farming systems owned and hired male-female played significant role in crop production activity as compared to other activities of production. The per farm income pattern indicated that, the total income in farming system- II was double than the farming system-I, while total income of farming system- III was four fold than that of farming system- I. The total income from farming system- I (crop production activity) was very less as compared to farming system- II and III. The item wise income indicated that, the more than 50 per cent income was derived from crop production in farming system- I and II, while in farming system- III, more than 50 per cent income was derived from horticulture and in the farming system- I, 31.52 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity but in farming system- II and III, correspondingly, just 3.09 and 1.79 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity. This has indicated that farming system-I, depends more on other than farm business activity as compared to farming system- II and III. In expenditure pattern, out of the total expenditure more than 70 per cent was the farm expenditure in all the farming systems. The expenditure on crop production was the major expenditure in farming system- I and II, while expenditure on horticulture was major expenditure in farming system- III. The region wise total expenditure was more in irrigated region than the rainfed region. The economic sustainability depends on profitable enterprises, family saving and the family debt. The sustainable farm income means the annual income from farm activities which meets the annual expenditures of farm and family and remains surplus to the farm family for saving or repayment of debt. The region wise sustainable farm income indicated that, farming system- II and III, were having the sustainable farm incomes in both the regions. But farming system- I of irrigated and rainfed region could not meet their requirements on the basis of their farm business income i.e., income from crop production activity alone. They experienced a deficit in income. It means farmers of farming system-II and III of both regions were having sustainable farm income. But the farming system- I was not having sustainable farm income. After adding the income from other sources, farmers in farming system-I, had sustainable farm income, in both the regions. Therefore, the income from other sources (wages, service and business etc.) was the only factor, which helped them to become sustainable.

Vegetable Production, Livelihood Diversification and Employment Generation in Oyo State, Nigeria

The study examined the importance of vegetable production on incomes, with a view to enhancing livelihood diversification and employment generation in farming communities in Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 100 vegetable farmers from 10 local government areas in Oyo State. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and the multiple regression model. The results revealed that vegetable farmers were relatively young with a mean age of 41.9 years, highly educated with only 11% not having formal education and had a farming experience of 11.2 years on the average. Family sizes averaged 5.8 while mean farm size was 2.6 ha. The cost analysis shows that gross margin to enterprise was N472,322.56 with a net income of N454,564.72. The internal rate of return was 2.33 while the benefit-cost ration was 3.33. The major determinants of net farm income from vegetable production were educational level of farmers, experience in farming, farm size and total farm expenditure. The study concluded that while vegetable farming could be a major enterprise to diversifying livelihood opportunities among smallholder farmers it also presents opportunities for attracting the young and educated unemployed if cultivable lands, inputs, credit and social overheads that will make the farming communities liveable are provided.

Social and economic benefits of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) cultivation in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka: An analysis of the impact, its determinants and constraints

The study measured social and economic benefits accrued from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) cultivation in relation with constraints faced by cashew farmers in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. An ‘ex-post-facto cause to effect’ design was used and findings indicated that most cashew farmers derived moderate socio-economic benefits particularly with high social benefits in comparison to low economic benefits. High levels of social participation, extension participation, mass media exposure and opinion leadership were measured among majority of the farmers practicing cashew cultivation. Impact on cropping pattern, labour engagement and farm expenditure were found to be low while increase in family incomes and expenditure were reported. The regression analysis revealed that four personal variables, viz. the age of cashew farmer, years of experience in farming, cosmopoliteness and distance of cashew plot from home and one economic variable, i.e. importance given to cashew cultivation as exerting a significant positive contribution towards explaining the variability in socio-economic impact. The variables used in the study could together explain up to 67% variability in socio-economic impact. The stepwise regression model developed to predict socio-economic impact explained up to 68% of the variation in socioeconomic impact using the predictors; importance given to cashew (X1), years of experience in farming (X2), cosmopoliteness (X3), distance of cashew plot from home (X4), extension participation (X5), land used for other crops (X6) and net income from cashew farming (X7). The study revealed major constraints faced by farmers like poor price quoted by traders and the price fluctuations for raw cashew nut, scarcity of of hired labourers, incidence of tea mosquito bug owing to crop loss and death of yielding trees due to cashew stem and root borer attack.

Sustainable farm income of different farming systems in Western Maharashtra

The per farm income pattern indicated that, the total income in Farming system(FS)-II was double than the FS-I, while total income of FS-III was four fold than that of FS-I. The total income from FS-I (crop production activity) was very less as compared to FS-II and FS-III. The itemwise income indicated that, the more than 50 per cent income was derived from crop production in FS-I and FS-II, while in FS-III, more than 50 per cent income was derived from horticulture and in the farming system-I, 31.52 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity but in FS-II and FS-III, correspondingly, just 3.09 and 1.79 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity. This has indicated that FS-I, depends more on other than farm business activity as compared to FS-II and FS-III. In expenditure pattern, out of the total expenditure more than 70 percent was the farm expenditure in all the farming systems. The expenditure on crop production was the major expenditure in FS-I and FS-II, while expenditure on horticulture was major expenditure in FS-III. The regionwise total expenditure was higher in irrigated region than the rainfed region.