Farm Household Income Research Articles

Pengembangan Agroindustri Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian Kelompok Wanitatani di Kecamatan Kediri Kabupaten Lombok Barat

The income of farm households that rely on the cultivation subsystem has so far been relatively low, so it is necessary to look for additional income such as processing agricultural products such as chilies and tomatoes which are easily damaged. Montong Are Village, Kediri District, has the potential to produce chilies and tomatoes, which when the main harvest prices fall, so it requires yield processing technology that can be obtained from training activities which are part of community service activities. The objectives of this activity are to: (1) increase the knowledge, skills and attitudes of women farming in agricultural product processing activities through training, (2) increase the quantity and quality of processed agricultural products, and (3) produce scientific publications. The target group is a member of a women's group of 30 people from 3 groups in Montong Are Village, Kediri District. The method used in community service activities is participatory based training where women farmers will be actively involved in every activity. Implementation of activities includes: outreach, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), training, and practice of processing agricultural products. The results of the training showed that there was an increase in knowledge for training with chili processing material by 50.45% and for training with tomato processing material there was an increase of 52.25%. In general, there was an increase in the volume of processed chili (sambal clove) and tomato sauce production, although it was not significant because at the time of activity, the production of chili and tomatoes was not much and the price was still high enough that it was not urgent to process them into processed chili/sambal and tomato sauce products. Later, if production is abundant and prices fall, processing of agricultural products, especially chilies and tomatoes, can be carried out.

Coping strategies in mitigating covid-19 pandemic’s effect on farming household income in Osun state, Nigeria

Income of farming households with low socio-economic status is a task in emerging nations, rural parts of Nigeria inclusive. In connection with this, the entrance of Covid-19 pandemic posed a grave risk to the economy of the households. This study, therefore, investigate the coping strategies in mitigating Covid-19 pandemic’s effect on the farming households’ income. Data for the paper were collected from 150 farming household heads, through multistage sampling method, with the use of interview scheduled and analysed using appropriate statistics. The findings showed that many (57.3%) of the respondents were male. The widely practiced coping strategies during the pandemic were rationed spending (=2.63), job diversification (=2.40), reduction in hired labour (=2.36), household food rationing (=2.28) among others. There is substantial relationship between household size (r = 0.075, p = 0.003), annual income (r = 0.033, p = 0.004) and coping strategies practiced at p≤0.005. It was concluded that the pandemic had great effect on the income of the farming household. The study recommends formulation of necessary, effective and urgent policies for assisting and generating fresh employments and revenue producing prospects for affected households.

Struktur Pendapatan dan Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Petani Jeruk Manis di Kecamatan Raya Kabupaten Simalungun

The purpose of this study was to determine the income structure and welfare of sweet orange farmer households. This research was conducted in Raya District, Simalungun Regency. The method used in this study was a survey method with a total of 57 farmers taken as respondents using a purposive sampling method, namely farmers who have productive citrus plants. Based on the results of household income analysis, it shows that the average household income of sweet orange farmers is Rp 42,897,107/cultivated area/year. The structure of household income for sweet orange farmers comes from the sweet orange farming sector (68.46%), non-sweet orange farming (19.33%) and non-agriculture (12.21%). The welfare level of sweet orange farmer households based on 7 BPS indicators is in the prosperous category (91.23%).

Quantifying the Income-Increasing Effect of Digital Agriculture: Take the New Agricultural Tools of Smartphone as an Example.

Smartphones are increasingly used in rural areas and have become indispensable new farming tools in farmers' production and their lives. Based on data from the 2018 China Household Tracking Survey, this study uses ordinary least squares regression with two-stage least squares as a benchmark regression to investigate the impact of the extent of smartphone use on farm household income. Our findings are as follows. ① The degree of use of new smartphone farming tools has a significant income-increasing effect on farm households. ② There is variability in the impact of the use of new smartphone farming tools on the income of farmers in different regions. The highest income-generating effects on the use of smartphone tools were found in the western region, followed by the eastern region, with the smallest effects found in the central region. ③ Low-income farmers have the highest income effects from using new smartphone farming tools. We therefore recommend further improving the digital infrastructure in rural areas to give full play to the driving force of digital technology.

Impact of Soil Conservation on Household Income in East Wollega, H/G/ Wollaga and West Shawa Zones of Oromia Region

Land degradation in many third world countries threatens the livelihood of millions of people and constrains the ability of countries to develop a healthy agricultural and natural resource base. This study was conducted to explore Impact of Soil Conservation on Household Income in East Wollega, H/G/ Wollaga and West Shawa Zones of Oromia Region. In this study, three-stage sampling procedure was used to select six districts, tuwelve kebeles and 252 specific sample farm households. Descriptive and econometric analyses were employed. This study has been designed with objective of to assess the impacts of the SWC on yields and farmers’ income, to assess community perception towards the ongoing SWC interventions. and to identify constraints and opportunities on SWC practices in the study area. The analysis is based on the data collected from randomly selected 252 farm households in western Ethiopia. a propensity score matching method for impact analysis to avoid bias arising from possible self-selection. The descriptive analysis showed that, out of the 252 household heads, in the study area the average farm size of the respondents was fragmented into 3.36 parcel, each with average 2.26 hectares. In the sampled area, 13.3%, 57.8%, 14.8%, and 14.1% of the interviewed farmers has been built SWC structures on cultivated land by SLM programme, by campaign, with their family and through both (campaign and family) respectively. The results obtained through a propensity score matching method was 7931.3 Ethiopian Birr net on household income of farmers increase for adopters as compared to non-adopters.

Kontribusi usahatani sayuran katuk (Sauropus androgynus(l).merr ) terhadap pendapatan petani di Desa Lubuk Rengas Kabupaten Banyuasin

This study aims to determine the amount of costs incurred and income received by farmers in farming and how much the contribution of farming to household income of farmers in Lubuk Rengas Village, Rantau Bayur District, Banyuasin Regency. The research location was determined purposively (purposive) with the consideration that this location is one of the areas that carry out katuk vegetable farming activities using the intercropping method on chili plants. The sampling method was carried out by simple random sampling (simple random method) of 20 farmers from a total population of 30 farmers. Based on the results of data processing, the amount of production costs incurred by farmers in producing katuk vegetables is Rp. 11,983,450/Ha/year with revenues of Rp. 36,900,000/Ha/year and the income generated is Rp. 24,916,550/Ha/year. So it can be concluded that katuk vegetable farming does not make such a large contribution, it only contributes to the total farmer household income of 23.96%.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KUBIS DI KECAMATAN BALIK BUKIT KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

This research aims to analyze farm income, farmer household income level, farmer household expenditure, and farmer household welfare level. The research location is determined purposively at Balik Bukit District, West Lampung Regency. Furthermore the research uses a survey method and is carried out from January to February 2020. The data analysis used in this research is qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. Quantitative analysis is used to determine the amount of farmer income, farmer household income and household expenditure level of cabbage farmers, while qualitative descriptive analysis is used to analyze the welfare level of cabbage farmers' households. The results showed that cabbage farming run by cabbage farmers was very profitable because the R/C value of the total cost was more than one. The largest source of income (74.65%) was came from cabbage farming, followed by non-cabbage farming (19.74%), non-farm income (3.37%) and off-farm income (2.24%). Moreover household expenditures of cabbage farmers consisted of food expenditures and non-food expenditures. Household food expenditure of cabbage farmers was 44.96% per year, while non-food expenditure was 55.04% per year. Exchange rate Farmers' household income against production costs (3.57), food consumption (6.30), non-food consumption (5.15), total consumption (2.83), and total expenditure (1.58) indicate that cabbage farming households in Balik Bukit District were included in the prosperous category. Keywords: cabbage, expenses, household income, income, welfare

Demographic Evaluation of Pili Farmers and Their Production Capacity in Bicol Region, Philippines

Philippines is known for the vast plantation and seat of one of the most valued crops, the Pili nut. A study was conducted to determine the demographics of 192 Pili farmers and their production capacity from selected provinces of Bicol region, Philippines. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents with structured interview, focused group discussion and key informant survey conducted to gather data. Results of the study showed that demographic parameters such as gender, age, educational attainment, income and family structure are important and necessary information in order to understand the production capacity of Pili farmers. Pili production is generally profitable with high financial return of 127% to farmers. Farm areas in the region are sufficient where farmers can grow Pili to satisfy the local and global demand for this high-value crop. The financial stability and income of Pili key players can be increased given the proper attention and investment in production processes. The valuable support and assistance of the government especially local government units is crucial to ensure the optimistic future for the Pili industry. Likewise, it is imperative to address all the critical needs of farmers not only in the production process but in the various links along the supply chain as well in order to raise the overall sector revenue and household income of Pili farmers. In doing so, the country is assured of a more dynamic, sustainable and competitive Pili industry.

Perbandingan Pendapatan Dan Pengeluaran Rumah Tangga Petani Padi Sawah Di Desa Tolok Kecamatan Tompaso

The aim of this study was to compare the income and expenses of farming households in Tolok Village, Tompaso District in one growing season. The research was conducted for 3 months, from January to March 2022. The data analysis method used in the research was descriptive statistical analysis, namely by calculating the average income and tabulating the data to find out income, income of paddy rice farmers and expenditure on food and non-food consumption. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct interviews with farmers who were research respondents using a list of questions that had been prepared. Secondary data was obtained from related institutions, namely the village office, the internet via Google Search and Google Books, articles and scientific journals. The results of the study show that farm households still depend on income from farming. The average income earned by respondent rice farming households in Tolok Village is greater than that spent by farmers for their household needs. The total income received is IDR511,115,000 so that the total income per year is IDR1,022,230,000 and the total expenditure for farming households is IDR105,480,000 each year. The income of lowland rice farmers is sufficient to meet the needs of lowland rice farmers and their families. This also provides opportunities for the respondent farmer households to save money, open a business or send their children to school.

Analyzing the relationship between income and life satisfaction of Forest farm households - a behavioral economics approach

Neoclassical economic theory assumes that absolute income is positively associated with individuals' experienced utility. Behavioral economics literature has provided diverse views on the relationship between income and subjective wellbeing. Using a unique survey dataset of forest farm households in Fujian Province, China, this study investigates the relationship between absolute and relative income and the life satisfaction of forest farm households. Specifically, we empirically tested the three properties derived from the prospect theory，namely reference dependence, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity. The results provided evidences to support the reference dependence property, demonstrating that the relative and average incomes of the social reference group are more important than the absolute income of individual farm households. Higher relative income was found to be associated with a higher level of life satisfaction among forest farm households, while the loss aversion property was also confirmed. However, we found no evidence to support the diminishing sensitivity property. As the first paper to apply the behavioral economics approach to investigate the subjective wellbeing of forest farm households, our results showed both relative income and income inequality posed positive impacts on life satisfaction of the forest farm households, which provided empirical evidences to validate tunneling effects under China's context. We also believe that the positive spillover effects of public goods contribute to the promotion of forest farmers' life satisfaction, which highlights the pivotal role of policy implementation in optimizing the distribution of income among forest farm households.

The Distribution of Income among U.S. Self-Employed Farm Households: A Close Look Before and During COVID-19’s Recession

This paper examines the distribution of ‘money’ income of self-employed farm households in the U.S. using multiple inequality measures and multi-year data from Current Population Survey. Special emphasis is given to 2016 and 2020, which portray total household income before and during the onset of the COVID-19’s recession. The two selected years, respectively, characterize low and high farm income years, with their likely divergent impact on the well-being of self-employed farm households. Using the Gini index measure of inequality, findings show that money income was just as unequally distributed in 2020, the year of the COVID-19’s recession, as in 2016. Adopted decomposition method of the Gini index showed income from off-farm wages and/or salaries, in comparison to the other components of total income, with the strongest equalizing marginal impact on the overall distribution of money income in 2016 and with a much lesser impact in 2020. Considering that off-farm income from wages and/or salaries is the dominant income source of self-employed farm households, macroeconomic factors are likely to continue to influence the distribution of income among self-employed farm households.

Farmer’s Perceptions of Agroforestry Practices, Contributions to Rural Household Farm Income, and Their Determinants in Sodo Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia

Agroforestry has been widely used in developing countries as a solution to mitigate the effects of climate variability. However, its significance to the well-being of farmers in rural communities has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of agroforestry practices (AFPs) to the farm income of rural families, the perceptions of farmers, and factors that affect AFPs’ contribution to household income in the Sodo Zuria district. The optimal sample size of 173 households from the three study sites was selected through a stratified random sampling procedure. Data were collected using structured interviews, focus group discussion, observation, and key informant interviews. According to the findings, most farmers in the research area had a good perception of the benefits of agroforestry methods. The yearly mean gross income from various agroforestry approaches was 15,990.90 ETB·ha−1·yr−1 for nonadopters and 32,471.24 ETB·ha−1·yr−1 for adopters, respectively. Tree and fruit tree integration with crops, animals, or pastures has the potential to significantly increase food production and farmer economic situations. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the size of the farm, the number of livestock, the experience of agroforestry, and the extension service affect the adoption of agroforestry practices to house farm income positively, while the size of the family negatively affects it. Agroforestry plays a critical role in reducing food poverty and enhancing farmer livelihood resilience (reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability). However, determining the extent to which this is true is challenging because both farmer groups often have low levels of assets such as land and income, which limits tree planting to reaping maximum benefits from agroforestry. As a result, the government and other responsible entities should pay special attention to assisting smallholder farmers in using agroforestry practices for the sustainability of their livelihoods that have been hampered by agricultural land scarcity.

Household Food Security of Cocoa Farmers (Theobroma Cacao L) on Former Coal Mine Land in Sawahlunto City

An overview of the food security vulnerability of cocoa farmer households on former mining lands is able to provide recommendations in efforts to increase the income that can support the welfare of farmer households and increase regional farmer food security. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of cocoa farmer household income and cocoa farmer household expenditure and the level of food security of cocoa farmer households in ex-mining areas in Talawi District, Sawahlunto City. With a sample of 39 respondents selected by simple random sampling and data analysis using a quantitative approach. This study shows the results that the average household income of respondents is IDR 3,082,821 per month. Whereas for the average respondent household food expenditure is Rp.1,426,282.05 or 59.94% of total household expenditure, the respondent's household non-food expenditure is Rp.953,384.62 or 40.06% of total household expenditure ladder. Judging from the proportion of household expenditure to total expenditure, the results show that the level of household food security is 23.08% of households are food secure and 76.92% of households are food insecure. Households should improve food expenditure patterns by paying attention to and diversifying the amount and type of food they will consume.

Can Policy Promote Agricultural Service Outsourcing? Quasi-Natural Experimental Evidence from China

This paper emphasizes the key role of policy in the development of agricultural services outsourcing. In this paper, a theoretical framework is constructed to analyze the role of government policies on agricultural service outsourcing under the assumption of the separability of agricultural production processes. The article constructs a quasi-natural experiment using the China-targeted poverty alleviation program and nationally representative microdata, and the PSM-DID model is chosen to estimate the policy effects. We also discuss regional heterogeneity, aiming to identify the ways in which policy affects agricultural service outsourcing. Based on a comprehensive household-level dataset and econometric analysis, we find that targeted poverty alleviation programs significantly promote the use of agricultural service outsourcing by low-income farmers, and the effects of the policies are more pronounced for the central and western regions. These findings suggest that targeted poverty alleviation programs improve the income of farm households in poor areas and encourage the use of agricultural service outsourcing, which can save agricultural labor, reduce the opportunity cost of agricultural production, and contribute to the sustainable development of the poor.

Impact of Farm Diversification on Income and Expenditure of Small Scale Farm Households in Rangpur District of Bangladesh

Farm production diversification has the potential to broaden and strengthen the sources of farm and non-farm incomes of rural households. This study intends to estimate the impact of farm diversification on income and expenditure of smallholder farm households. A total sample of 100 farmers were randomly selected from the three villages namely South Panapukur, Gaghottari and Betgari under Gangachara upazila of Rangpur district in Bangladesh. Both tabular and quantitative analyses were done to achieve the major objectives of the study. The findings show that the socioeconomic characteristics, cropping pattern, land type, soil type of Gangachara upazila are suitable for farm diversification. From 100 farmers about 55 percent farmers practiced 11-16 numbers of crops, vegetables, livestock and fish. Smallholder farm households were also involved in both farm and non-farm activities which were 71 percent of farm households. Average annual income from farm and non-farm activities were Tk. 75150.00 and Tk. 23350.00 respectively. Average annual expenditure on farm and non-farm practices was Tk. 43000.00 and Tk. 12000.00, respectively. In the present findings, the average annual expenditure on food and non-food items was Tk. 41000.00 per family. The Poisson regression was run to predict the determinants of farm diversification in the last 12 months where soil type, farm size and employment member of family were statistically significant at one percent level of significance and education was statistically significant at five percent level of significance. The Multiple regressions were done to estimate the impact of farm diversification on income and expenditure where farm size and combination of farm and non-farm practices were statistically significant at one percent probability level. But all the explanatory variables included in the model were not statistically significant as were generally expected. Farmers faced different problems and constraints in diversifying farm. In spite of the entire problems, this study has thrown light on some important issues regarding farm diversification of the study areas. Overall results indicate that rather than farm diversifications, diversification of income from farm to non-farm sources positively and significantly affect the household income and expenditure.

Skala i determinanty zmienności dochodów gospodarstw rolniczych w Polsce

Purpose – The aim of the study is to assess the stability of agricultural household income in Poland in 1995–2021 and to identify the determinants of the volatility of this income. Research method – The stability of farmer’s household income was compared with the income volatility of other socio-economic groups. Regression analysis was used to reveal the determinants of income volatility. Results – The income of farm households shows much greater year-on-year volatility than the income of households of employees and self-employed outside agriculture. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The volatility of farm income is mainly influenced by the factors that determine the value of agricultural production and the costs of this production. Subsidies directed to farmers only mitigate the volatility of farm income.

Impact of improved groundnut varieties adoption on income, food security and nutrition of farming households in Katsina State, Nigeria

Abstract Previous empirical studies on improved groundnut varieties in Nigeria have not focused on the impact of the adoption of improved groundnut varieties on monetary returns, food security, and the nutrition of farming households. It is therefore important to provide evidence to justify the expenditure on improved groundnut varieties development in Nigeria. Using observational data from 100 randomly sampled groundnut farmers, this study determined the impact of improved groundnut varieties (IGV) adoption on farming households’ income, food security, and nutrition in a rural area of Northwestern Nigeria. The Propensity Score Matching Technique was used for data analysis. The majority of the respondents (75%) are adopters of IGV. The likelihood of adoption increases with extension contact, labour, and the level of commercialization. Adopters of IGV had an increase of ₦ 48171.7 ($133.1) and 14.96 in Gross margin/hectare and dietary diversity increased by 14.96, respectively. There was also an improvement in the food security status of the adopters. The study concluded that adopting improved technologies can enhance farming households’ welfare. It was therefore recommended that farmers be encouraged to adopt IGV to increase the returns from groundnut production and household food security and nutrition status.

Farmers’ Decision to Delay Selling of Coffee in West Lampung, Indonesia

Robusta coffee is a leading export commodity in Lampung Province. Coffee farmers face the problem of high coffee price fluctuations. During the harvest season, the price of coffee will decrease, so farmers are advised to adopt a system of delay selling. This study aims to analyze the system of selling coffee by farmers and to analyze the determinants of coffee farmers’ decisions to delay selling coffee. The research was conducted in West Lampung Regency in November-December 2022. The sub-districts of Way Tenong, Air Hitam, and Batu Brak were purposively selected as research locations. The number of samples is 190 coffee farmers taken by random sampling. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results showed that 26.84% of the farmers applied a system of delayed selling. Farmers stored coffee in the form of dry coffee fruit to delay selling between 1-10 months after the coffee fruit has dried. With a delayed selling system, farmers got a higher selling price. The determinants of a farmer’s decision to delay selling coffee are farming experience, education level, coffee production, coffee price, household income, and number of family members.

Contribution of Integrated Farming System (IFS) Units Towards Household Income in Kerala

From an economic point of view, combining various components in the same unit helps to diversify farmers’ income. An attempt was made to determine the contribution of various components, adopted in an IFS unit, to the annual household income among the IFS units of Kerala during 2022. In this study, total annual household income was computed by summing up the gross income from all the on-farm sources. The study revealed that 52.78 per cent of respondents were found in the low-income category, followed by one-third in the medium-income category. Among the selected components, the contribution of income from the crop component, dairy component, and poultry component, was found to be low to medium, while the trend in income generation from fish component was from medium to low. In the case of apiculture and mushroom components, medium to high-income generation was also noticed. It was also found that farm size, experience in farming, economic motivation, training undergone, and herd size were positively correlated with the total farm income of households.

Kontribusi Pendapatan Usahatani Bunga Bahan Canang terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kecamatan Banjarangkan, Klungkung

Contribution of Canang Flower Farming Income to Farmer's Household Income in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung
 Balinese Hindu life can’t be separated from the consumption of flowers such as canang flowers. The income will contribute to farmer's household income so the contribution needs to be known. This study aims to determine: a) the income of canang flower using farming analysis methods, b) the source of household income by household income analysis, and c) the contribution of canang flowers income to household income by contribution of farming income analysis. The result showed that the income of canang flowers is Rp2.605.107/year/person for pacar air flowers, Rp39.626.893/year/person for gemitir flowers, and Rp12.267.678/year/person for both commodities. Sources of household income of farmers come from the income of canang flower, farming income other than canang flowers (plants and livestocks), and non-farming income. The contribution of canang flower income to farmers' household income is in the very low category, namely 23.58%. This showed that farmers do not rely on income from canang flower farming to meet their household needs. Training and mentoring of farmers, providing market information and the accuracy of fertilizer distribution are expected to increase farm productivity so it can increase income as well as its contribution.