Farmer Groups Research Articles

Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis

Abstract According to their respective positions, participants at the local, regional, and global actors within the poultry farming sector play strategic roles according to their respective positions. While these roles may integrate and overlap, they can also generate conflicts of interest at both the actor and institutional levels. This study analyses the actors and power relations in laying hen farming in Blitar Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The data were collected using structured interview techniques (interview guides and Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives and Recommendations questionnaires), observation, documentation, and focus group discussions. The research informants were chosen deliberately based on various sources including farmers, farmer groups, cooperative, central and local government, companies, and traders. This was in addition to informants obtained using the snowball sampling technique such as middlemen, poultry shops (PSs) and other additional breeders. Data validity was determined using source triangulation and method triangulation. The results revealed that the individuals and entities engaged in layer hen farming encompass a diverse range of actors. These include farmers of various scales (small, medium, and large), institutions such as farmer groups and cooperatives, governmental bodies at both central and regional levels, industry representatives such as companies, PSs, distributors involved in producing and marketing day-old chick (DOC), feed, medicines, and vaccines, as well as market participants including local traders and traders operating across different regions. Small-scale and medium-scale farmers have the strongest relationships due to their high dependence on inputs such as DOC, feed, vaccines, and access to markets. The presence of various actors and power relations in laying hen business institutions creates both collaboration and competition in the supply of DOCs, animal feed, medicine, and even in the marketing of eggs from a food security and sustainability perspective.

Study on Factors Influencing the Utilization Level of Combine Harvester by Farmers

The aim of this research is to determine the level of use of combine harvesters and the factors that influence it. The research location was chosen deliberately, namely in Negeri Katon District which received assistance from 3 combine harvester units. The respondents in this study were 53 farmers from 3 farmer groups who received combine harvester assistance. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive analysis and the Kendall tau statistical test. The results of the research show that the level of use of combine harvesters on the indicators of plant condition requirements shows a good category, where farmers harvest rice when it reaches the optimum age. The indicator for plant condition requirements shows a fairly good category, where farmers harvest when the land is dry, but farmers never confirm whether the land conditions are dangerous and can damage machinery. The machine application indicator shows the poor category, where the intensity of farmers using combine harvester machines is 3 - 4 times in 5 harvest seasons, and farmers are still less skilled in operating combine harvesters. Factors related to the use of combine harvesters by farmers are land area, relative profit, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability, and the role of farm extension workers. Keywords: Compatibility, Complexity, extension workers, Observability, Relative profit.

MSMEs for economic independence based on local wisdom

Background: The aim of this research is to analyze the empowerment of women in MSMEs for Economic Independence Based on Local Wisdom. Method: The type of research is analytical survey research. This type of data uses qualitative data. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques using interviews, documentation studies, and observations. The data analysis technique uses descriptive methods with a qualitative approach. Findings: Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, empowerment of the existence of female MSME actors, members of the Jempiring Women's Farmers Group (KWT), Badung Regency, uses the local wisdom of Tri Hita Karana. Conclusion: This is considered capable of increasing economic independence to help family finances with education costs, able to help carry out home renovations and repairs, able to improve the health of all family members because family finances are already good. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this research lies in the empowerment model of women's MSMEs that integrates the principles of local wisdom Tri Hita Karana with a modern economic approach. This model combines entrepreneurship training, strengthening social networks, and preserving local cultural values ​​to create a sustainable and competitive MSME ecosystem while maintaining cultural identity.

Technical Efficiency of Indonesian Potato Farming during Rainy and Dry Seasons: Evidence from Merangin District, Indonesia

Potatoes are among the vegetables highly susceptible to climate change, and its consequences can significantly affect technical efficiency.However, the production of potato relatively fluctuated due to some factors influencing it. The study aims to analyze the factors affecting potato production, measure the level of technical efficiency in potato farming, and identify the socio-economic factors that influence technical inefficiency in potato farming, both in the rainy and dry seasons. The study was conducted in Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. A purposive sampling method was used to select the research area and collect data from 102 potato farmers. The data were analyzed using the Stochastic Frontier Cobb-Douglas production function model with a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach. The research results show that land and seed variables significantly influence potato production, both in the rainy and dry seasons. Meanwhile, fertilizer P and labor only significantly influence the dry season. The average level of technical efficiency in the dry season (0.89) is higher than in the rainy season (0.73). The results of the average difference test (t-test) show that in the dry season, the level of technical efficiency has a higher value than in the rainy season, with a significance of 1%. The significant socio-economic variables influencing technical efficiency are membership in farmer groups.

Mitigasi Penyebab Risiko Usahatani Kopi Arabika (Studi Kasus pada Kelompok Tani Hutan Giri Senang, Kampung Legok Nyenang, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung)

The Giri Senang Forest Farmer Group (KTH) has experienced a significant decline in arabica coffee production over the past few years. This indicates the existence of risks that need to be addressed immediately. The research was conducted with the aim of identifying the causes of risks in arabica coffee farming, understanding the mitigation actions that have been taken by KTH Giri Senang, and proposing mitigation actions that can be implemented to overcome these problems. The research was carried out using descriptive qualitative analysis with a case study research technique. The causes of risk were identified using a Fishbone Diagram and analyzed with the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. Based on the results of the research, there are 7 priority risk causes out of 26 total causes: unfavorable weather, leaf rust disease, insufficient or excessive rainfall, leaf spot disease, coffee berry borer pests, weather changes due to the La Nina-El Nino phenomenon, and lack of pruning. Mitigation actions that have been taken include making a holding pond, using pesticides, traps, pest control agents, harvesting spoils, and sanitation to eradicate pests and diseases, as well as forming a Pest Control Team. Proposed mitigation actions that can be implemented include organizing agricultural insurance, subsidizing insurance premiums, making holes or roraks, switching to organic farming, using spare harvest bags, collaborating with educational or research institutions, holding discussion forums for farmers, and creating video tutorials and educational content as alternative extension activities.

Community-based agricultural revitalization in Ngringo Village, Jaten Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency

Background: Development involves conscious efforts and activities aimed at achieving positive change within a community. It requires the participation of all societal layers, with the government acting as a facilitator and guide. The government and the community must work harmoniously to achieve the desired goals. National agricultural development often focuses on villages close to municipalities, benefiting from hierarchical governance and advanced rural agricultural practices. This development can progress with political support, as outlined in Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages, which aims to improve welfare, enhance human resources, and reduce rural poverty through sustainable management of local resources and the environment. This study aims to understand the potential and issues facing Ngringo Village, analyze the structural transformations, examine the institutional changes, assess the technology transfer, and identify a suitable agricultural development model. Methods: The research employs qualitative methods, including field observations, interviews with key informants, and analysis of secondary data from relevant literature and official documents. Result: The results indicate that Ngringo Village has significant potential due to its strategic location and developed infrastructure. However, challenges such as reduced agricultural land and a shift in economic activities from agriculture to industrial sectors are evident. Institutional support through local farmer groups and technology adoption has been crucial in addressing some of these challenges. Conclusion: In conclusion, while Ngringo Village faces challenges due to rapid structural changes and urbanization, the village has managed to sustain its agricultural practices through effective institutional support and technology transfer. The study suggests that a location-based development model, considering both agricultural and non-agricultural factors, is essential for the sustainable development of Ngringo Village. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study produces a location-based agricultural development model that considers both agricultural and non-agricultural factors, providing practical guidance for local governments in planning sustainable development in villages facing rapid urbanization, such as Ngringo Village.

Peluang dan Tantangan Pengembangan Usahatani Tomat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pendapatan Petani di Kecamatan Ruteng Kabupaten Manggarai

Agriculture is a sector that has an important role in the economy in Indonesia. One agricultural commodity that has great potential is horticulture. Horticulture is one of the agricultural subsectors that has the potential to make a major contribution to economic development and plays an important role in the source of farmers' income, trade and employment. This research aims to determine the opportunities and challenges of developing tomato farming and its impact on farmers' income in Ruteng District, Manggarai Regency. The research was conducted in Ruteng District, Manggarai Regency with the consideration that this area is one of the areas for developing tomato horticulture farming. Data collection was carried out by interviewing main and key informants consisting of farmers, heads of farmer groups, agricultural extension workers. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. Research result. By taking advantage of supportive climate conditions, optimizing high market demand, managing stable selling prices, and diversifying products, farmers in Ruteng District have a good opportunity to develop tomato farming in a sustainable manner and can improve their standard of living. In facing farming challenges, it is important to have a holistic and integrated approach between governments. in terms of providing technological support, education, access to capital and risk management to help increase productivity, sustainability and income of farmers in Ruteng District. Apart from that, intense assistance to farmers in implementing good agricultural practices will also support increasing crop yields and farmer welfare. With the implementation of the right strategy and continuous support, tomato farming in Ruteng District has great potential to increase productivity, farmer income and contribution to the local economy.

Adoption of Rainwater Harvesting Technology and Drip Irrigation Automation by Akur Muda Farmer Group, Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta

Adoption of Rainwater Harvesting Technology and Drip Irrigation Automation by Akur Muda Farmer Group, Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta

Empowerment of Women Farmer Groups on Oyster Mushroom Cultivation in Fatusene Village, North Central Timor Regency

Empowerment of Women Farmer Groups on Oyster Mushroom Cultivation in Fatusene Village, North Central Timor Regency

Analysis of agricultural development in Ngringo Village, Kecamatan Jaten, Karanganyar District

Background: Agricultural development is crucial for rural economic growth and food security. This study analyzes agricultural development in Ngringo Village, Indonesia, examining potentials, challenges, structural and institutional transformations, technology transfer, and appropriate development models. Previous research has focused on broader regional agricultural trends, while this study provides an in-depth analysis of a specific village undergoing rapid change. Method: The study employed purposive sampling to select Ngringo Village. Data collection involved observations, structured interviews with key informants, and document analysis. Both primary data from village officials and secondary data from government sources were utilized. Findings: Ngringo Village exhibits both physical potential (strategic location, affordable land) and non-physical potential (socio-cultural life, efficient administration). Challenges include limited farmer knowledge of marketing and post-harvest processing. Structural transformation is evident in the shift from agriculture to industrial and service sectors due to urbanization pressures. Institutional transformation has led to the establishment of farmer groups and associations. Technology transfer is occurring, with the adoption of mechanized farming equipment, though digital technologies are not yet fully embraced. Conclusion: The agricultural development model in Ngringo Village aligns with the location model, influenced by its proximity to urban areas. Ngringo Village is undergoing significant agricultural transformations driven by urbanization and industrialization. While facing challenges in land conversion and marketing, the village demonstrates resilience through institutional adaptations and selective technology adoption. Future agricultural development strategies should focus on enhancing digital marketing skills, strengthening farmer institutions, and balancing agricultural preservation with urban expansion. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study proposes an integrated digital platform for sustainable agricultural development. The platform connects farmers to markets, provides online training, and facilitates stakeholder collaboration, adaptable to different peri-urban contexts across the country.

DEMOGRAPHIC TARGETING OF USERS IN MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK DIGITAL MARKETING AMONG SMALLHOLDER CATTLE FARMERS

Several livestock diseases leading to high mortality rates among animals have raised concerns about a potential food crisis in Indonesia. To prevent further spread of these diseases, access to livestock sheds has been restricted. This situation has highlighted the importance of developing alternative marketing channels to facilitate livestock trade. The present study investigates the demographic factors that influence farmers' interest in adopting mobile applications for digital livestock marketing in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data for this research was collected from a stratified random sample of 968 respondents across four regions. Prior to the interviews, farmers were provided with an introduction and given the opportunity to experience the mobile applications firsthand. The data analysis employed descriptive statistics, non-parametric analysis, and a logistic regression model. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) association between variables such as the farmer's age, educational level, women's decision-making power, farming revenue, cattle ownership, farming experience, and interest in using mobile applications for livestock digital marketing. However, no distinction in adoption interest was observed between farmers who were members of agricultural groups and those who were not. These findings have significant methodological implications, as they require independent interviewing among member farmer groups. This study suggests that developers of mobile applications for livestock digital marketing should consider the lack of digital literacy among farmers as a crucial factor influencing their interest in adopting new technologies. Addressing the digital literacy gap could increase the adoption and effective use of these applications within the farming community.

Peran Kelembagaan Dalam Pengembangan Agribisnis Kubis (Brassica Oleracea) Pada Kelompok Tani Argoayuningtani Di Kabupaten Boyolali

This study aims to find out what institutions play a role in the development of cabbage agribusiness, find out the level of institutional performance, and find out the level of satisfaction of farmers with the institutional performance of cabbage agribusiness in the Argoayuningtani Farmer Group, Senden Village, Selo District, Boyolali Regency. The method used is the purposive sampling method. The data analysis methods used are likert analysis, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The results of the study show that the institutional performance of production facilities, marketing, farmer groups, financing, as well as information and technology is considered satisfactory and in accordance with farmers' expectations. The priority for improvement is in quadrant 1, namely the quality of saprodi and agricultural tools, information and price stability, the existence of cooperatives, and farmer groups as production units. The level of satisfaction of farmers with the institutional performance of cabbage agribusiness is included in the satisfied category.

Analisis Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Usaha Kecil Pertanian

This study aims to analyze human resources in small agricultural enterprises, focusing on identifying factors that influence productivity and business sustainability. The research subjects are small-scale farmers in the Garuda 12 Women's Farming Group in Cipayung, Ciputat, South Tangerang, who own less than 200 m² of agricultural land. The research method used is a qualitative approach involving in-depth interviews and participatory observations. Data were collected from 30 members of the Garuda 12 Women's Farming Group in Cipayung, Ciputat, South Tangerang, using purposive sampling to ensure the selected respondents have high relevance to the research topic. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify main themes related to human resources. The results indicate that technical skills, access to training, and time management are key factors influencing the productivity of small-scale farmers. Additionally, support from government and non-governmental organizations in the form of extension services and technical assistance also plays a significant role in improving human resource quality. However, limited capital and access to modern technology remain major challenges. The implications of this research suggest that enhancing human resource quality can be achieved through continuous training programs and better access to resources and technology. This study contributes to the understanding of the importance of human resource development in small agricultural enterprises and can serve as a basis for designing more effective policies to support small-scale farmers

Strategi Keberlanjutan Bisnis Untuk Usaha Kecil Di Sektor Pertanian

This study aims to analyze sustainability strategies for small businesses in the agricultural sector, focusing on identifying factors that influence productivity and business sustainability. Key strategies that can help enhance the sustainability of small agricultural businesses include product diversification. The research was conducted over three days on May 19, 20, and 21, 2024, at the Women's Farming Group (KWT) in Ciputat, led by Mrs. Sri Agustin, who is also the neighborhood head. Data were collected from 30 members of the Garuda 12 Women's Farming Group in Cipayung, Ciputat, South Tangerang, ensuring that the selected respondents have high relevance to the research topic. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques included literature study, observation, and interviews with ten KWT members. The results highlight the importance of efficient food resource management, adoption of agricultural technology, market development and marketing, education and training, policy support, and access to financing. Financing for small businesses in the agricultural sector requires sustained support from various parties, including the government, financial institutions, and the private sector. With these various sources of financing, it is expected that small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises can grow better and contribute more significantly to the national economy. By implementing these strategies, small businesses in the agricultural sector can enhance their resilience and contribution to the economy. Effective strategies are necessary to ensure the continuity and growth of these small businesses. This study aims to identify and analyze strategies that can improve productivity, profitability, and sustainability of small businesses in the agricultural sector. The approaches include product diversification, adoption of modern technology, supply chain optimization, and strengthened market access. Product diversification helps farmers reduce risk and maximize income. Adoption of modern technology, such as smart irrigation and drone use for land monitoring, increases efficiency and production yields. Supply chain optimization includes improving logistics and distribution, which can reduce costs and speed up product delivery times

Overcoming Infrastructure Challenges to Unlock Food Security in Rural Indonesia

General Background: Food security is a critical issue in rural areas, especially in developing countries, where sustainable agricultural practices and government support play a vital role in ensuring a stable food supply. Specific Background: In Sumorame Village, Candi District, Sidoarjo Regency, the local government has implemented a food security program aimed at improving agricultural productivity and community welfare. Knowledge Gap: Despite the program's significance, little is known about the specific factors influencing its success, particularly in the context of rural governance and local agricultural conditions. Aims: This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of the food security program in Sumorame Village, focusing on four key factors: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. Results: The findings reveal that communication between the village government, farmers, and community groups has been effective through targeted socialization efforts. Human resources are competent, with strong collaboration among farmer groups. Financial resources have been allocated in accordance with regulations, but physical infrastructure remains inadequate due to limited agricultural land, unfavorable geographical conditions, and suboptimal hydroponic yields. Disposition among stakeholders is positive, with high commitment observed. The bureaucratic structure has been functioning in accordance with established Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Novelty: This study highlights the importance of resource optimization, particularly in agricultural infrastructure, and stresses the need for improved technological integration to enhance program outcomes. Implications: The results suggest that strengthening communication and addressing physical resource limitations are crucial for improving food security program effectiveness in rural areas. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to enhance rural food security initiatives. Highlights: Communication is crucial for successful food security program implementation. Infrastructure limitations present significant challenges to agricultural productivity. Collaboration and commitment among stakeholders enhance program effectiveness. Keywords: Food security, rural governance, agricultural infrastructure, communication, resource optimization

Analisis Usaha Tani Tumpangsari Kubis (Brassicaa Olehraceal) Dan Cabai Merah (Capsicum Annum L) Di Kelompok Tani Ngudi Mulyo Kabupaten Boyolali

Cabbage and red chilies are the most widely grown vegetables in Boyolali Regency and have a relatively high market demand. Ngudi Mulyo Farmers Group is a farmer group that cultivates cabbage and red chilies using intercropping system. This research aims to determine the economic analysis and feasibility of intercropping cabbage and red chilies. The method of selecting research sites was purposive and the sampling method was by census of 30 farmers. The research analysis methods used are cost analysis, revenue analysis, income analysis, profit analysis, feasibility analysis, breakeven point (BEP), R/C ratio, ?/c ratio, labor productivity. The results of the analysis show that the income of cabbage commodity is higher than that of red chilies when cultivated in intercropping system. Meanwhile, the total income from the intercropping system for the two commodities cabbage and red chili is IDR 45,239,400, with a total cost of IDR 8,329,372.01, so that the income received by farmers by operating the intercropping system is IDR 36,910,027.99. The results of the feasibility analysis based on four indicators of the intercropping system show that intercropping of cabbage and red chilies is feasible.

Analysis of the Feasibility of Eco-enzyme Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) Business in Sumber Jaya Farmer Group, Puring District, Kebumen Regency

This research was carried out in Sidobunder Village, Puring District, Kebumen Regency. This research was carried out from December 2023 to January 2024. This study aims to analyze the income and feasibility of the eco-enzyme liquid organic fertilizer business in the Sumber Jaya Farmers Group, Puring District, Kebumen Regency from a financial perspective through the calculation of Break Even Point (BEP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C). The method used is a survey through observation and direct interviews. The determination of farmers as research respondents was by Purposive Sampling, respondents were taken from 30 farmer members in the Sumber Jaya Farmers Group. This location was chosen because this village is one of the production places for eco-enzyme liquid fertilizers and has the potential for the development of eco-enzyme liquid fertilizers. The data was analyzed using an income analysis model and a financial feasibility analysis. Then the data is tabulated and processed mathematically, through addition, and the averages and percentages are then descriptively described. The results of this study show that the income/year in the Sumber Jaya Farmers Group, Puring District, Kebumen Regency is Rp. 14,447,834 or income/month is Rp. 1,203,986. Based on the feasibility of the eco-enzyme liquid organic fertilizer business in Sumber Jaya Farmers Group, Puring District, Kebumen Regency, it is feasible to be developed financially because of the BEP value of 14,400 bottles with a minimum of 142 bottles. BEP is priced at IDR 10,000 with a minimum price of IDR 8,997/bottle, and an R/C value of 1.11 means that the R/C value is feasible.

ANALISIS BUDAYA DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PETANI PLASMA PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. SULTRA PRIMA LESTARI)

This study aims to determine the work culture and work productivity of plasma farmers working at PT Sultra Prima Lestari and the relationship between the two. The population of this study is all plasma farmers who work at PT Sultra Prima Lestari in Andowia District, North Konawe Regency, totaling 120 people divided into 10 farmer groups. Determination of the number of research samples using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 25%, so that the research sample amounted to 54 respondents. This research uses a quantitative approach. The sampling technique used a proportional random sampling technique. Data collection in the field using survey methods, interviews, and documentation using instruments in the form of questionnaires or questionnaires. Variables in this study, namely the work culture of farmers (variable X) and work productivity of farmers (variable Y). The data were analyzed in a quantitative descriptive way using the class interval formula and the Spearman rank correlation formula with the help of SPSS 26 software. The results showed that the work culture of plasma farmers included togetherness, and work intensity in the production of oil palm farming at PT Sultra Perima Lestari was in the high category. The work productivity of plasma farmers includes quality of work, quantity of work, and timeliness of work in the production of oil palm farming at PT Sultra Perima Lestari is in the high category. Work culture with plasma farmers' work productivity has a significant relationship with a value of 0.491 ≥ r table 0.26, meaning it is quite close and the sig value of 0.00 is smaller than the significance level at the α level of 0.05.

Independence of housewives through hydroponic urban farming as an effort to improve family economy

Background: This research aims to delve into the potential of independence and increasing family economic income through hydroponic urban farming in the Women Farmers Group (KWT) of Anggrek, Bara-Baraya District, Makassar City, using a qualitative approach. The main focus of this research is to deeply understand how hydroponic urban farming affects the economy and independence of families, taking into account the experiences, perceptions, and social impacts of active participation in this activity. Methods: The research methodology used is a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews as the main data collection instrument. The research sample consists of 3 housewives and 1 government official who have been involved in hydroponic urban farming. The interview process was conducted in a structured manner, focusing on aspects of personal experience, changes in lifestyle, and the role of urban farming in improving family economics. This study is structured using qualitative analysis and further elaborated with descriptive writing methods. Finding: The research findings indicate that hydroponic urban farming has a significant positive impact on the independence and increasing economic income of families. Conclusion: Hydroponic urban farming significantly enhances women's economic self-reliance, offering policy insights for optimizing implementation and productivity. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study explores the economic empowerment of urban housewives through hydroponic urban farming, specifically within the Anggrek’s KWT in Makassar City. This research uniquely addresses the dual impact of hydroponic farming on enhancing family income and ensuring food security, focusing on the often-overlooked demographic of housewives in urban settings.

Trichoderma Compost Making Technology in the Bumi Sari Farmers Group of Bongkasa Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency, Bali Province

Bumi Sari Farmers Group, located in Abiansemal Village, Badung, is a group of 10 members managing a chili plantation. The main challenges faced by Bumi Sari Farmers Group include persistent wilting of chili plants and fruit rot caused by pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma compost fertilizer has been identified as a solution to these problems, using the concept of natural pest organism control (OPT) to achieve healthy and disease-free plant cultivation. In this initiative, the farmers' group has successfully produced Trichoderma compost fertilizer and applied it to their chili plants. A survey showed that flower damage in chili plants initially reached 75%. However, after the application of Trichoderma compost fertilizer, the disease incidence in chili plants was reduced by 46.4%. This activity has led to a 25% reduction in yield loss and a 20% increase in farmers' income.