Farming Experience Research Articles

Understanding the Nexus of Extension Teaching Methods and Adoption of Improved Agricultural Production Technologies: Empirical Evidence from Cowpea Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria

This study assessed the nexus of extension teaching methods and the adoption of improved production technologies. A three-staged sampling technique was adopted in selecting two hundred (200) cowpea farmers. Primary data obtained using the Kobocollect toolbox was analyzed with adoption score/index and ordered probit regression model. Findings from this study showed that 79 % of the respondents were males while 21 % were females. The mean age among cowpea farmers was 49 years. Furthermore, 90.5 % of the respondents adopted the recommended seed rate, 87 % adopted the recommended planting date, and 84.5 % adopted the recommended weeding time. Most (20.5 %) of the respondents had an adoption score and index of 8 and 0.57; while 1.5 % of the cowpea farmers recorded an adoption score and adoption index of 10 and 0.7. Also, 45 % of the cowpea farmers were in the low adoption category, and 27.5 % of each of the sampled cowpea farmers were found in the medium and high adoption category. Individual extension teaching method (β = 1.192), mass extension teaching method (β = -0.189), a combination of individual, group and mass extension teaching methods (β = 0.044), gender (β = -0.124), farming experience (β = -0.019), and income (β = -0.00000276) significantly influenced the extent of adoption of recommended cowpea production practices. The study concluded that individual, and a combination of individual, mass and group extension teaching methods have positive effects on the extent of adoption of recommended cowpea production practices. Amongst others, the study recommended the use of these teaching methods by both private and public extension agents in disseminating information on improved farming practices.

Determinants of Livelihood Diversification among Rural Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

This study examines the factors influencing livelihood diversification among rural households in Ogo-Oluwa Local Government Area, Oyo State. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 120 rural households, and data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics, while inferential statistics (logit regression analysis) determined the extent of livelihood diversification among respondents. The findings revealed that the average household size was six members, with an average age of 47 years and an average farming experience of 24.5 years. The mean farm income was $558,750, and 54.17% of respondents were engaged in diverse livelihoods. The results indicated that gender had a statistically significant and negative influence at the 10% level. Education level positively influenced diversification, with statistical significance at the 1% level. Similarly, the dependency ratio, primary occupation, and income were positively associated with diversification, each statistically significant at the 5% level. Support from NGOs and government also showed a positive and significant relationship with diversification at the 1% level. The study highlights the importance of education in equipping farmers with the knowledge to diversify their livelihoods. Additionally, support from the government and organizations can strengthen resilience and foster economic diversification among rural households.

Cung và cầu tín dụng thương mại: Trường hợp mua, bán chịu vật tư nông nghiệp ở Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long

The objective of the article is to estimate the influence of factors on supply and demand trade credit in case of buying and selling agricultural materials of agents and rice farmers in the Mekong Delta, Vienam. The estimated results from the primary data of 574 transactions show that there are three factors that have positive coefficients with statistical significance in two states of supply and demand (familiar time, agent number and agricultural land area farmer's karma). The geographical distance factor has statistical significance in two states of supply and demand, but in the supply state, this factor has a positive coefficient and in the demand state, this factor has a negative coefficient. Three factors with statistically negative coefficients in both states are the experience of farmers, farming income and translation value. In addition, for experienced agents that have a positive influence on commercial credit level, for farmers, the number of agents has a positive influence on the ability to buy the farmer. The research results can enable stakeholders (farmers, input suppliers, and government agencies) to make decisions that improve operational performance and foster sustainable agriculture.

Analisis Risiko Produksi Pertanian Mentimun pada Lahan Gambut di Kubu Raya

Kubu Raya Regency, particularly Rasau Jaya District, is a region in West Kalimantan dominated by peatlands. One of the leading agricultural products in this area is cucumber. However, cucumber production in Rasau Jaya District experiences significant annual fluctuations. These fluctuations are caused by various risks, such as vulnerability to climate change, which triggers pest and plant disease outbreaks, and physical and chemical damage to peatlands. This study, conducted in 2023, aims to describe cucumber production outcomes, analyze factors affecting production risks, and measure the magnitude of those risks. Data were collected from 30 respondents who are cucumber farmers in Rasau Jaya District. The research highlights that peatlands, while fertile, are highly sensitive to environmental changes, making risk management crucial for sustainable agriculture. Farmers face challenges such as limited access to agricultural inputs and unpredictable weather conditions, further amplifying the risks in cucumber farming. The socio-economic characteristics of respondents, including education levels and farming experience, also play a role in managing production risks. Data analysis was performed using the coefficient of variation (CV) method and multiple linear regression. The results show that the production risk of cucumber farming in peatlands has a CV value of 0.009, indicating a low risk (CV < 0.5). The analyzed factors include land area, seeds, labor, lime usage, and poles and strings. These factors significantly influence the production risks of cucumbers in the area. This study provides insights into the conditions and risks of cucumber cultivation in the peatlands of Rasau Jaya. The information obtained can serve as a basis for better risk management in peatland agricultural practices.

Dynamics of Farmer Groups in Private Forest and Social Forestry in Bandung Regency, West Java Indonesia

The success and setbacks of a group are indicated by its dynamics. This study aims to analyze: a) the level of dynamics of farmer groups in private forest and social forestry; b) the individual factors that affect the dynamics of private forest and social forestry farmer groups; and c) to formulate strategies to increase the dynamics of farmer groups. This research was conducted in Bandung Regency with research subjects were two farmer groups, i.e. KTH Mukti at Babakan Peuteuy Village and LMDH Bukit Amanah, Cempakamulya Village, Data collected by interviewing 30 respondents in each farmer group randomly. The collected data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the partial least square (PLS) approach. The results showed that the group dynamics of KTH Tani Mukti was in the low category, while the group dynamics of LMDH Bukit Amanah was in the high category. Characteristics of the respondents that influence the dynamics of the KTH Tani Mukti group were the area of land ownership and group motivation, while the characteristics of the respondents that influence the dynamics of the Bukit Amanah LMDH group were education, income, number of dependents in the family, farming experience, age, length of stay in the village and group motivation. Keywords: Community Forests, Forest Farmers Groups, Group Dynamics, Social Forestry.

Adoption Of Sugarcane Cultivation Technology In Sandy Soil, Purworejo District, Central Java

The efforts to increase agricultural production are expected to year-over-year increase. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the characteristics of farmers in cultivating sugarcane in sandy soil, 2) to determine farmers' adoption of sugarcane plantation cultivation in sandy soil, and 3) to determine the productivity of sugar cane plantations in sandy soil. The research applied descriptive method. The total sample taken was 30 samples who were sugarcane farmers from the sandy soil, Purworejo Regency by purposive sampling. The instrument used was using a Likert scale ranging from strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, and strongly disagree. To answer the first objective used descriptive analysis, second, and the third objective used class intervals (low, medium, and high). The results of this study are 1) characteristics of sugarcane farmers on sandy soil in Purworejo Regency are classified as productive, the highest level of education of the farmers is junior high school, the experience of farmers in cultivating sugarcane on sandy soil are > 15 years, the total production of sugarcane are 5- 6 ton, the area of farmer's land are 2-4 Ha, and the productivity level of farmers are 3 - 4 ton/Ha. 2) the adoption rate of sugarcane farmers on the sandy soil of Purworejo Regency are medium, and 3) the level of productivity of sugarcane farmers on the sandy soil of Purworejo Regency is classified as medium productivity. The utilization of coastal land should add compost to increase soil moisture. The seeds that have been certified and have SNI.

Multi-Factor analysis of profitability drivers of local rabbit production in Zamboanga Peninsula Region, Mindanao , Philippines

Literature supporting empirical evidence on the financial viability of rabbit production in the Philippines is limited. This study was conducted to examine the profitability drivers of rabbit production in the Zamboanga Peninsula, focusing on its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock production, protein source and its capacity to augment household income. The research employed MRL (multiple linear regression) analysis to identify key factors influencing profitability, utilising a sample of 123 rabbit raisers randomly selected from the list in the Provincial Agriculture Offices. Data were collected during the first half of 2024 through personal interviews with the aid of an interview schedule validated by experts. Model specification was done to ascertain heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity issues in the data. The loglog model for expense categories and log-linear for profitability drivers having the lowest Akaike information criteria (AIC) were chosen for its better fit, providing a more accurate representation of the data. Results indicate that larger farms achieve significantly higher gross and net incomes, benefiting from economies of scale. Expense categories such as feed cost, veterinary expenses and labour costs positively and significantly influenced profitability, while outlay on utilities and cost of stocks negatively affected financial performance. The study also revealed that farming experience, feeds used, training attendance, breed type and marketing practices do not significantly influence profitability, implying that management practices and operational scale are more important considerations for rabbit profitability. Knowing the relationship and influence of these profitability drivers of rabbit production can help identify strategies to optimise returns, support the adoption of rabbit farming and improve the livelihoods of rural households in Philippines. The findings suggest the expansion of rabbit farming operations of up to more than 100 head per farm to optimise profitability.

Determinants of Youth Participation in Agriculture: A Case of Polder Farming Practices in Southwest Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

Revitalizing the agricultural sector through youth participation is essential to better adapt to changing climate and support sustainable development. However, youth participation in agriculture has been declining in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Only a limited number of scientific studies have been conducted to address this concern. This study aimed to examine the factors affecting the perception and participation of youths (18-35 years of age) in agriculture, considering the polder agricultural practices in the coastal zones. A simple random sampling technique was followed in this study. The quantitative data were randomly collected from 270 young men (64%) and women (36%) from Polder 30 located in Khulna district of Bangladesh. The determinants of participation choice were identified using the logit regression model. The empirical findings reveal that factors such as gender, farming experience, agricultural and youth development training, and access to credit positively affected youths’ decision to participate in agricultural practices. On the other hand, their age, education level, and plan to migrate to cities inversely influenced their decision. Moreover, the nature of the work, restricted access to land, and fewer work opportunities often contributed to such negative attitudes of youths toward agriculture. It is recommended that the government and policymakers should adopt appropriate measures through inclusion of practical agricultural education in curriculum, availability of extension services, and training programs on modern agricultural technology, a significant social recognition of agriculture in society and provide access to new technologies and adequate credit facilities to change the attitude of youths toward agriculture that will contribute to achieving agricultural sustainability and food security in Bangladesh.

Farming Technology and Allocative Efficiency of Rice Production Factors in Kulon Progo Regency

The regency of Kulon Progo, located in the western part of Yogyakarta Special Region, owns the lowest ratio of paddy fields relative to arable land, i.e., 0.27%, compared to other regencies in the region. Effective management of paddy farming technology is crucial to enhance productivity. This research aims to describe the management of rice farming technology and to analyze the allocative efficiency of rice production factors in Kulon Progo. The study employs cross-sectional data collected through observations and surveys using an open-ended questionnaire. The sampling method used is proportional stratified random sampling, with a total of 105 respondents, of which 55 from Panjatan Sub-district and 50 from Sentolo Sub-district. Data analysis methods include quantitative descriptive, multiple linear regression with the Cobb-Douglas production function, and calculation of allocative efficiency index (Ki) tested with the one-sample Wilcoxon test. The findings show that the majority of farmers use superior Ciherang seed varieties, insecticides for pest control, and adopt the rice cultivation method known as "jajar legowo". Moreover, a significant number of farmers have not yet adopted combine harvesters due to landscape unsuitability. Key production factors affecting rice output include land area, seed quantity, fertilizer application, farming experience, hybrid variety adoption, technical irrigation use, and combine harvester utilization. Allocative efficiency analysis reveals non-efficient land allocation, suggesting a need for land-use reduction. Meanwhile, seeds and fertilizers use are inefficient, warranting more allocations of these inputs.

Determinants of Food Insecurity Status among Cocoa Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria.

Food insecurity is a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live an active and healthy life. This can be a temporary situation for a family or can last a long time. Food insecurity is one way to measure people’s food affordability. The aim of the study was to determine factors that affect food insecurity status among cocoa farming households in Ondo state, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select the respondentfarmers for the study. The first stage was the purposive selection of three Local Government Areas (LGAs) from the State. Second stage was the random selectionof 15 cocoa producing communities from the three selected LGAs (the selection was proportional to size), while the third stage was the random selection of 400cocoa farming households from the selected communities. Data were collected with the use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Probit regression analysis. Results revealed that the majority (73.8%) of the respondents were males, out of which 84.2% were literates with at least primary school education, while (93.7%) of the respondents had enough farming experience of more than 10 years. The major significant variable determinants of food insecurity in the study area were total household income, age, household size, level of education, membership of cooperative, access to credit and farm size. It is therefore recommended that farmers should be granted more access to credit facilities at low interest rates as this further guarantees their food security.

Socio-economic determinants of willingness to expand palmyrah palm cultivation: An econometric analysis

The Palmyrah palm (Borassus flabellifer L.), often referred to as the "Tree of Life". It holds a significant cultural and economic significance, serving as a cornerstone for rural livelihoods and environmental sustainability. Despite its numerous advantages, the expansion of Palmyrah palm cultivation is influenced by a range of socio-economic factors. This study examines the socio-economic determinants affecting farmers’ willingness to expand Palmyrah palm cultivation in Vembar South Gram panchayat, located in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, South India. To analyse the binary nature of the outcome variable, the Probit Econometric Model was employed to assess the factors influencing the likelihood of expanding Palmyrah cultivation based on various socio-economic parameters. The findings reveal that farming experience, higher income, and larger landholdings significantly increase the likelihood of expansion, whereas gender, occupation (agriculture), and family size are associated with a decreased likelihood. Notably, female landowners, non-agricultural workers, and farmers from smaller families with higher income levels are particularly inclined to expand Palmyrah cultivation. The study’s findings provides important insights for policymakers aiming to promote Palmyrah cultivation and foster rural economic development through targeted interventions that could effectively support the socio-economic well-being of the farming communities.

Farmers’ perceptions of the practices, benefits and challenges of on-farm tree planting in Akure, Nigeria

On-farm tree planting is recommended to enhance agricultural productivity while promoting ecological conservation and providing socio-economic benefits. However, limited studies distinguish this practice from other agroforestry methods, particularly in evaluating its adoption, benefits, and constraints. This study assessed farmers’ perceptions of on-farm tree planting in Akure, Nigeria, through a survey of 100 respondents across four communities. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and field observations and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, and the logit model. Findings revealed that 57% of respondents were male, 62% were self-employed, and 42% had over 25 years of farming experience. Most farmers acquired land through purchase (36%) or inheritance (24%), with 86% practising on-farm tree planting. Timber species dominated, with fewer fruit trees, deviating from common reports. Farmers were primarily motivated by direct benefits such as timber (27%), improved crop productivity (25%), shade, building materials, firewood, fruits, and medicinal uses. Ecosystem services like soil protection, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration also motivated farmers. However, around 60% of farmers noted that tree planting negatively affected farming activities, limiting the practice's broader adoption. Other major challenges were inadequate technical support, lack of credit, limited knowledge, land tenure issues, and tree interactions with crops and animals. Adoption of tree planting was significantly associated with farmers’ age, education level, household size, employment status, land ownership, farming experience, and perceptions. Age, education, and employment status were the most influential factors. Addressing these challenges and enhancing the perceived benefits are crucial for wider adoption and upscaling of on-farm tree planting.

The First Report of Cod Gill Poxvirus in Gills of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Suffering From Cardiorespiratory Disease.

Atlantic cod farming experiences renewed growth in Norway, and increased awareness is essential to address emerging diseases in this species. There are few reports on gill diseases in cod, and to date, no viral gill infections of cod have been documented. In this study, we collected samples from three sequential time points in summer 2023 from farmed cod suffering from cardiorespiratory disease. We document severe heart and gill pathology, and a novel double-strand DNA virus was discovered in the gills. Through comprehensive genetic characterisation and comparative sequence analysis, this virus was classified as a new species in the genus Poxvirus, designated cod gill poxvirus (CGPV). We demonstrate disease causality with severe gill lesions as shown by histopathology and RNA scope insitu hybridisation, and poxvirus particles were identified in gill epithelial cells by transmission electron microscopy. Further, another gill pathogen not previously described in cod, Candidatus. Branchiomonas cysticola, was identified by pcr and insitu hybridisation. Our findings provide strong evidence for poxvirus in Atlantic cod and underscore the imminent threat posed to Atlantic cod farm industry.

Preliminary Study on the Use of Chemical Pesticides in Beir Bullerjam's Farms, Suluq, Libya

Pesticides in Libya have increased recently in the agriculture sector to control pests, consequently improving field and horticultural crop productivity. The present study was undertaken to assess the current pesticide utilization among farmers in different farms across Beir Bullerjam's area. Data were collected from farmers using a structured questionnaire containing the following (socio-demographic details, awareness and knowledge, and farmer practices). Our results show that all farmers were male (100%), their farming experience was 13 years, and their average age was 46 years old. Not surprisingly, farmers did not know the modes or the compositions of pesticides being used and relied mainly on pesticide commercial retailers' knowledge. The most commonly used pesticides were: insecticides, herbicides, acaricides, and fungicides (47%), (34%), (18%), and (2%) respectively. Moreover, their trade names were: Oscar wp® 50, Roundup, Gramoxyone (herbicides), AQ Dorsban*4, Permethrin, Cyberkill 25, Mospy-one 20% sp, Fl-oil, Voliam Targo (insecticides), Vertimec (acaricide), and Strike (fungicide), and they were regularly utilized by farmers in this survey. We found that farmers reuse the same pesticides over years which may result in pesticide resistance of the targeted pest. Additionally, heavy use of insecticides by farmers could harm bee populations negatively in the region or decrease the natural enemies of pests. Farmer's awareness and attitudes towards pesticide use must be improved through agriculture extension agents or workshops for better food, healthy people, and ecosystems.

Marketing contracts and technical efficiency of citrus production

PurposeThis study examines the impacts of marketing contracts (written contracts, verbal contracts and no contracts) on technical efficiency, taking citrus production in Jiangxi Province, China, as an example.Design/methodology/approachWe first use a stochastic production frontier (SPF) model to calculate the technical efficiency scores of citrus production at the individual level. Then, we use a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model, which mitigates selection bias issues arising from observed and unobserved factors, to estimate the treatment effects of marketing contract choices on technical efficiency. Data used in this study were collected from a survey of citrus farmers conducted between October and November 2022 in Jiangxi Province, China.FindingsThe SPF model estimates show that the mean technical efficiency score of citrus production is 0.616, ranging between 0.021 and 0.894. The MESR model estimates reveal that the technical efficiency scores for written and oral contract users are 18.3 and 10.5% higher, respectively, compared to citrus farmers with no marketing contracts. Additionally, the average technical efficiency score for written contract users exceeds that of oral contract users by 2.5%. We also find that farmers with higher household incomes and less farming experience were more likely to use written contracts. At the same time, those endowed with better education, larger farm sizes and better production conditions were more likely to use verbal contracts.Originality/valueFarmers seeking marketing contracts for product sales need to adjust their production behaviour in advance to meet the product attributes required by market buyers. However, little is known about whether marketing contract users are more efficient in farm production than non-users. This study provides the first attempt to investigate the associations between different types of marketing contracts and technical efficiency.

ASSESSMENT OF COPING AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY ARABLE FARMERS IN NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

This study assessed the coping and adaptation strategies employed by arable farmers to cope with the adverse effects of climate change in northwestern Nigeria. Thirty (30) farmers from the four local government areas who were 40 years old and above and had 20 years of farming experience were sampled. A total of 120 respondents were used for the study. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics and presented in tables using percentages. The results revealed that the farmers employed various coping and adaptation strategies. These include crop residue, chemical weed control, use of fertiliser, use of cattle manure, first weeding and second weeding, among others. The significant strategies included using adapted, organic matter and fertiliser, hiring labour for farming, using irrigation, first weeding and second wedding. Conclusively, the agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change in northwestern Nigeria vary owing to the uneven spread of environmental and socio-economic resources. While some of these strategies are age-long practices, their adoption is further reinforced by intensifying ecological stressors. The study recommended that there is a need for the four local farmers' communities to partner with multilateral and international agencies to build the capacities of farmers in relevant areas to strengthen the farmers` ability to develop and implement adaptation strategies and plans that would reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate changes. Some of these areas include providing financial resources that will increase their ability to adopt crop, water, and soil management strategies in response to the impacts of climate change.

The Dynamics of Farmer Motivation in Cattle Breeding: A Case Study of Mario Marennu Cattle Group, Kulo District

Farmer motivation is critical in increasing the productivity and sustainability of livestock businesses, especially in rural areas. This study aims to identify the level of farmer motivation in Mario Village, Kuro District, and Sidenreng Rappang Regency and analyze the factors that influence it. With a quantitative descriptive approach and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 16.0 software, this study provides an in-depth description of the relationship between age, education, and livestock farming experience factors on farmer motivation locally. This study aimed to determine the level of farmer motivation in Mario Village, Kulo District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency, and the factors that influence this motivation. The method used was quantitative descriptive, and the sample consisted of 63 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression using SPSS 16.0 software. The results showed that two main factors significantly influenced farmer motivation: age and livestock farming experience. This can be seen from the regression coefficient of age (X1) reaching 0.500 and farming experience (X2) reaching 0.320. These values show a significant value of less than 0.05, indicating that they significantly influence farmer motivation

Factors affecting farmers’ decision to join coffee producer cooperatives to improve their welfare

Purpose. The aim of this research is to evaluate the farmer characteristics, knowledge, social and economic factors that influence the decision to join a cooperative, as well as its impact on farmers’ welfare. By identifying factors that affect farmers’ decision making, agricultural policies especially regarding cooperatives, will be optimised for development. Methodology / approach. This study was conducted at a Coffee Farmer Producer Cooperative in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 70 respondents from all members of the cooperative. The collection of data was done through the distribution of questionnaires, and the data were analysed using a statistical analysis method, namely Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling with the software SmartPLS4.0. Results. Research found that agricultural policies implemented through corporate farming in the form of cooperatives improves the quality and capabilities of members, provides production capacity, and increases production, processing, and marketing. Furthermore, the result of the analysis proves that farmer characteristics, knowledge, social and economic factors have a positive and significant impact on the decision to join a cooperative, as well as a positive and significant impact on farmers’ welfare. The indicators with the strongest correlation with farmers’ characteristics are farming experience and age. The indicators that are most closely related to knowledge are the purpose and functions of the cooperative. The indicators that are most strongly linked to social factors are group support and sources of information, and to economic indicators are the availability of infrastructure and production capacity. Thus, the decision to join a cooperative has a positive impact on improving farmers’ welfare. Originality / scientific novelty. This study highlights comprehensive aspect of farmers’ decision to join cooperatives that has not been adequately studied in previous research. This study presents a new perspective that enriches the discussion in previous studies that only focused on the impacts of cooperative on farmers’ welfare without exploring the factors that influence it. Practical value / implications. The results of this study indicate recommendations for the stakeholders especially the government, to support the development of farmers’ institutions in order to optimally empower farmers. The government is supposed to take concrete steps by facilitating education about cooperatives, simplifying administrative processes, and improving infrastructure to encourage farmers to join cooperatives, and ultimately improve their welfare.

Development of True Shallot Seed Technology as an Effort to Increase Red Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Production in Galung Lombok Village, Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi

This community service aims to improve the capacity of shallot farmers in Galung Village, Lombok, Polewali Mandar, in implementing True Shallot Seed (TSS) technology as an effort to increase shallot (Allium cepa L.) production. The use of TSS is an innovation that can increase harvest yields and reduce the risk of disease spread, which is often carried by conventional bulbs. The activity method includes focus group discussions (FGD) to understand participant readiness, preparation of extension materials, and implementation of extension that includes an introduction to the TSS method and comparison with traditional cultivation techniques. Evaluation was carried out with a pre-test and post-test to assess the increase in participant understanding. The evaluation results showed an increase in the average score from 41.63 in the pre-test to 76.08 in the post-test, reflecting an increase in understanding of 82.75%. Further analysis showed that age and farming experience factors did not significantly affect the increase in participant understanding. In conclusion, this program has succeeded in increasing farmer knowledge in TSS-based shallot cultivation techniques, which have the potential to support the sustainability of shallot production and strengthen farmers' economic resilience in the future. It is hoped that the TSS method can be applied more widely through the demonstration plot system to increase farmer confidence in adopting this technology

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PORANG FARMING BUSINESSES IN PURWOREJO DISTRICT

The popularity and existence of porang plants have decreased. The price of porang tubers has decreased drastically. The sustainability of porang farming is influenced by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the sustainability of porang farming in Purworejo Regency. The analysis tool used was multiple linear regression with the least squares analysis method or One Least Square (OLS). The results of the study showed that the factors that had a positive effect on the sustainability of porang farming in Purworejo Regency were land area and porang price, while farming experience and farmer age had a negative effect. Keywords: porang, One Least Square (OLS), sustainability