Farm Costs Research Articles

Estimate provincial-level effectiveness of the arable land requisition-compensation balance policy in mainland China in the last 20 years

The “requisition-compensation balance policy” is a basic arable land protection policy promulgated by the Chinese government to maintain the dynamic balance of the total arable land. Since the implementation of the “requisition-compensation balance policy”, its important role in the conservation of arable land has been widely noted. Multiple studies indicate the effectiveness of the policy by estimating the quantity and quality change of arable land. In addition, the defects and negative externalities of the policy are disputed. The overall goal of this study is to estimate the provincial-level effectiveness of the “requisition-compensation balance policy” in mainland China in two periods (i.e., 2000—2010; 2010—2020) from four perspectives: arable land quantity dynamic balance; arable land productivity balance; farming distance; and sustainability of arable land use. The results showed that, first, the arable land quantity balance was achieved during 2000–2020 from a national perspective. There are still 19–23% of provinces have failed to reach the quantity balance. Second, the decrease in China’s total arable land productivity was exacerbated from 9612.1 thousand tons. to 31254.6 thousand ton. The average potential yield balance index was less than 1 for nearly all provinces during 2000–2010 and became even worse in the next decade because of occupying superior arable land while compensating for inferior arable land. The conservation of arable land productivity has become more important than the conservation of quantity. Third, due to the lack of constraints on the farming distance changes in the “requisition-compensation balance policy”, most provinces convert arable land around urban and rural areas to built-up land while replenishing land far from residential areas without providing adequate agricultural infrastructure, which leads to an increase in the cost of farming and consequently to an increase in the marginalization of arable land. During 2010–2020, the average farming distance of compensated arable land at the provincial level reached 2–7 times that of occupied arable land. However, the average farming distance of the whole arable land at the provincial level decreased by 3.82–63.88% during the same period. This contradiction is mainly due to increasing marginalization and opportunity costs resulting in arable land with high farming distance (including arable land that was compensated in the past) to be used with low intensity or even abandoned and thus identified as other land use types by remote sensing classification models. This factor outweighed that of “occupy nearby arable land while compensating farther one”, resulting in a reduction in the provincial average farming distance. Fourth, the percentage of sustainable compensated arable land in most provinces was lower than 70%. This indicated that the utilization and protection of arable land in these provinces was insufficiently implemented and monitored. Challenges along optimization of the “requisition-compensation balance policy” were discussed from two respects: data, theory and methodology and policy design and implementation. The authors argue that a more comprehensive “requisition-compensation balance policy” should be designed considering not only the quantity and productivity of arable land but also the farming distance, sustainability and ecological protection. A differentiated regulation mechanism of arable land requisition compensation in trans-provincial areas should be formulated. This study can provide guidance for optimizing the implementation of regional arable land protection and can also provide a reference for other countries to protect arable land.

Economic Value and Farmers’ Response of Chili Proliga Technology In Rembang Regency, Central Java

The study was aimed to i) analyze the economic value and feasibility of the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) analyze farmers’ responses to the introduction of chili proliga technology. The study was conducted in Rembang Regency, from August 2021 to February 2022. Two treatments were involved: i) chili farming with the introduction of chili proliga technology, and ii) existing chili farming. The economic value and feasibility were analyzed quantitatively by calculating i) cost of farming, ii) economic feasibility, and iii) partial analysis of technological changes. Farmers’ responses were analyzed based on i) level of understanding, ii) level of difficulty, and iii) level of willingness to adopt chili proliga technology. The study’s results showed that the introduction of chili proliga technology was able to increase profits by 392.21% with an R/C value of 2.3. The benefits obtained by farmers from technological changes received an MBCR of 3.07, meaning that every additional cost of IDR 100,000 brought an additional profit of IDR 307,000. Farmers’ responses to chili proliga technology show that i) farmers “understand” that technology ii) farmers find it easy to apply that technology, and iii) farmers are “willing to adopt” that technology.

A geospatial method for estimating the levelised cost of hydrogen production from offshore wind

This paper describes the development of a general-purpose geospatial model for assessing the economic viability of hydrogen production from offshore wind power. A key feature of the model is that it uses the offshore project's location characteristics (distance to port, water depth, distance to gas grid injection point). Learning rates are used to predict the cost of the wind farm's components and electrolyser stack replacement. The notional wind farm used in the paper has a capacity of 510 MW. The model is implemented in a geographic information system which is used to create maps of levelised cost of hydrogen from offshore wind in Irish waters. LCOH values in 2030 spatially vary by over 50% depending on location. The geographically distributed LCOH results are summarised in a multivariate production function which is a simple and rapid tool for generating preliminary LCOH estimates based on simple site input variables.

Assessment of energy production and costs associated with a massive exploitation of wind power in the North Sea

A study to assess the potential of a massive exploitation of offshore wind power in the North Sea has been performed. The study includes both a prediction of the available wind resources and the costs associated with such a large-scale exploitation of the wind power in the North Sea. The main parameters of the model are wind turbine size, average distance between the turbines (determined from area and number of turbines), as well as wind resources (i.e. mean wind speed Weibull distribution) and water depths conditioned on specific locations within the North Sea. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements, such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as costs of operation and maintenance - all as function of wind climate, rotor size, interspatial distance between the turbines and water depth. A main outcome of the study, is that exploiting an area of 180.000 km2, corresponding to about 1/3 of the North Sea, covered with 60.000 20 MW wind turbines, may in average produce electricity corresponding to the consumption of Europe at a price of 6.2 €cents/kWh (in 2020 prices). Furthermore, more energy could actually be captured by installing the wind turbines closer to each other. As an example, doubling the average power by installing more wind turbines on the same area will increase the levelized cost of energy from 6.2 €cent/kWh to 10.1 €cent/kWh. Still, this may be relevant in case of scarcity of suitable sites for a massive exploration.

Interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes on the growth performance, blood health, and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Diet composition and frequency of feeding are significant elements affecting the feeding cost and revenue of fish farming. Hence, this study evaluated the interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes on the growth performance, blood health, intestinal histology, and economic efficiency of Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated into eight groups with triplicate glass aquaria; four groups received 30% protein, and four were fed on a 25% protein feed. Fish fed on 30% or 25% protein daily or after one, two, or three days. After one, two, or three days of feeding with 30% or 25% protein feed, fish were starved in a cycling fasting refeeding regime for 60 days. After this trial, no significant (P > 0.05) differences were found between tilapia refed 30% protein after three days and that fed on 25% protein continuously in terms of the growth performance and feed conversion ratio. Dietary protein levels, cyclical fasting and refeeding, and their interaction were significant (P < 0.05) factors on the lipase, alpha-amylase, and protease activity. The intestine of Nile tilapia showed normal histological structures, while the liver showed normal hepatocytes in the fish groups fed on 30% or 25% dietary protein daily or after one or two days. Tilapia refed 30% protein after one, two, and three days as well as those fed 25% protein daily or after one day had similar red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobulin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) levels. The interactive effects of cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein regimes were significant (P < 0.05) factors in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were markedly higher in tilapia-fed on dietary 25% protein after one, two, or three days than in the remaining groups. Tilapia fed on dietary 25% protein daily or after one or two days had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than those refed on dietary 30% after one, two, or three days. The economic efficiency recorded the highest value in tilapia fed on 30% protein daily (30%) without significant differences (P > 0.05) with those fed 25% dietary protein daily (28.23%) or after one day (27.44%). In summary, the results stated that Nile tilapia fasted and refed after one day with 30% could show compensated growth without interrupting the feed utilization and health status. Further, cyclical fasting, refeeding, and dietary protein (25% or 30%) regimes are economically feasible strategies for tilapia production.

Genome-wide association screening and MassARRAY for detection of high-temperature resistance-related SNPs and genes in a hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂) based on super genotyping-by-sequencing

High seawater temperatures in summer often lead to high mortality in farmed abalone, which greatly increases the cost of farming. The hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂, DF), is one of the main varieties of abalone cultured in Fujian Province, China, to resist the high temperature. In this study, the high-temperature resistance of DF abalones was assessed under 28 °C - 32 °C. 31 °C was applied in the subsequent screening experiments of high-temperature resistant individuals. A total of 614,321 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified via super genotyping-by-sequencing (S-GBS), and 69 SNPs involved in 42 candidate genes were identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS). In addition, according to gene functional annotation, the locus with the lowest P value was screened within the threshold range (−log10P = 4.98296). The genotyping was verified by Sequenom MassARRAY, and 7 SNPs were proved to be related to high temperature resistance in DF population of 100 individuals. 7 candidate genes (fabp, e3rglg4, rgs2, tanc2x6, osbp1, arsb, and uch1) were identified near these SNPs. Finally, these candidate genes were further proved to be associated with the high-temperature resistance trait of DF by the analysis of differential expression genes between sensitive and tolerant individuals. These candidate genes involved regulatory mechanisms such as cell stability, protein repair, lipid metabolism and immune regulation. Notably, the mechanism by which the e3rglg4 gene was involved in the degradation of abnormally folded proteins of abalone under heat stress, corroborating the reliability of the results of GWAS and Sequenom MassARRA. These results complement the shortage of molecular markers for heat resistance of hybrid abalone, provide a reference for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and accelerate the development of heat-resistant abalone varieties.

Genetic parameters of husk spot resistance in macadamia breeding families

Husk spot caused by the Pseudocercospora macadamiae fungus induces premature abscission of fruit in many industry standard macadamia cultivars. Fungicides and other management strategies add to farm costs, thus breeding for varietal resistance is important. Genetic parameters of husk spot symptom expression had not previously been estimated. To guide selection methods for field resistance, over 300 open-pollinated seedlings of 32 families and 24 parent genotypes were inoculated, and seven symptom expression traits were evaluated. Narrow-sense and broad-sense heritabilities were estimated, breeding values were predicted, and correlations between breeding values of trait pairs were tested for significance. The traits with the highest heritabilities were necrotic lesion number per fruit (H2 = 0.41–0.59; h2 = 0.21–0.30) and necrotic incidence (H2 = 0.19–0.27; h2 = 0.17–0.24). Breeding values of the two traits were highly correlated (r = 0.98; p < 0.001), suggesting that either trait could be used to indirectly select for the other. All genotypes expressed symptoms to some degree, however, breeding values for necrotic traits and symptom-induced premature abscission were low for clones and progeny of cultivar ‘HAES791’. Necrotic trait breeding values were also promising for progeny of cultivar ‘HAES246’ and clones of Australian Macadamia Breeding Program elite selection, ‘BAM263’. Having been identified as potentially partially resistant, these selections can now be further evaluated and used as parents of new progeny populations.

Development of IoT Cloud-based Platform for Smart Farming in the Sub-saharan Africa with Implementation of Smart-irrigation as Test-Case

UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs predicted that the world population will increase by 2 billion in 2050 with over 50% from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Considering the level of poverty and food insecurity in the region, there is an urgent need for a sustainable increase in agricultural produce. However, farming approach in the region is primarily traditional. Traditional farming is characterized by high labor costs, low production, and under/oversupply of farm inputs. All these factors make farming unappealing to many. The use of digital technologies such as broadband, Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud computing, and Big Data Analytics promise improved returns on agricultural investments and could make farming appealing even to the youth. However, initial cost of smart farming could be high. Therefore, development of a dedicated IoT cloud-based platform is imperative. Then farmers could subscribe and have their farms managed on the platform. It should be noted that majority of farmers in SSA are smallholders who are poor, uneducated, and live in rural areas but produce about 80% of the food. They majorly use 2G phones, which are not internet enabled. These peculiarities must be factored into the design of any functional IoT platform that would serve this group. This paper presents the development of such a platform, which was tested with smart irrigation of maize crops in a testbed. Besides the convenience provided by the smart system, it recorded irrigation water saving of over 36% compared to the control method which demonstrates how irrigation is done traditionally.

Optimal design of offshore wind power farm in high resolution using geographical information system

This study presents a novel optimization-based framework for the design of offshore wind power farms (OWFs). In the framework, the characteristics of the OWF facilities are decided. Then, feasible locations for installing the facilities are identified by utilizing geographical information system (GIS). Finally, a MIFP optimization model is formulated for micro-siting of turbines and offshore substations, cable routes, and grid connection, by minimizing levelized cost of electricity. A case study is performed in Jeju Island, South Korea. The unit capital cost of the resulting optimal OWF design in Jeju Island is estimated as 2.3 MM$/MW, which is at par with existing and planned OWFs. Scenario analyses are performed to examine the effect of the spatiotemporal resolution of the model on the optimized design and cost of the wind farm. Moreover, a stochastic programming formulation is proposed to address the wind uncertainties and the resulting design shows improved or equal economics.

AUDIT PROCEDURE FOR POULTRY COSTS

The article fully covers the accounting of production costs in poultry farms and the procedure for their audit.

Location and turbine parameter selection for offshore wind power maximization

Offshore wind turbines can capture more wind than onshore because of their larger structure and location. This higher yield even fails to reduce the high installation and maintenance cost of an offshore wind farm (OWF). Appropriate turbine parameters and installation site selection may maximize the power generation which is a way to trade off these costs. Knowing the wind thrust force, air density, and power coefficient beforehand can help select an appropriate site for turbine location. Once the site is selected, the optimal value of turbine variables such as height and radius can contribute to higher power yield. In this paper, a MINLP (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programing) model is formulated with these important variables and the optimal values of these variables are determined to maximize the annual power production ([Formula: see text]) from offshore wind farm. The estimated power production, [Formula: see text], is calculated using two methods, mathematical programing method and simulation method. Computational result indicates that mathematical programing method is time consuming but more accurate whereas the accuracy of simulation method is proportional to the number of iterations. Although the result of a simulation can be improved to some extent, it cannot be as accurate as mathematical modeling for this study. These study results have great impact on the managerial decision and long range strategic and technical planning for maximizing power generation from an offshore wind farm.

Skala Produksi Jagung (Zea mays spp) Di Kecamatan Gunung Sugih Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

Corn is one type of food crop that has high economic value. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost and income of corn farming, to analyze the factors that influence corn production, to analyze the economies of scale for corn farming in Gunung Sugih District. This research was conducted in Gunung Sugih District, Central Lampung Regency. The sampling method uses probability sampling with 32 respondents. The data analysis method used is income analysis, analysis of production factors with the Cobb-Douglas production function and the level of business scale (return to scale). Based on the results of the analysis it is known that the average income of corn farming is IDR 10,148,235.09/ha. Production factors that significantly influence corn production in Gunung Sugih District are land area (X1) and seeds (X2). Corn farming activities are at the level of business scale in field II (constant return to scale), which means that if the use of production factors is added, it will result in an increase in production in the same proportion as the input allocation.

Oral administration of wild plant-derived minerals and red ginseng ameliorates insulin resistance in fish through different pathways.

Many kinds of fish are characterized by a limited efficiency to use carbohydrates. For this reason, raw fish and mixed feed containing a lot of fish meal have been used as feed for fish farming. However, continuing to use high-protein diets not only increases the cost of fish farming, but may also fuel animal protein shortages. Furthermore, carbohydrates are added to improve the texture of the feed and act as a binding agent and are usually contained at 20% in the feed. It makes sense, therefore, to find ways to make good use of carbohydrates rather than wasting them. The physiological mechanisms of glucose intolerance in fish are not yet well understood. Therefore, we investigated the glucose utilization of fish, omnivorous goldfish Carassius auratus and carnivorous rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Furthermore, the effects of oral administration of wild plant-derived minerals and red ginseng on the glucose utilization in these fish muscle cells were investigated. As a result, we found the following. (1) An extremely high insulin resistance in fish muscle and the symptom was more pronounced in carnivorous rainbow trout. (2) Administration of wild plant-derived minerals promotes the translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell surface of white muscle via activation of the PI3 kinase axis, whereas administration of red ginseng not only promotes GLUT4 transfer and translocation to the cell surface of white muscle via AMPK activation as well as promoting glucose uptake into muscle cells via a pathway separate from the insulin signaling system. (3) In fish, at least goldfish and rainbow trout, both PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling cascades exist to promote glucose uptake into muscle cells, as in mammals.

Feasibility Analysis of Patchouli Farming Business In Burana Village, Tabulahan District, Mamasa Regency

Patchouli has begun to be widely cultivated by farmers in Burana Village with its easy cultivation and offer a promising profit. This study aims to determine whether or not it is feasible to develop a patchouli farming business in this area. Quantitative research is used to anlyze farm costs, farming profits, farm income, return cost ratio (R/C), capital productivity (n/C) and break-even point analysis (BEP). The results showed that the average area of farmers' land is 47.22 acres, so the average cost of production on patchouli farming is Rp. 23,521,073, and the average revenue obtained is Rp. 30,486,379, then the average profit for each respondent is Rp. 6,965,306, so the R/C ratio obtained is 1.3 because the value of the R/C ratio is greater than 1, so patchouli farming is feasible. The value of π/C 0.29 indicates a profitable business where each additional cost of Rp. 100 then a profit of Rp. 29 (29%). The analysis of break-even point for the production volume in patchouli farming is 53,458 kg, meaning that at 53,458 kg the patchouli business is profitable because the patchouli product number of 53,456 kg is below the average product figure of 69.998 kg. Analysis of the point of return for the cost of production in patchouli farming is Rp. 336,025 shows that it is still below the market price of Rp. 439,995, means that the patchouli business is profitable.

Input Use Pattern of Temperate Fruits Production in Himachal Pradesh: A Comparative Study of Across Farm Size

"Land, labour, Manures &amp; fertilizers are the basic farm inputs in agriculture production. For increasing the crop yield farmers have to make better use of their inputs as they determine the farm cost, therefore, research had been conducted on the different farm sizes to understand the inputs use pattern for different temperate fruit crop production. The study was conducted in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh with a sample size of 200 farm households. It was discovered that per hectare application of fertilizers, manures, sprays and insecticides &amp; pesticides in overall crops production is highest among marginal farms and hence is showing decreasing trends with increasing farm size and the possible reason for the same can be an expectation of high returns or landholdings. Above all holding of major farm implements is less among marginal farmers which plays a very key role in improving the performance of inputs and therefore improves farms’ resource efficiency which is one of the key concerns in the Indian agriculture sector."

Cost and Return Analysis of Maize (Zea Mays L) Production in Adamawa State, Nigeria

This study evaluated the cost and return of maize (Zea mays L) production in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of this study were set out to: examine the socioeconomic characteristics of sampled maize farmers and to evaluate the costs and returns of maize production in the study area. A simple random sampling technique was adopted and used in selecting one hundred fifty (150) maize farmers in the area of study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin. The study shows that the majority 68.7% were full-time farmers with an average mean of 31 years of age and about 30.96 years of farming experience. The majority (85.3%) were male farmers and only 15.3% of the respondent had no formal education with an average land holding of 1.39 hectares. The analysis of farm budgetary technique shows and reveals that maize (Zea mays) production in the area of study is a profitable enterprise with a gross margin of ₦72,413.05 and net farm income (NFI) of ₦46,412.25. The coefficient of gross ratio was 0.50; this implies that 50% of the gross income of maize went to offset total farm costs. The net farm income of naira invested was 0.69 and the operating ratio was 0.59. A gross ratio of less than 1 is always desirable for farm business. The study recommends among other things that farmers should strengthen themselves financially by forming cooperative groups whereby members could have access to loans at a very low rate and farm inputs could be purchased in bulk to be shared among members at a reduced.

Faktor - Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Usahatani Ubi Kayu Di Desa Mataram Udik Kecamatan Bandar Mataram

Cassava is the third largest consumption food in Indonesia after rice and wheat, which is 6.78% per capita per year. One of the commodities cultivated in Mataram Udik Village is cassava. Increased income and production of cassava will be achieved if fertilization is optimal. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence production and to analyze the income of cassava farming in Mataram Udik Village, Bandar Mataram District. This research was conducted from July to August 2022. Sampling was carried out by simple random sampling and the number of respondents was 43 cassava farmers. Data analysis in this study used multiple regression analysis with the production function of the Cobb-Douglas equation and income analysis. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the factors that influence cassava production at a significant level of 5% are land area (X1), seeds (X2), chemical fertilizers (X3), labor (X5) and dummy organic fertilizers (D1). While the production factors that have no significant effect on cassava production are herbicides (X4), because the probability value is more than the 5% significance value - the average income for cassava farming is Rp. 95,407,121/2.47 ha and Rp. 38,632,085/ha in one growing season. The average total cost of cassava farming is Rp. 32,598,717/2.47 ha and Rp. 13,197,861/ha. The average income of cassava farmers is Rp. 62,808,404/2.47 ha and Rp. 25,428,504/ha in one growing season. In cassava farming, an R/C ratio of 2.92 and a B/C ratio of 1.92 means that every Rp. 1 spent will generate revenue of Rp. 2.92. This R/C ratio explains that cassava farming is feasible and the B/C value is greater than 1 which means cassava farming is profitable and can be increased.

Study on Environmental Cost Control in Pig Scale Breeding

The cost of pig breeding enterprises in China remains high and the benefits are declining. How to reduce costs and increase efficiency is an important practical problem faced by pig breeding enterprises at present. This paper takes New Hope Group as the research object, based on its aquaculture management model and financial data, deeply reveals the problems in its large-scale aquaculture management and cost control, and defines the connotation and objectives of environmental cost control of aquaculture enterprises from the perspective of changing the engineering construction model; Secondly, it analyzes the current situation and problems of environmental costs in pig farms; Then put forward the optimization plan of environmental cost in three stages, namely, before, during and after the event. Finally, using the method of combining theory with practice, put forward that enterprises should build an environmental cost control system and supporting measures for the return of manure to farmland.

Improving Soil Fertility and Wheat Yield by Tillage and Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Cropping System

Soil degradation and high environmental costs impede agricultural production in North China. A 6-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tillage practice and nitrogen application rate on changes in soil fertility and wheat yield. Four tillage systems (rotary tillage without maize straw return through 6 years, RT; rotary tillage with maize straw return through 6 years, RS; deep tillage with maize straw return through 6 years, DS; and rotary tillage through 2 years followed by deep tillage next year with maize straw applied for two cycles, RS/DS) and three N levels (HN, 300 kg N ha−1, refers to traditional farming practice; MN, 0.75 × HN, 225 kg N ha−1, to recommended N rate; and LN, 0.5 × HN, 150 kg N ha−1, to reduced N rate) were tested. The soil organic carbon, labile organic carbon, inorganic N, available phosphorus, and available potassium under straw return treatments were significantly higher than RT in the 0–30 cm soil layer (p &lt; 0.05). The microbial diversity, invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities also increased when maize straw was returned. Tillage practices could distribute maize straw in different depths of the soil and then affect soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity. The RS treatment presented the greatest effects in the 0–10 cm layer, while more significant impacts were observed in DS and RS/DS treatments at the 10–30 cm depths. The levels of soil nutrients and enzyme activity increased with an increased N rate. Compared to that under LN, wheat yields increased under HN and MN treatments, whereas there were no significant differences between HN and MN (p &gt; 0.05). An increasing tendency of grain yield was observed in DS and RS/DS, while conversely so in RS. RS/DS had lower farm costs than DS during the study duration. Thus, RS/DS at 225 kg N ha−1 is the best method for improving soil fertility and wheat yield.

Confronting climate change and livelihood: smallholder farmers’ perceptions and adaptation strategies in northeastern Burundi

Rain-fed agriculture is the main source of livelihood for most of Burundi’s population, especially in the northeastern part of the country. This research is aimed at examining how smallholder farmers in the Northeastern region of Burundi perceive climate change and variability and at identifying the methods that are used to adapt, based on data from 200 small farmers and on actual weather data recorded between 1986 and 2017. We find that the majority of farmers (54%) perceive significant increases in temperature and unpredictability of rainfall duration and intensity and are making adjustments to adapt their agriculture in response to changes in climate. Over 80% of farmers have implemented at least one adaptation strategy among the nine evaluated. Changing crop varieties, changing fertilizers, and planting shade trees are the main adaptation strategies that were being implemented by farmers across the study area. The results of a binary regression model showed that the agricultural education and experience of farmers, as well as farm and family size, livestock ownership, climate information access, credit access, and farm income, strongly influence smallholder farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change. The main obstacles are the lack of information on climate and adaptation strategies, and poverty, which makes it difficult to cope with the increased costs of farming. Understanding farmers’ perceptions of climate change and variability on a local level would provide information on how to develop adaptation strategies. The present study suggests the need for strengthening farmers’ capacities and improving the policy framework for adaptation to climate change in order to improve farmers’ livelihoods. Implications for policymakers will, therefore, include making flexible credit facilities, and investing in training extension agents on both climate change outreach and coping strategies.