Farm Costs Research Articles

Design and simulation of an intelligent irrigation system using fuzzy logic

Farmers in developing countries employ various irrigation methods ranging from traditional techniques such as the use of irrigation cans to modern pressurized systems while irrigating short-seasoned crops that require continuous water supply especially during the dry season. Inspite of being cheap and easy to use, farmers find it challenging to optimize farming costs through the application of the neccessary amount of water onto the crops, leading to crop water logging and hence roting. Due to the growing demand for agricultural products, there was need to develop an irrigation system that considers the amount of moisture in the soil, air temperature and light intensity, which are important parameters in plants’ growth. This dissertation therefore presents the design, simulation and implementation of an intelligent irrigation system, utilizing multiple sensors and a fuzzy logic controller to optimize water usage while ensuring high farming yields. The system design integrates light, temperature, and soil moisture sensors to monitor environmental conditions and soil moisture content in real-time. The operation of the irrigation system is governed by a set of one hundred twenty five (125) fuzzy rules that process the inputs from these sensors, determining the appropriate irrigation duration based on the prevailing light intensity, ambient temperature, and soil moisture levels. The fuzzy logic controller employs a combination of membership functions and rule-based inference to handle the relationships between the environmental parameters and the irrigation needs of the soil. By continuously analyzing the data from the sensors, the system dynamically adjusts the water output, ensuring optimal soil moisture levels while minimizing water wastage. Additionally, the system is equipped to send notifications in form of calls to a smartphone connected to the GSM network in case of critical conditions or system malfunctions. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the intelligent irrigation system to dynamically adjust the amount of water being pumped into the garden basing on the prevailing soil moisture, temperature and light intensity.

Economics of Seed Spices in Gujarat: Analyzing Parity of Cost, Price, and Income

This study analyzes the cost, price, and income parity in three major seed spices cultivated in Gujarat by examining indices of average input prices, Farm Harvest Prices, cost of production, and gross income to evaluate the profitability and challenges faced by farmers. The secondary data on input cost, cost of production and gross income were collected for the period of eleven years from 2011-12 to 2021-22 from the reports of “The Scheme for Farm Cost Studies of Important Crops in Gujarat State” and “The Scheme for Creating a Permanent Machinery for studying Cost of Cultivation/ Production of Principal crops grown in Gujarat state, further analysis of parity indices were estimated by taking 2011-12 as base year. The results indicate that for cumin crop, input prices grew significantly, while farm harvest prices exhibited a non-significant increase. Parity indices between Farm Harvest Prices and input prices remained below 100, indicating that farm harvest prices did not cover rising input costs. However, in years like 2016-17, 2018-19, and 2021-22, the farm harvest price and gross income were favorable, indicating profitability for farmers. In fennel, input prices and production costs showed significant growth, while farm harvest prices and gross income had minimal increases. Parity indices suggested that farm harvest prices were insufficient to cover rising costs in most years, though 2012-13 and 2021-22 were favorable for farmers in terms of both price and income. Coriander, with significant growth in input prices, showed a slight increase in farm harvest prices and a decrease in production costs. Parity indices indicated that the farm harvest price consistently exceeded input prices and the cost of production, ensuring favorable profitability and encouraging investment in coriander cultivation. Overall, the findings underscore the need for policy interventions to stabilize farm harvest prices and control input cost inflation, ensuring sustained profitability for farmers growing seed spices.

Impact of Foliar Supplementation of Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar application of nitrogenous fertilizers has become a key factor in improving nitrogen use efficiency, boosting crop yields, and reducing farming costs. Liquid fertilizers are essential for precise nutrient management, ensuring crops receive the necessary nutrients throughout their growth cycle, thereby enhancing yield potential. A field experiment was conducted in the Rabi seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24 to examine the impact of soil and foliar nitrogen supplementation on wheat growth. The experiment followed a Split Plot Design with three main plots and five subplots, each repeated thrice. The main plots included various nitrogen doses: M1 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen, RDN), M2 (75% RDN), and M3 (50% RDN). The subplots tested different foliar treatments: S1 (one spray of nano urea at the tillering stage), S2 (two sprays of nano urea at the tillering and jointing stages), S3 (two sprays of 5% urea at the tillering and jointing stages), S4 (one spray of NPK 19:19:19 at the tillering stage), and S5 (no spraying, control). The results showed that the full recommended nitrogen dose significantly improved wheat yield and related characteristics. The 100% RDN increased grain yield (4309 kg/ha), straw yield (6307 kg/ha), biological yield (10616 kg/ha), harvest index (40.58%), number of ear heads per square meter (324.39), ear head length (10.11 cm), number of grains per ear head (47.93), and 1000-grain weight (42.49 g) compared to the 75% and 50% RDN treatments. Moreover, foliar nitrogen application enhanced grain and straw yields. The highest ear head number (320.69), ear head length (9.89 cm), grains per ear head (47.44), 1000-grain weight (42.03 g), grain yield (4229 kg/ha), straw yield (6301 kg/ha), biological yield (10530 kg/ha), and harvest index (40.69%) were observed with two sprays of 5% urea at the tillering and jointing stages. This treatment performed similarly to two sprays of nano urea. Therefore, two spray of urea (5%) at tillering (45 DAS) and jointing (65 DAS) stage of wheat along with RDF would improve the performance of Wheat.

The Effect of Organic and Conventional Farming on Land Quality and Farmer Profits in Batur Village, Getasan District, Semarang Regency

The Green Revolution transformed traditional farming systems into conventional farming systems that use chemical fertilizer and pesticides and led to a decline in soil quality. The decline in soil quality can be overcome by implementing organic farming which is beneficial for maintaining and improving soil quality, product quality, and farmer welfare. In Batur Village, Getasan District, Semarang Regency, there are 35 farmer groups and 5 of them are organic farmer groups with a land area of ± 34.4 ha. This study aims to determine the effect of organic and conventional farming on land quality and farm profits in Batur Village, Getasan Subdistrict, Semarang Regency, which is expected to be used as a promotion of organic farming practices. The research method used was the composite method for soil sampling and interviews to determine farm profits. The results were analysed using independent sample T-test. The results of the analysis showed that soil properties were not significantly different, but the values of C-organic, N-total, permeability, field capacity, pH, soil consistency, and total soil microbial count of organic farming were higher than those of conventional farming, while the values of salinity and porosity were higher in conventional farming and the production costs of organic farming were lower.

Production Performance and Nutritional Quality of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Nurtured in Different Organic Waste

Nutritionists are beginning to pay attention to black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) as an alternative to expensive soybean and fish meal in animal feed which is abundant in different nutrients. Additionally, organic wastes including leftover food, animal excreta, and agricultural wastes, can be used to efficiently raise and spread BSFL. This study was carried out to evaluate the yield, production performance and proximate composition of BSFL nurtured on different organic waste namely, broiler starter feed (BF); rice bran (RB); market-sourced vegetable wastes (VW); chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The BF fed group had the highest observed larval yields (16.2 kg in total; P<0.05). Raising BSFL on BF, VW and KW resulted in the greatest body weight (0.149, 0.147 and 0.150 g, respectively) and growth rate (0.012 g), whereas the KW fed group had the longest body length (P<0.05). The fed groups that received CM and BF had the highest and lowest mortality rates, respectively (P<0.05). All fed groups except RB had improved feed conversion ratios, while VW and KW fed groups had higher protein conversion ratios (2.626 and 2.852, respectively; P<0.05). All the group had better substrate reduction rate compared to CM fed group (P<0.05). The dry matter and ash contents of BSFL reared on BF, VW and KW were higher than the RB and CM group (P<0.05). The KW supplemented BSFL had the highest ether extract level, whereas the BF fed group had the highest protein content (43.58%, P<0.05). In conclusion, BSFL can be successfully reared on kitchen and vegetable scraps. It is anticipated that the cost of black soldier fly farming and animal production will decrease since these organic waste shown favorable effects on BSFL growth performance and nutritional quality comparable to broiler feed in the current study. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 6(1): 139-148, 2024

Adoption of a sustainable land management practice for invasive Prosopis juliflora in East Africa

BackgroundWoody invasive alien species are among the world’s worst invaders, significantly affecting ecosystem services, increasing the cost of farming and reducing access to land. Prosopis juliflora (“prosopis”), a spiny shrub or tree, was introduced from its native Latin America into Eastern Africa to reduce dust and sandstorms and provide wood and fodder for livestock, but it has spread from the original areas of introduction and invaded large areas of land, thereby replacing grazing and arable land with impenetrable thickets. Stakeholders in two invaded regions of Kenya and Tanzania selected and tested, through an inclusive and participatory process guided by the Woody Weeds project, one sustainable land management (SLM) practice to manage prosopis through uprooting and subsequent use of the cleared land for continuous crop and fodder production. The practice was successful and was adopted by stakeholders in the communities where it was tested.MethodsWe assessed reasons why people adopted the practice or not, as well as whether there was an effect of the Woody Weeds project on the adoption, through in-person interviews with 154 household heads in Baringo, Kenya, and 148 in Kahe, Tanzania.ResultsAbout 75% of the respondents implemented the practice, 76 didn’t implement the practice and ten respondents no longer implemented the practice. We found that the likelihood of people adopting was higher for male than female respondents and was positively related to farm size. Results of a choice experiment revealed that almost all respondents prefer the SLM over a situation where their land is invaded by prosopis, even if the investment is high, which confirms that people prefer farming over prosopis, and that their perception of the SLM became more positive over time. Altogether, our results illustrate the beneficial effects of the SLM practice, despite high initial investment and risk of injury while uprooting prosopis. The results further indicate the value of communal meetings for dissemination, as many people learn about new practices through observation of their neighbours’ activities and during public barazas and village meetings.ConclusionsWe recommend awareness raising about these SLM practices and their benefits and upscaling of the practices to other areas infested by prosopis.

Conceptual Validation of High-Precision Fish Feeding Behavior Recognition Using Semantic Segmentation and Real-Time Temporal Variance Analysis for Aquaculture.

Aquaculture plays an important role in the global economy. However, unscientific feeding methods often lead to problems such as feed waste and water pollution. This study aims to address this issue by accurately recognizing fish feeding behaviors to provide automatic bait casting machines with scientific feeding strategies, thereby reducing farming costs. We propose a fish feeding behavior recognition method based on semantic segmentation, which overcomes the limitations of existing methods in dealing with complex backgrounds, water splash interference, fish target overlapping, and real-time performance. In this method, we first accurately segment fish targets in the images using a semantic segmentation model. Then, these segmented images are input into our proposed fish feeding behavior recognition model. By analyzing the aggregation characteristics during the feeding process, we can identify fish feeding behaviors. Experiments show that the proposed method has excellent robustness and real-time performance, and it performs well in the case of complex water background and occlusion of fish targets. We provide the aquaculture industry with an efficient and reliable method for recognizing fish feeding behavior, offering new scientific support for intelligent aquaculture and delivering powerful solutions to improve aquaculture management and production efficiency. Although the algorithm proposed in this study has shown good performance in fish feeding behavior recognition, it requires certain lighting conditions and fish density, which may affect its adaptability in different environments. Future research could explore integrating multimodal data, such as sound information, to assist in judgment, thereby enhancing the robustness of the model and promoting the development of intelligent aquaculture.

Use of Fermented Japanese Papaya (Cindoscolus Aconitifolius) Leaf Flour as an Alternative Feed to Increase the Production and Quality of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a type of aquaculture commodity that has high economic value as a freshwater consumption fish in the world. Efforts to increase the quantity and quality of commercial feed have an impact on the operational costs of intensive fish farming, namely more than (60-70%) of the total production costs. One effort to overcome dependence on imported feed raw materials is the use of local raw materials. The local raw materials used must have high nutritional value, be non-toxic, relatively cheap, very abundant and not compete with human needs, including Japanese papaya leaves. The use of Japanese papaya leaf flour as a source of carbohydrates and protein in fish feed cannot be done optimally because it contains high levels of fiber and tannin which can bind the minerals needed by fish.

Budgeting Family Living into Cost of Production: Why It Matters for Farm and Ranch Families

In farming or ranching, budgeting is more than just managing costs for seeds, feed, equipment, or labor. For farm and ranch families, the unique structure of finances often means family living expenses are often interwoven with the business. Budgeting family living expenses into cost of production is an essential practice that can significantly impact the financial stability of the family, especially during challenging economic periods when the operation’s income may fluctuate. By including family living expenses in the cost of production, farm and ranch families can gain a more realistic view of their business’s profitability, make more informed financial decisions, and work toward long-term sustainability.

Research on building a biochar production model from agricultural by-products in Gia Lai province

ABSTRACT The impact of climate change on ecosystems and agricultural systems, particularly in key agricultural areas like the Central Highlands of Vietnam, has caused severe soil degradation, water depletion, and desertification, directly affecting productivity and livelihoods. Sustainable agricultural solutions, especially biochar, have gained attention due to their ability to improve soil fertility, retain moisture, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research focuses on developing a biochar production model from agricultural by-products in Gia Lai to meet both domestic and export needs. Biochar was produced through the pyrolysis of coffee by-products, including stems, branches, and fruit husks. The study employs 10 brick kilns (90 m³ capacity) for stems and branches, and 15 steel kilns (300 kg/batch capacity) for fruit husks and leaves. The biochar produced meets export quality standards, with a fixed carbon content ≥70.0%, ash content ≤3.0%, and calorific value ≥7,000 Kcal/kg. Additionally, biochar is combined with the biological agent Trichoderma to produce 1,000 tons of organic microbial fertilizer, surpassing national standards for organic matter content (≥15%) and Trichoderma density (≥1.0x10⁶ CFU/g). Biochar production from agricultural waste not only reduces waste but also contributes to sustainable agriculture in the Central Highlands. The research results show great potential for expanding biochar production models, improving soil health, reducing farming costs, and increasing farmers' income.

Plants, plant‐derived compounds, probiotics, and postbiotics as green agents to fight against poultry coccidiosis: A review

AbstractThe intestinal tract is the main place for animals to digest food and absorb nutrients, which also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens that invade the internal environment. Therefore, normal intestinal structure and function are essential for animal health. Poultry coccidiosis is an intestinal disease primarily caused by the parasitization of intestinal epithelial cells by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. The occurrence of coccidiosis not only compromises the intestinal integrity of poultry but also increases their disease susceptibility, thus posing a serious threat to the overall health and productivity of poultry. Nowadays, the primary methods for controlling and preventing coccidiosis in poultry are anticoccidial drugs or live oocyst vaccines. However, the use of the former may be associated with problems of resistance and drug residues, while the use of the latter may cause intestinal damage and significantly increase farming costs. For these reasons, it is critical to investigate green, safe, and cost‐effective natural alternative strategies such as phytochemicals and probiotics for controlling coccidiosis as well as mitigating the deleterious effects of coccidial infections in production. In this review, we aim to summarize the role, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of natural products in the treatment of coccidiosis to lay a theoretical foundation for effective coccidiosis control.

CRISPR Technology Acts as a Dual-Purpose Tool in Pig Breeding: Enhancing Both Agricultural Productivity and Biomedical Applications.

Pigs have long been integral to human society for their roles in agriculture and medicine. Consequently, there is an urgent need for genetic improvement of pigs to meet human dual needs for medicine and food. In agriculture, gene editing can improve productivity traits, such as growth rate and disease resistance, which could lower farming costs and benefit consumers through enhanced meat quality. In biomedical research, gene-edited pigs offer invaluable resources as disease models and in xenotransplantation, providing organs compatible with human physiology. Currently, with CRISPR technology, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system emerging as a transformative force in modern genetics, pigs are not only sources of sustenance but also cornerstones of biomedical innovation. This review aims to summarize the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in developing pigs that serve dual roles in agriculture and biomedical applications. Compared to ZFNs and TALENs, the CRISPR/Cas9 system offers several advantages, including higher efficiency, greater specificity, ease of design and implementation, and the capability to target multiple genes simultaneously, significantly streamlining the process of genetic modifications in complex genomes. Therefore, CRISPR technology supports the enhancement of traits beneficial for agricultural productivity and facilitates applications in medicine. Furthermore, we must acknowledge the inherent deficiencies and technical challenges of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology while also anticipating emerging technologies poised to surpass CRISPR/Cas9 as the next milestones in gene editing. We hypothesize that with the continuous advancements in gene editing technologies and successful integration of traits beneficial to both agricultural productivity and medical applications, the goal of developing dual-purpose pigs for both agricultural and medical use can ultimately be achieved.

Feasibility Analysis of Self-Owened Cayale Cayle Farming During The Rainy Season

Cayenne pepper is a type of horticulture that is very popular with the public. Demand for cayenne peppers in each region continues to increase, especially in Ngabang District, by 1.30% - 1.58% during 2022. This research aims to: (1) analyze the costs and income of cayenne pepper farming during the rainy season (2) analyze feasibility of farming cayenne pepper during the rainy season (3) analyzing pests and diseases. The data collection method used a questionnaire, with the number of respondents being 12 independent farmers. The collected data was then analyzed quantitatively descriptively. The results of the research show that: (1) The production costs of cayenne pepper farming during the rainy season in Jelau Belangiran Hamlet, Ngabang District are IDR 16,814,500 per hectare/planting season and the income is IDR 18,185,000 per hectare/planting season; (2) The R/C ratio and B/C ratio values of cayenne pepper farming during the rainy season in Jelau Belangiran Hamlet, Ngabang District are 2.08 and 1.08 so that cayenne pepper farming during the rainy season in Jelau Belangiran Hamlet, Ngabang District is feasible. to strive for; (3) pests and diseases faced by farmers when farming cayenne pepper during the rainy season, namely stem rot and fruit rot.

Development of a compact forage harvester equipped with a stem length orienter and rectangular deflector for small farms

The object of the study is the technological processes of high-quality crushing of stem feeds, due to the oriented feeding of stems into the grinding chamber and transportation of the crushed mass through a rectangular deflector. A review of the literature sources has shown that at present, the design and technological scheme of a small-sized forage harvester has not yet been developed, which in turn ensures high-quality crushing of stem feeds and reduces operating costs in small farms. As a result of theoretical studies, analytical expressions were obtained to determine the mass velocity at the deflector outlet and the range of mass ejection in the horizontal section. The combine productivity when mowing alfalfa was equal to 6.22 t/h, the range of mass ejection in the horizontal direction was within 7.5...8.0 m (theoretical value – 7.8 m), the average size of crushed particles was 32.89 mm (estimated length – 33.5 mm), the difference between theoretical and actual values is 1.5 %. The results of laboratory and field tests showed the efficiency of the forage harvester, the reliability of the analytical expressions obtained and the efficiency of the stem length orienter was determined. A distinctive feature of the research results is that a design and technological scheme of a small-sized forage harvester equipped with an orienter and a theoretical description of the feed transportation process through a rectangular deflector were developed. According to the presented design and technological scheme, the deflector and orienter have a simplified design and good quality of crushing stem feeds. All this proves the practical significance and applicability of the developed forage harvester

An environmental cost-benefit analysis of organic and non-organic sheep farming in Iceland

This paper presents an environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA) comparing organic and non-organic sheep farming in Iceland over three decades. Environmental life cycle costing (ELCC) is the basis for the aggregate cost framework, encompassing costs for investment, operations, maintenance, and environmental externalities. Greenhouse gas emissions are included as an external cost as they relate to the monetization of damages to society. Net present value (NPV) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) indicators reveal both systems as unprofitable over thirty years with and without subsidies. Depending on the discount rate, the organic farm's BCR ranges from 0.26 to 0.38, with a NPV between (−2.4) and (−1.1) million euros. The non-organic farm's BCR ranges from 0.12 to 0.19, with NPV between (−8.6) and (−3.7) million euros. Greenhouse gas emission costs constitute 28 % and 33 % of total life cycle costs for organic and non-organic farms. Across three discount rates, the LCC and ELCC per kilogram of organic lamb ranged between €13.78–25.27 and €18.23–37.07, respectively. The LCC and ELCC per kilogram of non-organic lamb ranged between €9.75–18.05 and €13.80–28.82, respectively. Due to a shortened value chain, organic sheep farming demonstrated revenue advantages as compared to non-organic. The external cost of greenhouse gas emissions from sheep farming forms a significant portion of lifetime costs suggesting that policymakers could incentivize organic practices aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, this study provides a deeper understanding of the long-term economic prospectivity of sheep farming under different production approaches.

Opportunities and Challenges on Natural Farming

Natural Farming, an ecological and sustainable agricultural practice, emphasizes minimal human intervention and the use of natural resources for crop cultivation. Unlike conventional farming, which relies heavily on chemical inputs, Natural Farming integrates practices such as minimal tillage and organic inputs like cow dung and plant-based preparations. This case study explores Natural Farming practices among farmers in Tamil Nadu, focusing on their experiences, opportunities, and challenges. The study includes detailed case studies of three farmers in Coimbatore District and each farmer employing different natural farming techniques and facing unique obstacles. The findings reveal that Natural Farming offers significant benefits, including reduced farming costs, improved soil health, and enhanced market opportunities for organic produce. Farmers reported that these practices lead to better crop resilience and higher-quality produce, often fetching premium prices. However, challenges persist, including difficulties in weed control, pest and disease management, labor shortages, and delay in certification, which can affect market access and profitability. The study underscores the potential of Natural Farming to transform agricultural practices by promoting sustainability and reducing dependence on chemical inputs. It also highlights the need for supportive interventions, such as enhanced market access, comprehensive farmer training, and government support to address the identified challenges and maximize the benefits of Natural Farming. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of Natural Farming's role in sustainable agriculture and its implications for farmers in Tamil Nadu.

Estimation of Cost and Profit in Farming Some Major Crops During Last Two Decades in West Bengal: A Case Study in Birbhum District

The growth of agriculture in West Bengal significantly contributes the food supply through nationwide since last few decades. The cost of farming specially seed cost, irrigation cost increases rapidly. Though modern mechanization has been introduced for few crops to reduce the animal and human labor cost yet an unregulated market structure overall cost of farming increased during last two decades. The present paper emphasises the growth of cost and profit in cultivation for last twenty years in West Bengal. With the help of secondary data it has been tried to measure the cost and profit structure for seven major crops in West Bengal since 2001. The impact of various cost components on profit has also been derived with the help of a primary survey in the district of Birbhum.

A framework for cost-effectiveness analysis of greenhouse gas mitigation measures in dairy industry with an application to dairy farms in China

The dairy industry is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Although much effort has been directed to explore the cost-effective measures for many sectors such as electricity, building infrastructure, transportation, research on mitigation measures within dairy industry remains limited. A notable obstacle is the absence of a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) framework to guide decision-makers and practitioners in this sector. In response, we propose a comprehensive CEA framework tailored to mitigate GHG emissions in the dairy industry. Our conceptual framework consists of six steps: defining the system boundary to determine the activities generating GHG emissions; identifying GHG emission sources within the system boundary; identifying potential mitigation measures; determining methods to quantify GHG emissions; collecting data to estimate both GHG emissions and mitigation costs; and applying general econometric methodologies to analyze the cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures. We further conducted a case study focusing on dairy farms in China, analyzing three categories of mitigation measures: feed, energy, and manure management. The results indicate that implementing effective feed and energy measures is a cost-saving strategy, reducing the cost per unit of milk production. Conversely, adopting effective manure management measures may lead to increased costs for dairy farms. The findings offer strategic recommendations for reducing GHG emissions from dairy production in China and provide analytical insights and strategic references applicable to other developing countries.

A probabilistic approach for the levelized cost of energy of floating offshore wind farms

This paper aims to analyze the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of floating offshore wind farms from a probabilistic point of view. Understanding and addressing the uncertainty associated with the main parameters that influence the wind energy generated by a wind farm during its lifetime is crucial for the economic evaluation of offshore wind energy in the broader energy landscape. The methodology for probabilistic assessment of LCOE is introduced, and the uncertainty in input parameters are discussed. In a base case study, an assumed Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWT) consisting of 250 5-MW wind turbines is considered. The use of bias and randomness in key random variables is discussed and studied in detail. Results indicate that LCOE estimates of 15 EURc/kWh for offshore wind turbines are achievable with reasonable confidence, while estimates of 5 EURc/kWh require careful consideration of uncertainty in the wind farm’s parameters. The feasibility analysis showed that techno-economic parameters are more influenced by wind characteristics and efficient use of wind turbines than by the cost of the wind farm. This paper provides general guidance on how to carry out early-stage techno-economic analysis of FOWFs.

Analysis of Allocative Efficiency in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Farming in the Batu Alam Industrial Area, Cirebon Regency

This research analyzes the efficiency of farming costs and the factors influencing rice farming costs. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques through surveys and interviews with 176 rice farmer respondents in the natural stone industrial area of Cirebon district. The analysis used is frontier cost analysis using frontier4.1 software using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach. This research shows that the average cost efficiency or allocative level in the natural stone industrial area is 0.20. The factor that influences the inefficiency of rice farming in natural stone industrial areas is age. Factors directly influencing farming costs are land area, urea, labor, rice selling price, land rental price, and labor wages.