Agricultural Activities Research Articles

Terraced landscapes: risk and liability

Terraced landscapes are preserved elements of the human-influenced environment, maintained by ongoing agricultural activities. Farmers are subject to the periodic collapse of terraces, which are repaired by means of traditional techniques. Unless it can be proven that the collapse was accidental, the owner is liable for the damage caused by the collapse of the terraces or landslides. This topic, applied to Minori (Amalfi Coast, Italy), is interesting for two reasons. First, with the advancement of scientific knowledge, the unpredictability of events diminishes and the liability increases. Second, the intensive construction at the base of the terraces and the economic value of the buildings, enhanced by the landscape context, expose the owners to claims for damages from third parties that are disproportionate to the agricultural income, including claims for amnestied illegal constructions. The result has been an increase in the renunciation of property rights by farmers in areas of high hydro-geological risk. However, the State, which becomes the owner, denies the validity of property relinquishments made by owners solely to transfer risk, cost, and liability to the state treasury. This paper discusses these issues, going beyond the Italian case study, and proposes a different risk allocation related to territorial governance. This study reveals a discrepancy in government decision making and suggests that the division of risk into multiple components could be a solution to this inconsistency.

Organic matter accumulation encouraged K-strategy bacteria increase and metabolism variation in karst vegetation restoration

Vegetation restoration plays a critical role in terrestrial carbon sink increase, especially in subtropic Southwest China which has been the hotspot of vegetation restoration areas in recent decades. However, the variations in microbial community diversity resulting from this intervention remain unclear, and further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between microorganisms and soil nutrient elements. Soil samples were collected from three vegetation restoration stages in a karst rocky desertification (KRD) valley of Southwest China, which were named dry cropland (CL), 3–8 years grassland (WL), and afforestation land that recovered more than 20 years (AL), to investigate the soil nutrient and bacterial diversity variation during vegetation restoration course. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents are significantly higher in the afforestation land soil compared to the cropland and grassland soils, while the available nutrient contents decrease during the vegetation restoration course. The soil dominant bacteria genus shifts from R-strategy bacteria in cropland to K-strategy bacteria in afforestation land, and the relative abundances of R-strategy genera remain similar in the grassland and cropland soil. The dual-relative bacteria network evaluates from simple correlation net to very complex ones during the vegetation restoration, of which the core influenced factor alters from available nutrients to organic matter. The results of this study suggest that it will take a relatively longer period for the soil nutrient conditions and bacterial community to recover fully, although vegetation restoration could reduce the impacts of agricultural activities. This study refers to the ecological preservation and restoration strategies under the global climate change background, elucidating the nutrient metabolism variation induced by the accordance variation of organic matter accumulation and soil bacterial life strategy during the ecosystem restoration course.

Enhancing visitor experiences and economic outcomes through gamified AR: The impact of a Location-Based Augmented Reality Game in agritourism

Agritourism merges agricultural activities with tourism, offering visitors immersive and educational experiences. While augmented reality (AR) has been studied in various tourism contexts, limited research explores its application in agritourism. This study explores the integration of a location-based augmented reality game (LBARG) into agritourism, assessing its impact on visitor experiences, time spent, spending behavior, and revisit intentions. To compare the quality of experiences, revisit intentions, spending, and time spent between the intervention and control groups, a one-way MANOVA was conducted. Pearson correlation analysis examined the relationship between coupons received and spending. Linear regressions explored the impact of game features (e.g., voucher redemption, exploration, coin collection, spinning the wheel) on revisit intentions, time spent, and spending. These analyses highlighted the connections between game features, user behavior, and spending patterns. The findings reveal that a LBARG significantly enhances immediate visitor experiences and spending, although it do not significantly increase revisit intentions. This research provides empirical evidence on the impact of LBARGs in agritourism, showing that augmented reality technologies can enhance visitor engagement and spending at agritourism sites.

Employing the agricultural water footprint concept to enhance the sustainable management of water resources: a review

ABSTRACT Agriculture is recognized as a significant consumer of water, with projections indicating an increase in consumption due to rising food demand and the impacts of climate change. Therefore, every country must ensure the adequacy and security of water for sustainable uses. This research reviews the water footprint (WF) index as a recent water indicator that measures the human appropriation of water resources for several consumptive uses that qualify decision-makers to manage water with high efficiency in agriculture sectors. Light is shed on the WF concept, virtual water, mechanisms of water use, and the applications in water resources management, as well as methods for assessment with its three components, blue, green, and gray. The comparison between these methods was discussed, and the differences and motives for use were clarified. The good innovation in this review is linking sustainability considerations with the WF, discussing measuring the sustainability of agricultural activities, and deducing the best policies and decisions to meet environmental and economic needs without compromising the requirements of the future. This outcome confirms the effectiveness of applying the WF in enhancing sustainability.

Extreme rainfall events eliminate the response of greenhouse gas fluxes to hydrological alterations and fertilization in a riparian ecosystem

Riparian ecosystems are essential carbon dioxide (CO2) sources, which considerably promotes climate warming. However, the other greenhouse gas fluxes (GHGs), such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), in the riparian ecosystems have not been well studied, and it remains unclear whether and how these GHG fluxes respond to extreme weather, fertilization and hydrological alterations associated with reservoir management. Here, we assessed the impacts of hydrological alterations (i.e., flooding frequency) and fertilization (nitrogen and/or phosphorus) induced by human activities (hydroengineering construction and agricultural activities) on GHG fluxes, and further investigated the underlying mechanisms in two contrasting years (normal vs. extreme rainfall years) in a reservoir riparian zone dominated by grasses. The significant combined effects of extreme rainfall events and human activities (hydrological alterations and fertilization) on the GHGs were observed. Continuous flooding reduced CO2 emissions by 24% but increased CH4 emissions by ∼4 times in a normal rainfall year. In addition, nitrogen fertilization promoted CO2 emissions by 37%. However, these phenomena were not observed in the year with extreme rainfall events, which made the flooding levels homogeneous across the treatments. Furthermore, we found that CO2 fluxes were driven by the soil moisture, nutrient content, aboveground biomass, and root carbon content, while CH4 and N2O fluxes were merely driven by the soil properties (pH, moisture, and nutrient content). This study provides valuable insights into the crucial role of extreme rainfall events, hydrological alteration, and fertilization in regulating GHG fluxes in riparian ecosystems, as well as supports the integration of these changes in GHG emission models.

Deciphering the driving factors and probabilistic health risks of potentially toxic elements in arid surface water: Insights from the Tarim River Basin

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in surface water in arid areas pose a serious threat to environmental safety and human health within a basin. It is important to determine the factors controlling PTEs and to assess the likelihood that they will pose a risk to human health in order to support the development of environmental protection and risk management strategies. In this study, a structural equation model and Bayesian method were combined to discuss the distribution and probabilistic health risks of PTEs in surface water in arid area, and the Tarim River Basin was taken as a case study. The results show that the average concentrations of As, Co, Cu, and Ni in the surface water in the Tarim River Basin ranged from 0.04 to 2.92 μg/L, which do not exceed the international standard values. However, the maximum value of As (19.20 μg/L) exceeded both the recommended drinking water standards and the Chinese irrigation water standards. Spatially, the high As concentrations were distributed in the upper reaches of the Kashgar River, and the high Co, Cu and Ni concentrations were distributed in reservoirs and lakes on the main stream of the Tarim River. The concentrations of the PTEs in the surface water in the basin were not only affected by random anthropogenic factors such as traffic discharge, agricultural activities and mining industry, but were also directly and indirectly influenced by climatic factors. The results of the probabilistic health risk assessment showed that the 95th percentile the total hazard index for infants exceeded the allowable value of 1, and the total carcinogenic risk of PTEs exposure in four age groups was at the notable level. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the controlling factors and health risks associated with PTEs in surface water in the Tarim River Basin, and the findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for regional water environment management and safety control.

How Do Satellite Precipitation Products Affect Water Quality Simulations? A Comparative Analysis of Rainfall Datasets for River Flow and Riverine Nitrate Load in an Agricultural Watershed

Excessive nitrate loading from agricultural runoff leads to substantial environmental and economic harm, and although hydrological models are used to mitigate these effects, the influence of various satellite precipitation products (SPPs) on nitrate load simulations is often overlooked. This study addresses this research gap by evaluating the impacts of using different satellite precipitation products—ERA5, IMERG, and gridMET—on flow and nitrate load simulations with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+), using the Tar-Pamlico watershed as a case study. Although agricultural activities are higher in the summer, this study found the lowest nitrate load during this season due to reduced runoff. In contrast, the nitrate load was higher in the winter because of increased runoff, highlighting the dominance of water flow in driving riverine nitrate load. This study found that although IMERG predicts the highest annual average flow (120 m3/s in Pamlico Sound), it unexpectedly results in the lowest annual average nitrate load (1750 metric tons/year). In contrast, gridMET estimates significantly higher annual average nitrate loads (3850 metric tons/year). This discrepancy underscores the crucial impact of rainfall datasets on nitrate transport predictions and highlights how the choice of dataset can significantly influence nitrate load simulations.

Economic Viability of Coffee Plants Cultivated in Agroforestry Systems in Southwest Goiás

Brazil is the world's leading coffee producer. Increased productivity has been observed in recent harvests due to new management and automation technologies. Even with the expectation of a reduction in national production, the state of Goiás has shown an increasing share in coffee production. The municipality of Rio Verde, in Goiás, is among the eight largest coffee producers in the state and is where the Fazenda da Mata enterprise, the main object of this research, is located. The objective of the research is to evaluate the performance of the production of Arabica coffee grown in an agroforestry system through studies on economic feasibility comparing the implementation costs plus the estimated costs and revenues of AFS with the conventional cultivation system. Coffee growing in AFS is a production system that requires research that presents results on economic analysis, thus the aim was to research the economic feasibility of growing coffee in AFS as a sustainable alternative for agribusiness, whose information can contribute to the decision-making of rural managers when comparing a conventional cultivation enterprise to AFS cultivation. Furthermore, AFS can contribute to increased agricultural productivity with less impact on the environment, revealing several possibilities of subsystems that can be applied to large, medium and small rural properties, considering the financial advantages and also the motivating values ​​that direct the farmer towards this agricultural activity. The economic analysis showed that the conventional cultivation system is more advantageous financially, however AFS also presented excellent results. Therefore, it is important to highlight other relevant factors that can be considered when deciding which cultivation system to use in coffee production. Although AFS presented lower financial results than the conventional system, it is a cultivation system that can provide a second source of income for the producer, such as the use of tree species.

Chinese Patent Review of Integrated Management System for Agricultural Machinery

Background: With the rapid development of China's economy and the accelerating process of agricultural mechanization, agricultural machinery has become increasingly popular in agricultural production activities. At the same time, problems in agricultural machinery management have gradually been exposed, hindering the development of modern agriculture. Objective: This study aimed to discuss the development trend of agricultural management and modern agriculture by analyzing and discussing the related patents of agricultural machinery management systems. Methods: The development of agricultural machinery management was summarized, and the representative patents related to agricultural machinery management systems, agricultural machinery automatic control systems, and agricultural machinery terminals were analyzed. Results: By analyzing the existing patents of the agricultural machinery management system, the paper summarized their applications in agricultural management and obtained their future development trend. Conclusion: In agricultural machinery management, we should actively adopt complementary strategies to solve various problems and improve the management level of agricultural machinery. The continuous improvement of the agricultural machinery management system is of great significance to the automation of agricultural production and the modernization of agricultural management in China.

Prediction of environmental suitability for Haematoxylum campechianum: a proposal to promote reforestation in Mexico

Models of potential distribution and ecological niche allow to estimate priority areas for the management of species of interest, as well as to identify variables related to environmental suitability and predict the behavior of species in the face of anthropogenic disturbances. Logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum) is a species that we consider a natural heritage in southeastern Mexico because of its ecological role and the current and historical use of its wood. This species is present in different vegetation types and even dominates in some ecosystems called "tintales", which have been exploited for dye extraction in past centuries. This, combined with changes in land use for livestock, agriculture, and other anthropogenic activities, has affected the Logwood´s distribution and connectivity of its populations. We modeled the potential distribution of H. campechianum and evaluated the feasibility of reforestation with this species in southeastern Mexico. For this purpose, we included 638 occurrence points and used the MaxEnt algorithm for modeling, analyzing different parameters. We used the potential distribution model, accessibility to the areas and water availability to calculate a feasibility index for reforestation. The environmental suitability for the species is more present in southeastern Mexico, conditioned by the aridity index, the maximum temperature of the coldest month and the warmest month. The greatest percentage of areas with high feasibility indexes for reforestation are found in Campeche, apparently a key state for the conservation and management of the species. This study can be the starting point for implementing reforestation programs with H. campechianum and can be used as an example to apply to other species with patrimonial value.

Mapping aquaculture in inland continental areas of Brazil using machine learning on the Google Earth Engine

Aquaculture has played a significant and growing role in the provision of food, food security, and job creation, while simultaneously establishing itself as an important agricultural activity subject to increasingly stringent market practices. The generation of spatial information on aquaculture activity in Brazil can support more assertive planning of new enterprises as well as enable the monitoring of this activity over time, fulfilling an agenda of sustainable aquaculture growth in the country. The aim of this article was to map aquaculture areas in the state of Paraná (Brazil) by developing an automated methodology for the extraction of aquaculture ponds. The methodology was implemented on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and utilized satellite images with a spatial resolution of 4.77 m from Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) Program – Planet. The process involved pixel-oriented classification of satellite images and the utilization of the Random Forest (RF) algorithm for classification, based on 1200 training samples. The accuracy of the mapping and the algorithm was evaluated using Producer Accuracy (PA), User Accuracy (UA), and Overall Accuracy (OA). The mapping achieved an OA of 0.87, with a PA of 0.89 and a UA of 0.96 for the aquaculture class, and a PA of 0.66 and a UA of 0.41 for the non-aquaculture class. 42,369 aquaculture ponds were identified in the study area, covering a total area of 11,515 ha. The ponds had sizes smaller than 0.7 ha and non-circular shapes (compactness 0.70). Around 40% of the identified aquaculture tanks were concentrated in just two out of the ten analyzed mesoregions, accounting for 40% of the water surface area used for aquaculture in Paraná. Considering that the results obtained show potential to fill the gap in geospatial information about state aquaculture, our methodology would provide a broad understanding of the state’s aquaculture framework, definition of regions with capacity for the expansion of aquaculture ponds, accuracy in estimating the state’s productive space, monitoring the improper expansion of aquaculture areas, as well as establishing locations where the pressure on water resources by aquaculture prevents the expansion of this activity. Therefore, this study could benefit public and private organizations, and other stakeholders, by systematically monitoring aquaculture production in the country’s leading fish farming state, contributing to assertive decisions in regions where aquaculture production needs to expand sustainably.

Assessment of egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices among commercial and non-commercial farms of Barwala district of Panchkula, Haryana

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices in egg production among commercial and non-commercial farms. Methods: A total of six, each commercial and non-commercial farm, were randomly selected form Barwala district, Panchkula, Haryana, for this study in 2019. A detailed interview on hygiene practices of farm workers was conducted. Egg samples were procured for external (N = 60) and internal (N = 24) egg quality determination. The swap samples (N = 24) were also analysed for bacterial contamination. Descriptive statistics were used for reporting the results, and Chi-square test was conducted for determining significant differences between commercial and non-commercial farms. Results: The egg yolk percentage (34.49%) and egg shell percentage (12.76) were higher among non-commercial farms. However, no significant external (P = 0.890) or internal (P = 0.367) egg quality difference was found between commercial and non-commercial farms. The biosecurity and disinfection management, daily waste disposal practice, fly and rodent control practice, farm activity record, and flock health monitoring were relatively better among commercial farms. There were no significant differences found in any of these assessments. The colony forming units (cfu) for salmonella and coliform were acceptable in three and four procured samples from commercial farms, respectively, whereas none were within acceptable levels among non-commercial farms. Conclusion: The internal egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices were relatively better among commercial farms as compared to non-commercial farms. This requires further validation through a large sample-sized study.

Perceived effects of covid-19 lockdown on take-off of farming activities in Enugu State, Nigeria

Perceived effects of covid-19 lockdown on take-off of farming activities in Enugu State, Nigeria

The Role of Women in Agricultural Activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village

Agricultural activities are synonymous with the physical strength of men compared to women. However, over time, women also have a role in agricultural activities. Therefore, it is necessary to learn about gender studies. Learning about gender can be found in the role of women in agricultural activities. The role of women in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village can be used as an example of gender equality. This research aims to describe the role of women farmers in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village. The method applied by the author in this research is a qualitative approach with the use of descriptive methods. The research location is Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province with the subject of Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village women. The research instrument here is the researcher himself with the use of observation data collection techniques about the role of women in agriculture, interviews, and documentation used in the form of village profile data archives and moments during research related to the role of women in agricultural activities. The results of this study state that the role of women in agricultural activities in Anjir Serapat Muara 1 Village is due to hereditary factors, namely because being a farmer in this village is used as the main livelihood because the village area is suitable for agriculture and business factors to improve the family economy, namely with the aim of helping to ease the burden on husbands or female farmers who act as heads of families caused by husbands who have died or have divorced.

An analysis of Psychophysiological Responses in the Prefrontal Cortex Depending on the Use of Universal Tools and Traditional Methods During Agricultural Activities by Individuals With Physical Disabilities Using Mobility Aids

Background and objective: Physical disabilities are significant and permanent limitations in physical capabilities, which make routine tasks and participation in various activities increasingly difficult. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different agricultural activities on prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation in individuals with physical disabilities (IWPDs) using mobility aids, by comparing activities with and without the use of universal tools.Methods: The study involved 26 participants aged between the age of 20 and 65 years, with physical disabilities and utilizing mobility aids. It was conducted at a laboratory within the campus of Konkuk University. Participants engaged in six different agricultural activities: soaking (with/without universal tool), sowing (with/without universal tool), and planting (with/without universal tool), performed in a random order for 180 seconds each. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin (oxy-HB) concentration in the PFC during each activity.Results: The results indicated that oxy-HB concentration in the overall PFC was significantly lower during planting performed without the use of universal tools (p < .001). During the soaking activity, the use of a universal soaking tool led to lower oxy-HB concentration across the entire PFC (p < .05). During sowing activity performed without universal tools, a lower oxy-HB concentration was observed across the entire PFC (p < .01). Similarly, during planting activity performed without universal tools, a lower concentration of oxy-HB was observed across the entire PFC (p < .01).Conclusion: Overall, engaging in planting without the use of universal tools and utilizing a universal soaking tool can lead to stability through a decrease in oxy-HB concentration. The study concluded that the use of universal tools in agricultural activities affects PFC activation in IWPDs using mobility aids. Specifically, planting without universal tools and soaking with a universal tool led to significantly lower oxy-HB concentrations, indicating potential stability and reduced cognitive load.

New Advances in Iberian Medieval Agriculture: Plant Remains from the Islamic Site of Castillo de Valtierra (Navarre, Northern Spain).

There has been a notable lack of archaeological research into the medieval period in Iberia, particularly in comparison to earlier periods. Consequently, the majority of our current understanding of agricultural practices and plant food sources in this region is derived from textual sources. However, there has been a notable increase in interest in archaeobotanical studies in medieval contexts over the past decade. In this context, this paper presents the results of a study of plant remains from Castillo de Valtierra (Navarre), with the objective of providing insights into agricultural practices and dietary habits during the Islamic period. In this area (the Ebro Valley), the Islamic period is divided as follows: Emiral period 756-929 AD, Caliphal period 929-ca.1012 AD, Taifal period ca.1012-1119 AD. This period was followed by the Christian period from 1119 AD onwards. Samples were collected from a variety of contexts in a systematic manner. A total of 2574 remains were recovered, and 57 taxa were identified. The findings of this study demonstrate that the community that inhabited Valtierra was primarily engaged in agricultural activities and had access to a diverse range of crops sourced from various productive areas, including cereal fields, home gardens, and forests.

Direct vegetation response to recent CO2 rise shows limited effect on global streamflow

Global streamflow, crucial for ecology, agriculture, and human activities, can be influenced by elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) though direct regulation of vegetation physiology and structure, which can either decrease or increase streamflow. Despite a 21.8% rise in CO2 over 40 years, its impact on streamflow is not obvious and remains highly debated. Using a full differential approach at the catchment scale and an optimum finger approach globally, both constrained by observed streamflow, here, we find that vegetation responses to eCO2 in 1981–2020 has limited impact on streamflow via direct regulation. The median eCO2 contribution approaches zero across 1116 unimpacted catchments, and global streamflow changes cannot be solely attributed to eCO2. These results offer key insights into the intricate dynamics of CO2 and other factors shaping streamflow changes over the past four decades. Such understanding is vital for attributing current streamflow changes under eCO2 conditions.

A Review of Potential Exoskeletons for the Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Agriculture.

Exoskeletons possess a high potential for assisting the human workforce while eliminating or reducing the risk of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs). However, their usage in agricultural work, where there is a plethora of reported WMSD cases, seems limited. Since agricultural tasks are complex and performed in harsh environments, developing novel exoskeleton-based solutions could be challenging. However, commercial exoskeletons are already being used in various other industries, such as logistics, military, medicine, and manufacturing. Thus, it is expected that those existing exoskeleton solutions could be applied to agricultural tasks. Nevertheless, prior to implementation, assessing the feasibility, efficacy, and necessary modifications for these exoskeletons is imperative to supporting agricultural activities prone to WMSDs. In this review, prevalent exoskeletons documented in scientific literature are identified, and their potential relevance to agricultural tasks with elevated WMSD risks is evaluated. The review further highlights and deliberates on exoskeletons that could be applicable in an agricultural context. This comprehensive examination serves as a foundational step towards the conceptualization and development of exoskeleton-based approaches tailored explicitly for agricultural tasks.

MODAL SOSIAL PENYULUH: PERAN KEPERCAYAAN DALAM KEGIATAN PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN DI KOTA KENDARI

The objective of this study was to ascertain the extent of social capital among extension workers in Kendari City, with a particular focus on the role of trust in the implementation of effective agricultural extension activities. The study population consisted of all agricultural extension workers in Kendari City, numbering 63 individuals. The research sample was selected using the census technique, which involves taking the entire population, resulting in a sample size of 63 respondents. The data were collected via survey, interview, and document analysis techniques, employing a variety of media formats, including questionnaires. The research variables concentrated on the social capital of extension workers, specifically in the context of trust in agricultural extension activities. This research employs a quantitative methodology. The data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive approach. This method employs mathematical and statistical calculations for testing, measurement, and hypothesis testing. The findings indicated that the social capital of the extension workers in Kendari City, specifically their trust in agricultural extension activities, has been effectively implemented. Trust in agricultural extension activities is a crucial element in the success of extension work. The relationship between extension workers and farmers plays a pivotal role in this process. By fostering effective communication and mutual respect, trust can be established, which in turn will encourage the adoption of more effective and sustainable agricultural practices.

Usability of Robinia pseudoacacia in monitoring changes and reducing airborne palladium pollution

Palladium (Pd), whose use has been increasing in recent years, is one of the heavy metals that pose a danger to the environment and human health, and it is known that heavy metals can be extremely harmful when inhaled from the air and taken into the human body. Therefore, monitoring and reducing the change of Pd pollution in the air is very important. This study aimed to determine the usability of Robinia pseudoacacia, which is grown intensively in urban areas where heavy metal pollution may be high, to monitor and reduce the change in Pd pollution in the air. Within the scope of the study, changes in Pd concentration in Robinia pseudoacacia stem sections grown in Düzce, among the 5 most polluted cities in Europe, depending on organ, direction, and age range in the last 60 years, were evaluated. As a result, it was determined that Pd pollution in the region may have been released into nature through agricultural activities or transported from much more distant sources. It was also determined that the species is not a suitable biomonitor that can be used to monitor the change in Pd pollution. Still, it is an accumulator species that is extremely suitable for reducing Pd pollution.